Surgeons of Prague in historical sources of 18th and 19th century Abstract This diploma thesis uses the archival sources on the surgeons' guild and the papers of the central authorities to explore the position of the surgeons within the medical structure in modern times. All the materials are taken from Prague City Archives, The National Archives and Archive of Charles University in Prague (e.g. laws and statutes, registers of all types, statutes of the guild or university charters, personal documents of the guilds' members). The text is focused on surgeons' gaining independence compared with doctors of medicine and moving away from barbers craft organization. The process of their transition under the supervision of the medical faculty and the official start of surgical studies at the university are examined. Furthermore, the study includes an analysis of the role of the guild, the social status of the surgeons in Prague and the character of their education including transformation in this field during the Enlightenment reforms till the revolutionary year 1848. The information extracted from the sources allows to follow the development of surgery from disrespected profession into an inherent part of medical sciences by exploring all the phenomena concerned with the education of surgeons and legal aspects of...

The main aim of the master thesis is an evaluation of archaeological textiles from the site Na Rejdišti 1 - Praha 1, which are coming from the rubbish dump. They are dated from the 16th to the 18th century. Key sources of information are analogical situations coming mainly from Poland and Germany where the textile fragments have been evaluated from rubbish dumps, water wells, cesspits and sewers. Outcome of the paper is also a tabular catalogue of findings. Key words textile, clothing, late Middle Ages, modern times, town, central Europe, dump, Na Rejdiši, Praha

The Development of Relations to Education in the 17th Century in the Context of Burgher Testaments (the Example of New Prague Town) Abstract Early modern testaments represent a unique source of information about many areas of life at a given historical period. They are frequently used in various areas of historical research, including Czech historiography and its new cultural history. Although the cultural history covers many topics, surprisingly, the field of education has been somewhat forgotten. The testaments, which unite the official information and personal testimonies, provide a unique chance to see the attitude of the society towards education in a historical context of a certain era. The testaments might become important especially when researching those periods of the development of scholarly systems and education that have been overlooked by historians, e.g. the development of town schools; respectively, the development of urban education in the period after the Battle of White Mountain (1620). The limited interest of historians has been caused mainly by the lack of information sources that could explain the changes in the organization of the newly formed confessional educational system after the Battle of White Mountain. These changes launched the process of recatholization of the Czech lands...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Ramos Oltramari.pdf: 697503 bytes, checksum: 2595d1a012142184eaec3430024ea38d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-28 / The present dissertation s study objective is the social reality and paradigmatic crisis of knowledge contained in the cultural constellation alongside, as well as its perceived effects in the legal universe. Because of its practical ends it culminates in proposing to the jurist a (re)connection of knowledge to provide a more appropriate source in understanding and solving social problems. In order to do so, our work contemplates basically three parts: in the first part, which comprises chapters 1 to 3, we have recorded the historical unfolding of modern times and its consequences. In the second part, which comprises chapter 4, a field research is presented, where the social perception of issues surveyed has been gauged. At the end, chapters 6 and 7, we examined the Law s predominant characteristics, and studied a proposal of knowledge convergence that could aid the development of a critical view for the existing model, envisioning the recovery of an ethical dimension in the legal universe / A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a realidade social e a crise paradigmática do saber contida em sua constelação cultural que a acompanha, bem como os efeitos percebidos no universo jurídico. Porque tem fins práticos culmina por propor ao jurista uma (re)ligação dos saberes a fim de que se possa obter uma fonte mais adequada para a compreensão e solução dos problemas sociais. Para tanto, nosso trabalho contempla basicamente três partes: na primeira, que compreende os capítulos 1 a 3, fica registrado o desenrolar histórico da modernidade e suas conseqüências. Na segunda parte, que compreende o capítulo 4, foi apresentada uma pesquisa de campo, onde foram aferidas a percepção social das questões levantadas. Ao final, nos capítulos 6 e 7, foram examinadas as características dominantes do Direito, e estudada uma proposta de convergência de saberes que auxiliasse no desenvolvimento de uma visão crítica do modelo existente, com vistas ao resgate da dimensão ética do universo jurídico

Ce mémoire portera sur le problème de la signification, dans la pensée de Heidegger, de la métaphysique moderne, à partir de la conception de l’histoire de l’être qu’il développe dans les années 1930. Plus précisément, nous nous baserons sur l’écrit Die Zeit des Weltbildes, que l’on retrouve dans le recueil nommé Holzwege, mais également, dans une moindre mesure, sur l’écrit Niezsches Wort « Gott ist tot » du même recueil. Nous commencerons par introduire le lecteur à l’idée qu’il se fait de la métaphysique en général dans son rapport à l’homme, et du nihilisme que constitue son histoire, lequel s’accentue à l’époque moderne. Nous rentournerons alors brièvement aux premiers commencements de la métaphysique, chez Parménide et Platon principalement, dans le but de dégager les aspects de la métaphysique moderne qui y ont trouvé leur source. C’est alors que nous entrerons dans le vif du sujet, en expliquant en quoi consiste l’inauguration de la métaphysique moderne chez Descartes qui, face à l’obligation religieuse, pose la confirmation autonome de la vérité qui trouve son lieu propre dans la conscience de soi. Il sera dès lors question de montrer précisément comment se fait cette confirmation par soi-même du vrai, au travers de certaines notions centrales de l’analyse heideggerienne : la pro-position, la présentation et la représentation, l’instauration, la production, l’obtention, la préhension et la compréhension, notamment. Nous analyserons ensuite le mouvement de la volonté du sujet qui sous-tend cette confirmation autonome du savoir jusqu’à son aboutissement chez des penseurs tels que Schopenhauer. Nous mettrons par le fait même en évidence le rapport fondamental, souligné par Heidegger, entre le sujet et son objet, l’homme moderne se soulèvant et se donnant lui-même le statut éminent de centre de référence de toute chose, rapportant à lui-même tout chose. Ce mémoire se terminera par l’analyse que fait Heidegger d’un phénomène propre à la modernité, et donc émanent de la métaphysique qui aura été examinée au préalable, soit la science moderne. Celle-ci constitue la voie privilégiée où l’homme moderne, après avoir sciemment pris position au centre du monde, peut « procéder » dans le monde comme dans son royaume, un monde qui se révèle alors comme étant essentiellement à sa disposition. La science, émanant selon Heidegger de la conception moderne de la vérité et de l’étant, se révèle alors non seulement comme une réalisation de la métaphysique qui aura été analysée dans les chapitres précédents, mais peut-être même comme le phénomène duquel Heidegger semble s’être inspiré pour développer son idée de la métaphysique moderne. / The present thesis explores the nature of the Heideggerian critique of Modern Times and of the metaphysics that constitutes their foundation, a critique that is based on the notion of the history of Being as conceived by Heidegger in the1930s. We will do so through a close reading of Die Zeit des Weltbildes, as well as of Nietzsches Wort « Gott ist tot », two essential writings found in the collection of texts called Holzwege. First, we will have a look at his idea of metaphysics in general, and of nihilism as the principle behind it’s history, of which we will then examine the first phases, leading to the emergence of Modern Times. At that point, we will explain of the nature of the inauguration of this era in Descartes’ philosophy, where he opposes the self-confirmation of truth by the human subject to religious obligation, a confirmation happening in self-consciousness. The modalities of this modern principle of knowledge will be examined, through key notions of Heidegger’s analysis: proposition, presentation, representation, production, objet, prehension, comprenhension, etc. After which a look at the human will as the main motor of this autonomous confirmation of truth, all through modern history up to philosophies such as that of Schopenhauer, is necessary to understand how Heidegger interprets this determination of truth in the light of the relation between man and his world. In his eyes, the Modern Times see man standing up to consciously assert himself as the center of reference of the whole world, bringing everything back to himself, therefore reducing ontology to anthropology. This paper will then, at the end of it’s path, take a close look at the way Heidegger interprets one of Modern Time’s main phenomena, originating according to him in modern metaphysics, that is to say modern science. It will reveal itself to be the privileged way by which man, after his positioning at the center of the world, proceeds through the world as his kingdom, all beings essentially being at his disposal. Modern science, this accomplishment of modern thought, almost seems to be the main inspiration from which he derives his theory concerning the essence of this thought.

Title: Training of swordsmen in 15. and 16. century and its comparison with training of historical fencing today Abstract: This diploma thesis "Training of historical fencing in 15. and 16. century and its current conception" compares training of historical fencing in the past and today. It describes historical fencing with eyes of today swordsman, who is interested in technique of fencing in 15. and 16. century, training of noble men, the way of life and moral values of warriors. It shows useful historical sources (like chronicles and manuals) which are useful for research. It shows use of historical fencing today. Key words: Fencing, cold weapons, masters of fencing, fencing schools, fencings manuals, duel, Middle Ages, Modern Times Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Au XVIIe siècle, Dijon, capitale de la province, est le lieu où résident les membres des organes politiques, administratifs et financiers. La ville connaît alors un remarquable essor de la construction privée. Les bâtisseurs sont principalement les officiers des cours souveraines, parlementaires ou conseillers à la chambre des comptes, qui satisfont leur besoin de représentation sociale en commandant des demeures dignes de leur rang : l’hôtel est bien l’illustration de ceux qui détiennent le pouvoir, le lieu à la fois d’une démonstration sociale, architecturale et artistique.Cette étude, première synthèse sur les hôtels particuliers dijonnais de 1610 à 1715, est abordée selon trois axes de réflexion : les commanditaires, les architectes et leurs réalisations. L’analyse architecturale des hôtels, qui laisse une large part à la distribution, permet une étude comparative avec Paris et les autres grandes villes parlementaires du royaume. / In the seventeenth century, Dijon, capital of the province, was the place where proposed members of the political, administrative and financial bodies chose to live. The city therefore experienced a remarkable boom in the construction of private residences. The builders were mainly officers of the sovereign courts, members of parliament or advisors to the Board of Auditors who wanted to satisfy their need for social representation by ordering houses worthy of their rank : the private mansion was the illustration of people of power, place both a demonstration of social standing, architectural and artistic.This study, the first synthesis of the private mansions of Dijon from 1610 to 1715, is approached according to three lines of thought: the commissioners, the architects and their constructions. The architectural analysis of mansions which leaves a large part to the distribution, allows the comparison with Paris and other major cities of the parliamentary kingdom.

Der Zweikampf als fester Bestandteil der mittelalterlichen wie auch frühneuzeitlichen Streitkultur ist ein überaus vielschichtiges, dynamisches und prinzipiell mehrdeutiges Phänomen, das sich den kategorialen Bändigungsversuchen der Rechtsgeschichte ebenso entzieht wie linearen Entwicklungsnarrativen. Aufgrund der typologischen Bandbreite – Entscheidungszweikampf, als Gottesurteil verstandenes Beweismittel, gerichtlich kontrolliertes Fechten um Ehrangelegenheiten, das neuzeitliche Duell als historischer Fluchtpunkt – und der Pluralität von Praktiken und Sinnzuschreibungen verbietet sich ein einseitiger Rekurs auf normative Quellen und rechtshistorische Ansätze gleichsam von selbst. Vielmehr scheint sich, überblickt man die Forschungsleistungen der letzten Jahre, eine Erweiterung der Perspektive unter Rückgriff auf sozial- und kulturgeschichtliche Methoden, Erkenntnisinteressen und Quellenspektren durchzusetzen.

本論文由作者／編輯群、文本、文化三大脈絡切入，以此觀察晚清四大小說之一的《月月小說》。藉由此環環相扣三者，以考察《月月小說》作為一本小說、文學刊物之主體性，及其在文學史、小說發展史上的意義。 第一章緒論，說明本論文之研究動機、相關文獻回顧，以及研究方法與步驟，以此作為本論文之基礎；第二章討論《月月小說》聚合的作者／編輯群體，探討其小說觀、知識狀態及編輯行為，我們可從中了解，《月月小說》除了「啟蒙」的重責大任外，更具備了小說休閒、趣味、通俗的本色。而小說家們選擇了融合新舊的文化道路，以此回應當時社會的諸多問題。 第三章討論小說敘事的轉變，透過對傳統小說技巧挪用的考察，以及對「譯」、「述」的梳理，可知《月月小說》對於「小說」文類具有高度的自覺與嘗試；第四章為小說題材類型論，將《月月小說》的小說文本分為趣味、道德、啟蒙三大部分考察，即便就表面看來十分不精準且雜亂的分類，仔細探究後，仍可見其中各自的特性與相互對話之處；第五章討論小說的時事與社會關注，以文本世界為中心，考察小說如何重寫時事。可以發現，《月月小說》雖揭露、陳列許多問題，但卻用小說的幽默、趣味筆調消解了當中的重量，用笑聲翻轉了政令、美德的價值。 第六章著眼於《月月小說》其他文類的作品，由此我們發現，《月月小說》透過多種文類去支撐、呼應其刊物主旨，但在隨筆、燈謎等文字背後，卻折射出了知識遊戲的光芒，凸顯了對啟蒙的質疑，以及其中休閒的可能。 第七章為結論，總述先前論點，並提出本論文之觀察：《月月小說》在近、現代小說史上，正巧連接了「新小說」（文學啟蒙）和「禮拜六」（文學休閒）兩者，並為充滿啟蒙、現代性智識體驗的晚清小說，開啟了其他面向的風景。 / I attempt to analyze The All-Story Monthly(《月月小說》) which is one of the 4 modern times novel magazines in 3 ways that are authors-editors, text and culture. I attempt to derive the subjectivity of The All-Story Monthly from these 3 ways, and elucidate its meaning of literary history and the development of fiction history. The first chapter is an introduction of this essay. In second chapter, I discuss the authors-editors. I conclude that in addition to enlightment, there is an interesting gist of The All-Story Monthly . In third chapter, I discuss the transition of narrative skills. To study the using of traditional narrative skills and analyze the texts of translations, we could comprehend that the authors tried various methods to vary narrative skills with highly conscientious of “novel”. In forth chapter, I discuss the classified catalogues of The All-Story Monthly. In my opinion, there is a distinct theme of each catalogue and they all rely on the gist of the magazine. In fifth chapter, I study the difference between novels and essays which using same social materials. It is clear to perceive that authors using an interesting way to “rewrite” news or histories. In sixth chapter, I deliberate about the texts of other literary genres. There is a leisure literary phenomenon in these texts. In seventh chapter, the conclusion, I present that The All-Story Monthly is a significant magazine of Chinese modern times literary history. It is a transition stage between Xin Xiao Shou(新小說) (literary enlightment) and Li Bai Liu(禮拜六) (leisure literature).

In der Erforschung der Städtebaukunst stehen die bildenden Künste im Vordergrund. Die Frage nach den technischen Künsten wird kaum gestellt, obwohl der Entwurf des Architekten nicht nur von individueller Intuition, sondern im gleichen Maße auch vom technisch Machbaren geprägt ist. Um aber das der Planung frühneuzeitlicher Städte zugrunde liegende Konstruktionsschema und die Planungsintention erkennen zu können, ist es notwendig die Städtebau- mit der Technikgeschichte zu verbinden. Die in den Tratakten zur geometria practica und zur architectura militaris beschriebenen Konstruktions- und Vermessungsmethoden werden städtebaulichen Planungen der Frühen Neuzeit gegenübergestellt. An einzelnen Fallstudien, die vom Ende der mittelalterlichen Stadtplanung bis hin zu barocken Stadterweiterungen reichen, wird untersucht, wie das Planungswerkzeug die Entwurfssprache des Architekten beeinflusste und die Formensprache der Stadt- und Landschaftsplanung nachhaltig veränderte. Der Paradigmenwechsel im Städtebau vollzog sich in Mitteleuropa um die Wende vom 15. zum 16. Jh. mit dem Bau der Erzgebirgsstädte Annaberg und Marienberg. Die in Annaberg noch praktizierte rhythmische und räumliche Grundrissgestaltung wurde in Marienberg zugunsten eines egalisierten Stadtgrundrisses aufgegeben. Überlegungen zur Stadtstruktur und Hygiene führten zu diesem Wandel, die Aufteilung des Grundrisses selber aber wurde durch das verwendete Instrumentarium bestimmt. Im Barock stand den Planern Geometrie als allgemeine Kulturtechnik zur Verfügung, das Denken in geometrischen Formen und Proportionen bestimmte den Entwurfsprozess. Geometrie war nicht mehr nur Planungsmittel, sondern wurde - wie bei der Anlage der Berliner Torplätze zu Beginn des 18. Jh. zu sehen ist - Planungsziel. Die Rekonstruktion der Planungsmaße beweist, dass nicht nur die Namensgebung - Rondell, Oktogon und Quarré – auf die Quadratur des Kreises hinweist, sondern die Proportion der Plätze aus ihr heraus entwickelt wurde. / In the research of the art of urban development, the fine arts are mainly taken into account. The question of the technical arts is seldom raised, even though the architect’s design is a work of personal intuition as well as of the technically possible. In order to recognize the construction scheme and the planning intention in the urban planning of Early Modern Times it is necessary to merge the history of urban development with the history of technology. The construction and surveying methods described in the essays of the geometria practica and the architectura militaris are compared to the urban planning of the Early Modern Times. In case studies reaching from urban planning at the close of the Middle Ages to Baroque city expansion it is shown how the planning tools influenced the design language of the architect and the form language of urban development. The paradigm shift in Middle European urban planning took place at the end of the 15th century with the construction of Annaberg and Marienberg in the Ore Mountains. The rhythmic and spatial floor plan design still used in Annaberg was abandoned for a leveled out town plan in Marienberg. Deliberations of city structure and hygiene lead to this change. The design of the layout itself, however, was dictated by the implemented tool. In the Baroque period, geometry was available to the planers as general cultural knowledge and technology: the use of geometrical forms and proportions determined the design process. Geometry was not only planning method, but became planning intention – as can be seen by the Berlin Gate Plazas built in the beginning of the 18th Century. Not only do the names given - Rondell, Oktogon and Quarré – refer to the squaring of the circle, but the reconstruction of the design measurements proves the connection. Only the development of practical geometry enabled the variable form language of Baroque city construction.