Ce travail étudie comment la mesure des forces hydrodynamiques exercées par un liquide confiné entre une sphère et une surface d'intérêt permet de sonder à distance et sans contact les propriétés mécaniques de cette surface. Nous présentons tout d'abord le principe de cette technique originale de sonde fluide et la machine à forces de surface dynamique que nous utilisons pour mettre en oeuvre ces expériences de nano-rhéologie. Puis nous nous intéressons à deux applications que nous avons plus particulièrement étudiées. D'une part, l'étude des propriétés de friction des bicouches lipidiques. Nous mettons en évidence une très faible friction mesurée sur certaines bicouches fluides et son potentiel rôle pour la bio-lubrification. D'autre part l'étude des propriétés élastiques de couche mince d'élastomère. Nous développons pour cela une théorie de l'élasto-hydrodynamique à géométrie sphère-plan en mode dynamique et présentons des résultats expérimentaux en très bon accord. Nous sommes capables de mesurer le module d'Young de films mince de PDMS d'épaisseur allant jusqu'à 600~nm. Enfin, nous présentons les développements instrumentaux réalisés pour optimiser les performances de la machine à forces de surfaces comme sonde fluide.

Dans cette thèse, nous développons une théorie de<br />déformation pour les singularités lagrangiennes. Pour une singularité<br />lagrangienne, un complexe de modules à différentielle non-linéaire,<br />dont la première cohomologie est isomorphe à l'espace de déformations<br /> infinitésimales de la singularité, est défini. La cohomologie en degré deux contient des informations sur les obstructions. Ce<br />complexe est relié à la théorie des modules différentiels. Nous<br />démontrons que, sous une condition géométrique, sa cohomologie est<br />constituée de faisceaux constructibles. Nous décrivons une méthode<br />utilisant du calcul formel pour déterminer cette cohomologie pour<br />des surfaces quasi-homogènes.

The family 1 cellulose-binding modules (CBM1) form a groupof small, stable carbohydrate-binding proteins. These modulesare essential for fungal cellulosedegradation. This thesisdescribes both functional studies of the CBM1s as well asprotein engineering of the modules for several objectives. The characteristics and specificity of CBM1s from theTrichoderma reeseiCel7A and Cel6A, along with severalother wild type and mutated CBMs, were studied using bindingexperiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Datafrom the binding studies confirmed that the presence of onetryptophan residue on the CBM1 binding face enhances itsbinding to crystalline cellulose. The twoT. reeseiCBM1s as well as the CBM3 from theClostridium thermocellumCipA were investigated by TEMexperiments. All three CBMs were found to bind in lineararrangements along the sides of the fibrils. Further analysesof the bound CBMs indicated that the CBMs bind to the exposedhydrophobic surfaces, the so called (200) crystalline face ofValoniacellulose crystals. The function and specificity of CBM1s as a part of an intactenzyme were studied by replacing the CBM from the exo-actingCel7A by the CBM1 from the endoglucanase Cel7B. Apart fromslightly improved affinity of the hybrid enzyme, the moduleexchange did not significantly influence the function of theCel7A. This indicates that the two CBM1s are analogous in theirbinding properties and function during cellulosehydrolysis. The CBM1 was also used for immobilization studies. Toimprove heterologous expression of a CBM1-lipase fusionprotein, a linker stability study was carried out inPichia pastoris. A proline/threonine rich linker peptidewas found to be stable for protein production in this host. Forwhole bacterial cell immobilization, theT. reeseiCel6A CBM1 was expressed on the surface of thegram-positive bacteria,Staphylococcus carnosus. The engineeredS. carnosuscells were shown to bind cellulosefibers. To exploit the stable CBM1 fold as a starting point forgenerating novel binders, a phage display library wasconstructed. Binding proteins against an amylase as well asagainst a metal ion were selected from the library. Theamylase-binding proteins were found to bind and inhibit thetarget enzyme. The metal binding proteins selected from thelibrary were cloned on the surface of theS. carnosusand clearly enhanced the metal bindingability of the engineered bacteria. <b>Keywords</b>: cellulose-binding, family 1carbohydrate-binding module, phage display, bacterial surfacedisplay, combinatorial protein library, metal binding, proteinengineering,Trichoderma reesei, Staphyloccus carnosus.

The history of Newfoundland is intimately tied to its relationship with the sea, to its island status and its consequent cultural isolation, to its reliance on fishing and more recently oil. But it is also one of tides - of prosperity and loss, migration and resettlement, of occupation and erasure. This research is an investigation into the nature of mutable landscapes – shifting settlements, resources and infrastructures. It is recognized that the needs of each community and the resources of each environment are diverse in type and supply. The spatialization of an energy infrastructure has the opportunity to link, in a dynamic system, the ecological, political, cultural, and historical constituents atomized communities. It has the potential to be a dynamic system that forces a presence in the everyday lives of a cultural habitat. This investigation tests the possibility for a contemporary energy infrastructure, usually hidden from the cultural landscape, to become a physically and culturally pronounced manifestation of a layered historical narrative. This work exhumes histories of Newfoundland and uncovers omnipresent themes of mutability, shifting, movement, and transience, presenting the history of Newfoundland as a fluctuating story of the sea. These stories not only frame the historical spatializations of Newfoundland’s population, its infrastructures, and economies through various media, but they also simultaneously outline the social and economic deficiencies of modern approaches to developing the island. Structured chronologically, the research forms the basis for an investigation into new ideas for an infrastructure off the southern coast of Newfoundland. This design project exemplifies themes of shifting and movement through a mobile, water-based energy, research, and cultural infrastructure. It is situated off the southern coast of Newfoundland and engages both the land and the sea. This thesis does not try to tame, resolve, or control the sea. The sea is always itself, ordered by its own cycles of tides, currents and ecologies. One can really only synchronize the relationships between land and sea.

The purpose of this study is to explain how the value of sawn wood changes when sawn wood are cut in 30 respective 60 cm lengths. The raw material into the saw mill will mainly be bucked in 30 cm and 60 cm modules. There will also be two alternatives where the timber will be bucked special lengths, 370, 490 and 550 cm but also in 490 and 550 cm. The method used for the study is to simulate both cutting and sawing the woods. For cutting the simulator Timan is used and for sawing the simulator Timberopt is used. When data is generated from the simulators, calculations of some key figures is done and also how much the revenue need to be increased for the sawn wood in order to cover for the increased costs of changing sawn wood from 30 cm to 60 cm modules The conclusion is that the single biggest reason, impacting the value of the sawn wood is the cutting at the saw mill. When going from 30 to 60 cm modules, the impact will be that the customers to the saw mill must pay more to increase the revenue by at least 10% for the sawn wood in order to justifice the change in production. It is also possible to increase the value of the products further by bucking the timber in three lengths, 370, 490 and 550 cm, in order to get 12 % increase of the share of longer sawn wood (&gt;= 480 cm). / Syftet med studien är att förklara hur värdet på sågad vara förändras när den avkapas i 30 respektive 60 cm moduler. Råvaran in till sågverket kommer huvudsakligen att apteras i 30 cm respektive 60 cm moduler. Det kommer också att finnas två alternativ där timret apteras i speciallängderna 370, 490 och 550 cm, samt 490 och 550 cm. Metoden som användes i studien är att simulera såväl aptering som avkapning. För aptering i skogen användes simulatorn Timan. För sönderdelning och avkap på sågverket användes simulatorn Timberopt. När data genererats från simulatorerna har också beräkning av vissa nyckeltal gjorts, samt beräkningar på hur mycket intäkterna för den sågade varan behöver öka för att täcka värdeminskningen av en omläggning av sågad vara från 30 cm till 60 cm moduler. Slutsatsen är att den största, enskilda posten till minskat värde uppstår vid avkapet i justerverket. Vid en övergång från 30 cm till 60 cm moduler, blir konsekvensen att kunderna till sågverket måste vara beredda att betala minst 10% mer för att täcka värdeminskningen vid omläggning till 60 cm moduler. Det är också möjligt att öka värdet på produkten ytterligare genom att aptera timret i två långa och en kort längd, dvs 370, 490 och 550 cm. Då fås en ökning med ca 12% av sågad vara som överstiger 480 cm i längd.

This thesis has developed an efficient methodology for automatic kinematic analysis of planar linkages using the concept of modular kinematics. Unlike conventional general purpose kinematic analysis packages where each joint in the mechanism is represented using a set of non-linear constraint equations which need to be solved by some iterative numerical procedure, modular kinematics is based on the original observation by Assur that kinematic state of a mechanism involving large number of links can be constructed out of the kinematic states of patterns of sub chains called modules taken in a given sequence called module sequence which in turn emulates the step by step construction procedure of traditional graphical methods. The position, velocity and acceleration analysis of modules are available in closed form. Kinematic analysis of modules later in the sequence is enabled by those of the ones earlier in the sequence, hence, the kinematic analysis of a mechanism is accomplished without any iterative endeavor by doing the kinematics of the modules as given in the module sequence. [102] classified all modules into three fundamental types namely input, dyad and transformation and also introduced the concept of constraint module for analyzing graphically non-constructible mechanisms within the paradigm of modular kinematics where a small step of numerical search was needed in an over all closed form kinematic formulation. Module sequence for a mechanism using the modules is not unique. Choice of a later module in the sequence depends upon the selection of modules earlier in the sequence. This thesis has presented a systematic approach of identifying all such methods for all the inversions of the mechanism and represented in the form of a module hierarchy or a module tree where each path from root to the leaf node represents a valid module sequence for the kinematic chain in hand. The work also extended the set of modules by adding eight new modules to what has already been used in literature to make it complete in the sense that all planar mechanisms involving revolute, prismatic and pin-in-slot (including circular slots) can be handled. The computational effort involved for analyzing these mechanisms thus depend on the number of constraint modules occurring in succession in the module sequence. However, maximum possible number of constraint modules in any mechanism with up to twelve links is only two. The derivative analysis also uses the same module sequence, but they are always devoid of any iterative steps. During the process of generation of a module sequence, at every stage multitude of modules could be identified for their potential placement in the sequence. But for every module sequence the difference between the number of input modules and that of constraint modules is constant and is equal to the kinematic degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f) of the mechanism. The algorithm presented in this thesis minimizes the number of generalized inputs (and hence extraneous constraints) and thus attempting to identify the simplest of the module sequences. In that sense the module sequences represented in the module tree are all optimal module sequences. The present work introduced the concept of multi phase modular kinematics which enables a large variety of mechanisms, conventionally identified as complex mechanisms, to be solved in closed form. This is achieved through the use of novel virtual link and virtual joints. Virtual link is slightly different from a normal rigid link in the sense that the joint locations on this are functions of some independent parameters. Since, the locations of joints are not fixed even in the local coordinate frame of the virtual link, the relative velocities between joints are not zero, they need to be appropriately accounted in kinematic analysis. The theory presented in the thesis is implemented in a computer program written in C++ on Windows platform and Graphics library (OpenGL) is used to display linkage configurations and simulations. The program takes the data of joints, input pairs, ground link in certain format through a file. Geometric models developed in any of the existing modeling softwares like ProE, Ideas, AutoCad etc. can be imported in VRML format to the links and in case of no geometric models a simple convex 2D geometry is created for each link for the purpose of visualization. Geometric import of links helps not only in understanding the simulations better but also in useful for dynamic analysis, dynamic motion analysis and interference analysis. A complete kinematic analysis (position, velocity and acceleration) is given for a four bar mechanism and illustrated the positional ( configuration) analysis using modular kinematics for several other examples like old-ham, quick-return mechanisms etc. in the current work. Multi-phase modular approach is illustrated using a five bar with floating input pairs, a back actor and a drafter mechanism and the Back actor configuration is shown with the imported link geometries. It is observed in practice that there are many apparently spatial Mechanisms, which are constructed out of symmetric dispositions of planar mechanisms in space. A pseudo spatial mechanism concept is proposed to solve this class of spatial mechanisms, which can actually be analyzed with the effort of solving only one such component. This concept is illustrated with Shaker and Umbrella mechanisms. Possible extensions of the concept for modeling and analysis of more general class of pseudo-spatial mechanisms are also indicated.

<p>The family 1 cellulose-binding modules (CBM1) form a groupof small, stable carbohydrate-binding proteins. These modulesare essential for fungal cellulosedegradation. This thesisdescribes both functional studies of the CBM1s as well asprotein engineering of the modules for several objectives.</p><p>The characteristics and specificity of CBM1s from the<i>Trichoderma reesei</i>Cel7A and Cel6A, along with severalother wild type and mutated CBMs, were studied using bindingexperiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Datafrom the binding studies confirmed that the presence of onetryptophan residue on the CBM1 binding face enhances itsbinding to crystalline cellulose. The two<i>T. reesei</i>CBM1s as well as the CBM3 from the<i>Clostridium thermocellum</i>CipA were investigated by TEMexperiments. All three CBMs were found to bind in lineararrangements along the sides of the fibrils. Further analysesof the bound CBMs indicated that the CBMs bind to the exposedhydrophobic surfaces, the so called (200) crystalline face of<i>Valonia</i>cellulose crystals.</p><p>The function and specificity of CBM1s as a part of an intactenzyme were studied by replacing the CBM from the exo-actingCel7A by the CBM1 from the endoglucanase Cel7B. Apart fromslightly improved affinity of the hybrid enzyme, the moduleexchange did not significantly influence the function of theCel7A. This indicates that the two CBM1s are analogous in theirbinding properties and function during cellulosehydrolysis.</p><p>The CBM1 was also used for immobilization studies. Toimprove heterologous expression of a CBM1-lipase fusionprotein, a linker stability study was carried out in<i>Pichia pastoris</i>. A proline/threonine rich linker peptidewas found to be stable for protein production in this host. Forwhole bacterial cell immobilization, the<i>T. reesei</i>Cel6A CBM1 was expressed on the surface of thegram-positive bacteria,<i>Staphylococcus carnosus</i>. The engineered<i>S. carnosus</i>cells were shown to bind cellulosefibers.</p><p>To exploit the stable CBM1 fold as a starting point forgenerating novel binders, a phage display library wasconstructed. Binding proteins against an amylase as well asagainst a metal ion were selected from the library. Theamylase-binding proteins were found to bind and inhibit thetarget enzyme. The metal binding proteins selected from thelibrary were cloned on the surface of the<i>S. carnosus</i>and clearly enhanced the metal bindingability of the engineered bacteria.</p><p><b>Keywords</b>: cellulose-binding, family 1carbohydrate-binding module, phage display, bacterial surfacedisplay, combinatorial protein library, metal binding, proteinengineering,<i>Trichoderma reesei, Staphyloccus carnosus</i>.</p>

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude théorique et pratique d'un système de typage appliqué à la preuve de programmes de style fonctionnels. Le système de base est le système ST créé par C.Raffalli; il comporte, outre le polymorphisme, du sous-typage et de l'omission de contenu non-algorithmique. Nous étudions tout d'abord les modèles de la théorie définie par le système de types, en construisant une axiomatique basée sur les treillis permettant de modéliser le calcul et la logique. Nous étudions sur cette base le système de types, montrons la réduction du sujet, et la possibilité de définir en interne la normalisabilité et la réductibilité des programmes. Dans la suite de la thèse, plus appliquée, nous étudions des codages de types de données riches inspirés des langages fonctionnels - y incluant notamment un système de modules du premier ordre- dans le Lambda-Calcul, et montrons qu'ils s'intègrent harmonieusement dans le système; la méthodologie développée dans cette partie permet d'étendre le langage de types et le langage de programmation en conservant un critère de consistance assurant la sûreté du code typé.

<p>The purpose of this study is to explain how the value of sawn wood changes when sawn wood are cut in 30 respective 60 cm lengths. The raw material into the saw mill will mainly be bucked in 30</p><p>cm and 60 cm modules. There will also be two alternatives where the timber will be bucked special lengths, 370, 490 and 550 cm but also in 490 and 550 cm.</p><p>The method used for the study is to simulate both cutting and sawing the woods. For cutting the simulator Timan is used and for sawing the simulator Timberopt is used. When data is generated</p><p>from the simulators, calculations of some key figures is done and also how much the revenue need to be increased for the sawn wood in order to cover for the increased costs of changing sawn wood</p><p>from 30 cm to 60 cm modules</p><p>The conclusion is that the single biggest reason, impacting the value of the sawn wood is the cutting at the saw mill.</p><p>When going from 30 to 60 cm modules, the impact will be that the customers to the saw mill must pay more to increase the revenue by at least 10% for the sawn wood in order to justifice the change</p><p>in production.</p><p>It is also possible to increase the value of the products further by bucking the timber in three lengths, 370, 490 and 550 cm, in order to get 12 % increase of the share of longer sawn wood (>= 480 cm).</p> / <p>Syftet med studien är att förklara hur värdet på sågad vara förändras när den avkapas i 30 respektive 60 cm moduler. Råvaran in till sågverket kommer huvudsakligen att apteras i 30 cm respektive 60 cm moduler. Det kommer också att finnas två alternativ där timret apteras i speciallängderna 370, 490 och 550 cm, samt 490 och</p><p>550 cm.</p><p>Metoden som användes i studien är att simulera såväl aptering som avkapning. För aptering i skogen användes simulatorn Timan. För sönderdelning och avkap på sågverket användes simulatorn Timberopt. När data genererats från simulatorerna har också beräkning av vissa nyckeltal gjorts, samt beräkningar på hur mycket intäkterna för den sågade varan behöver öka för att täcka värdeminskningen av en omläggning av sågad vara från 30 cm till 60 cm moduler.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att den största, enskilda posten till minskat värde uppstår vid avkapet i justerverket.</p><p>Vid en övergång från 30 cm till 60 cm moduler, blir konsekvensen att kunderna till sågverket måste vara beredda att betala minst 10% mer för att täcka värdeminskningen vid omläggning till 60 cm moduler.</p><p>Det är också möjligt att öka värdet på produkten ytterligare genom att aptera timret i två långa och en kort längd, dvs 370, 490 och 550 cm. Då fås en ökning med ca 12% av sågad vara som överstiger 480 cm i längd.</p>

The purpose of this reasearch was to develop a respiratory monitoring system using a reflective object sensor based belt to measure the thoracic expansion of a neonatal for future application at the medical center of the Universidad Evangelica Boliviana (UEB). This medical center, being founded by the UEB University, is dedicated to help and serve the poor and currently has no respiratory monitoring system. The methodology used was first to build and test the respiratory sensor belt and test the relationship between the blet expansion and the voltage generated. The, to incorporate the respiratory sensor belt in a system that would allow individual testing as well as group testing in a wireless network. The system was simulated using an expandable plastic container that was expanded and extracted periodically, registering the results in a MATLAB software. The system gave successful results and generated the frequency results of each cycle, average frequency and deviation frequency. The system demonstrated to be reliable and to have repeatable results.