La thermoélectricité est une science remise au goût du jour depuis quelques années en tant que source de récupération d'énergie. Dans cette optique, l'étude et la conception de dispositifs thermoélectriques à base de films minces se justifient parfaitement : en effet, les faibles dimensions de ces modules, de l'ordre du cm2, permettent leur intégration et leur utilisation dans des domaines nombreux et variés, tels l'industrie automobile, l'environnement du corps humain, l'alimentation de capteurs sans fil... Ainsi, ces travaux ont permis la réalisation et la caractérisation de plusieurs modules, composés de matériaux de différente nature, et de diverses géométries. Pour cela, le développement des procédés de calibration de couches minces, à la fois de matériaux semimétalliques, en bismuth et antimoine, mais aussi de matériaux semiconducteurs, en silicium et silicium-germanium, a été étudié et optimisé. De plus, l'utilisation de matériaux nanostructurés permet une amélioration des performances thermoélectriques via notamment une diminution de la conductivité thermique. Dans ce cadre, une étude théorique sur les transports électriques et thermiques dans les nanostructures, complémentée de mesures expérimentales sur des superréseaux Si/SiGe, ont permis de valider ces propos et de justifier leur intégration au sein de dispositifs thermoélectriques.

The problem of programming a parallel processor is discussed. Previous methods of programming a parallel processor, analyzing a program for parallel paths, and special language features are discussed. Graph theory is used to define the three basic programming constructs: choice, sequence, repetition. The concept of mechanized programming is expanded to allow for total separation of control and computational sections of a program. A definition of a language is presented which provides for this separation. A method for developing the program graph is discussed. The control graph and data graph are developed separately. The two graphs illustrate control and data predecessor relationships used in determining parallel elements of a program.

M. Tech. (Engineering, Electrical, Department Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology / In order to facilitate sustainable development, it is necessary to further improve and increase the energy efficiency and use of renewable energy and its related technologies. The main limiting factors to the extensive use of photovoltaic (PV) modules include the high initial investment cost and the relatively low conversion efficiency. However, other factors, such as an increase in ambient temperature, exert a considerable negative influence on PV modules, with cell efficiencies decreasing as the cell’s operating temperature increases. Higher PV module surface temperatures mean lower output voltages and subsequent lower output power. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on optimizing the available output power from a PV module by investigating and controlling the effect that the PV module’s surface temperature exerts on the amount of electrical energy produced. A pilot study was conducted by using a PV module set to three different tilt angles with an orientation angle and temperature sensors placed at different points. This was done to determine temperature distribution on the PV module surfaces as well as identify which tilt angle produces the highest PV module surface temperature. The main study was designed to investigate the electrical performance of a PV module with different cooling systems (water and forced air) as against a referenced measurement (no cooling). The cooling systems will be switched on and off at specific time intervals with the help of an electronic timer circuit incorporating a PIC microcontroller. The pilot study was conducted for a 50 week period where the results indicated a direct correlation between temperature rise and voltage decrease. The PV module’s temperature is highest at a tilt angle of 16° during the day and lowest at night time. It further reveals that the PV module’s front and back surface temperature can be distinctly different, with the highest recorded values occurring at the back of the PV module. The main study was conducted for a period of 15 weeks with results indicating that the water cooling system resulted in an average higher output power of 49.6% when compared to the reference system (no cooling system). Recommendations are made that sufficient space should be included between the module frames and mounting structure to reduce high operating temperatures owing to poor air circulation.

Sei $K$ eine endliche Erweiterung von $QQ_p $ und sei $R$ der Robba-Ring mit Koeffizienten in $K$ sein, die mit einem absoluten Frobenius-Lift $phi$ ausgestattet sind. Sei $F$ der Fixköper von $K$ unter $phi $ und sei $G$ eine verbundene reduktive Gruppe über $F$. Diese Arbeit untersucht $G$-$ (phi,nabla)$-Module über $R$, nämlich $(phi,nabla)$-Module über $R$ mit einer zusätzlicher $G$-Struktur. In Kapitel 3 konstruieren wir einen gefilterten Faserfunktor aus der Darstellungskategorie von $G$ auf endlich-dimensionalen $F$-Vektorräumenbis zur Kategorie von $QQ$-gefilterten Modulen über $R$, und beweisen, dass dieser Funktor spaltbar ist. In Kapitel 4 beweisen wir eine $G$-Version des $p$-adischen lokalen Monodromie-Satzes. In Kapitel 5 beweisen wir eine $G$-Version des logarithmischen lokalen Monodromie-Satzes unter bestimmten Annahmen. Als Anwendung fügen wir jedem $G$-$(phi,nabla)$-Modul eine Weil-Deligne-Darstellung der Weil-Gruppe $W_{kk((t))} $ in $G(K^{nr})$ an, wobei $kk$ der Restklassenkörper von $K$, und $K^{nr}$ die maximal unverzweigte Erweiterung von $K$ ist. / Let $K$ be a finite extension of $QQ_p$ and let $R$ be the Robba ring with coefficients in $K$, equipped with an absolute Frobenius lift $phi$. Let $F$ be the fixed field of $K$ under $phi$ and let $G$ be a connected reductive group over $F$. This thesis investigates $G$-$(phi,nabla)$-modules over $R$, namely $(phi,nabla)$-modules over $R$ with an additional $G$-structure. In Chapter 3, we construct a filtered fiber functor from the category of representations of $G$ on finite-dimensional $F$-vector spaces to the category of $QQ$-filtered modules over $R$, and prove that this functor is splittable. In Chapter 4, we prove a $G$-version of the $p$-adic local monodromy theorem. In Chapter 5, we prove a $G$-version of the logarithmic $p$-adic local monodromy theorem under certain assumptions. As an application, we attach to each $G$-$(phi,nabla)$-module a Weil-Deligne representation of the Weil group $W_{kk((t))}$ into $G(K^{nr})$, where $kk$ is the residue field of $K$, and $K^{nr}$ is the maximal unramified extension of $K$.

Cette thèse aborde des aspects fondamentales et appliquées de la théorie des verres de spin etplus généralement des systèmes complexes. Les premiers modèles théoriques décrivant la transitionvitreuse sont apparues dans les années 1970. Ceux-ci décrivaient les verres à l'aide d'interactionsaléatoires. Il a fallu alors plusieurs années avant qu'une théorie de champs moyen pour ces systèmessoient comprises. De nos jours il existe un grand nombre de modèles tombant dans la classe de« champs moyen » et qui sont bien compris à la fois analytiquement, mais également numériquementgrâce à des outils tels que le monte-carlo ou la méthode de la cavité. Par ailleurs il est bien connu quele groupe de renormalisation a échoué jusque ici à pouvoir prédire le comportement des observablescritiques dans les verres hors champs moyen. Nous avons donc choisi d'étudier des systèmes eninteraction à longue portée dont on ignore encore si la physique est identique à celle du champmoyen. Nous avons montré dans une première partie, la facilité avec laquelle on peut décrire unetransformation du groupe de renormalisation dans les systèmes ferromagnétiques en interaction àlongue portée dé finies sur le réseau hiérarchique de Dyson. Dans un second temps, nous avons portéenotre attention sur des modèles de verre de spin sur ce même réseau. Un début d'analyse sur cestransformations dans l'espace réel est présenté ainsi qu'une comparaison de la mesure de l'exposantcritique nu par différentes méthodes. Si la transformation décrite semble prometteuse il faut cependantnoter que celle-ci doit encore être améliorée afin d'être considérée comme une méthode valide pournotre système. Nous avons continué dans cette même direction en analysant un modèle d'énergiesaléatoires toujours en utilisant la topologie du réseau hiérarchique. Nous avons étudié numériquementce système dans lequel nous avons pu observer l'existence d'une transition de phase de type « criseentropique » tout à fait similaire à celle du REM de Derrida. Toutefois, notre modèle présente desdifférences importantes avec ce dernier telles que le comportement non-analytique de l'entropie à latransition, ainsi que l'émergence de « criticalité » dont la présence serait à confirmer par d'autres études.Nous montrons également à l'aide de notre méthode numérique comment la température critique dece système peut-être estimée de trois façon différentes.Dans une dernière partie nous avons abordé des problèmes liés aux systèmes complexes. Il aété remarqué récemment que les modèles étudiés dans divers domaines, par exemple la physique, labiologie ou l'informatique, étaient très proches les uns des autres. Ceci est particulièrement vrai dansl'optimisation combinatoire qui a en partie été étudiée par des méthodes de physique statistique. Cesméthodes issues de la théories des verres de spin et des verres structuraux ont été très utilisées pourétudier les transitions de phase qui ont lieux dans ces systèmes ainsi que pour inventer de nouveauxalgorithmes pour ces modèles. Nous avons étudié le problème de l'inférence de modules dans lesréseaux à l'aide de ces même méthodes. Nous présentons une analyse sur la détection des modules topologiques dans des réseaux aléatoires et démontrons la présence d'une transition de phase entre une région où ces modules sont indétectables et une région où ils sont détectables. Par ailleurs, nous avons implémenté pour ces problèmes un algorithme utilisant Belief Propagation afin d'inférer les modules ainsi que d'apprendre leurs propriétés en ayant pour unique information la structure du réseau. Finalementnous avons appliqué cet algorithme sur des réseaux construits à partir de données réelles et discutonsles développements à apporter à notre méthode. / This thesis presents fundamental and applied aspects of spin glasses theory and complex systems. The first theoretical models of spin glasses appeared during the 1970. They were modelling glassy systems by using random interactions. It took several years before a mean-field theory of spin glasses was solved and understood. Nowadays there exists many different models falling in the class of mean-field models. They are well-understood analytically but also numerically where many methods exist to analyse them, namely the monte-carlo and the cavity method which are now essential numerical tools to investigate spin glass. At the same time, the renormalisation group technique which has been very useful in the past to analyse second order transition failed in many disordered systems to predict the behaviour of critical observables in non-mean-field spin glasses. We have chosen to study long-range interacting systems in which we don't know if the physics is identical to mean-field models. In a first part, we studied a ferromagnetic model on the Dyson hierarchical lattice. In this system with long-range interaction, we showed that it is easy to find a real-space transformation of the renormalisation group to compute the critical exponents. In a second part we focused on a spin glass model built on the same lattice. We made a first study where a real-space transformation is described for this system and we compare the estimations of the critical exponent nu for this model by different methods. The renormalisation group transformation gives some encouraging results but needs to be improved to become a more reliable method in this system. We have then investigated a model of random energies by using the same hierarchical topology. We studied numerically this system where we observed the existence of a phase transition of the same type as the one present in the REM of Derrida. However our model exhibits many different features compare to the REM. We found a non-analytical behaviour of the entropy at the transition and critical properties such as a diverging length-scale should occur according to our results. This last prediction has to be studied by a more direct measurement. By the numerical method we developed, we estimated the critical temperature using three different observables, all giving the same value. In the last part I turned to problems related to complex systems. It has been noticed recently that models of different fields such as physics, biology or computer science were very close to each other. This is particularly true in combinatorial optimisation problem which has been investigated using method of statistical physics. These techniques coming from the field of spin glasses and structural glasses were used to studied phase transitions in such systems and to invent new algorithms. We studied the problem of inference and learning of modular structure in random graphs by these techniques. We analysed the presence of topological clusters in some particular types of random graphs, and we showed that a phase transition occurred between a region where it is possible to detect clusters and a region where it is impossible. We also implemented a new algorithm using Belief Propagation to learn the properties of these clusters and to infer them in networks. We applied this algorithm to real-graph and discussed further development of this problem.

For a PV plant it is of fundamental importance that the operation of the PV modules is free from faults or at least that the faults can be detected early, to ensure efficient electricity production. Some defects such as cracks can be seen in visible light while microcracks and damage to the silicon material can only be seen through special lighting. This study focuses on the most common defects in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Compare the infrared (IR) technology with the new ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence image technique for PV characterization, based on their accuracy and uncertainty factors under an experimental field investigation. In this study, first a literature study was conducted to the most common defects in PV system and their impact on electricity generation. Then a simulation model of a PV system was created in PVsyst and exported to Microsoft Excel which was used to evaluate how different defects at different stages of the PV cell's life cycle impact electricity generation, performance parameters and economic exchange. Furthermore, experiments with UV and IR was implemented at a PV system located in Dalarna and some PV modules at MDH. It was conducted that occurrence of snail tracks, delamination and hot spots in combination with bypass failures and non-functioning cell will affect the economic profitability in the long run and the payback time will increase since their impacts on electricity generation and performance parameters are huge. The worst case is when PV modules are affected by the fault in bypass diode and non-functioning cell which result to a payback time longer than the module's lifetime and huge amount electricity losses in different bypass diodes configurations. Since UV and IR are two different methods that are performed in two different ways, different errors occurred during the measurements. The biggest external factor was the weather that determined if the experiment could be implemented. The IR method gave decent results and was quicker to use, but the UV method highlighted some defect which could not be seen with the IR technology.

Em 1991, Kishor Shah definiu e estudou os ideais coeficientes \'I IND. \' , para todo inteiro k = 0, . . . , d, associados a um ideal m-primário I de um anel Noetheriano local d-dimensional, (R,m). Esses ideais, \'I IND. \' , são os maiores ideais de R que contem o ideal I tais que os primeiros k + 1 coeficientes dos polinômios de Hilbert-Samuel de I e \'I IND. \' coincidem. O resultado principal do trabalho de Kishor Shah é provar teoremas de estrutura para estes ideais. Na sua Tese de Doutorado, Jung-Chen Liu generalizou alguns aspectos do trabalho de Kishor Shah para R-submódulos E de \'R POT. p\', definindo os submódulos coeficientes \'E IND. \' , para k = 0, . . . , d + p 1. Por´em Jung-Chen Liu não provou o teorema de estrutura para tais módulos coeficientes. Neste trabalho, estenderemos os trabalhos de Kishor Shah e de Jung-Chen Liu para R-submódulos E \'ESTÁ CONTIDO EM\' F de \'R POT. p\', onde \'ell IND. R\' (\'F SOBRE E\' ) < \'INFINITO\', definindo os módulos coeficientes \'E POT F IND. \', para todo inteiro k = 0, . . . , d + p 1 e provando o teorema de estrutura para tais módulos / In 1991, Kishor Shah defined and studied coeficient ideals \'I ind . \' , for integers k = 0, . . . , d, associated to an ideal m-primary I of a Noetherian local ring of dimension, (R,m). This ideals, \'I ind \'. , are the biggest ideals of R that contains the ideal I such that the first k+1 Hilbert-Samuel coefficients of I and \'I IND. \' are igual. The main result of Kishor Shahs work is to prove the struture theorem of such ideals. In his P.h.D thesis, Jung-Chen Liu generalized some aspects of Kishor Shahs work in the case of R-submodules E of \'R POT. p\', defining the coefficients submodules \'E IND. , \' for integers k = 0, . . . , d+p1. But Jung-Chen Liu didnt prove the struture theorem for such coefficients modules. In this work, we extended the works of Kishor Shah and of Jung-Chen Liu for R-submodules E \'ARE THIS CONTAINED\' F of \'R POT. p\', where \'ell IND. R (\'F ON E\' ) < \'THE INFINITE\' , defining the coefficients modules \'E POT. F IND. {k}\', for integers k = 0, . . . , d + p 1 and proving the struture theorem for such modules

A geração de energia solar fotovoltaica tem crescido anualmente em utilização. Com o aumento dos custos de geração de energia elétrica, fontes renováveis de energia como essa crescem em interesse, até mesmo em aplicações residenciais de microgeração. Este trabalho apresenta o projeto, construção e ensaios de um rastreador solar autônomo, com controle e aquisição de dados de sensoriamento baseado em sistemas embarcados totalmente projetados e produzidos no país, com o objetivo de se aumentar o ganho de energia elétrica gerada a partir de painéis solares de mercado. O projeto do firmware de controle e os algoritmos utilizados foram adaptados continuamente até se atingir os melhores resultados. Foi utilizado um painel solar comum de mercado para realizar os testes, e as placas de circuito impresso projetadas foram confeccionadas localmente. A tomada de dados em diferentes ensaios mostrou que o rastreamento solar de fato aumentou o ganho de energia elétrica com um painel solar comum de mercado, mesmo com alguns problemas a serem corrigidos em uma próxima pesquisa. Assim, a pesquisa realizada confirmou o ganho de energia elétrica para o painel solar escolhido. / Photovoltaic solar generators have grown annually in use. With the increase in electricity generation costs, renewable sources of energy like that grow in interest, even in residential microgeneration applications. This work presents the design, construction and testing of a standalone solar tracker, with control and acquisition of sensors data based on embedded systems totally designed and produced in the country, aiming to increase the power generated from retail solar panels. The firmware design and used algorithms have been continuously adapted to achieve the best results. It was used a standard solar panel to perform the tests, and the designed printed circuit boards were manufactured locally. The data taken in different tests showed that the solar tracking actually increased the power generated with a standard solar panel, even with some problems in the design that have to be corrected in a future implementation. So the project was validated and can be used, including microgeneration in ordinary houses.

A existência de novas condições econômicas e de trabalho tem conduzido as empresas a uma modernização de técnicas e metodologias para a resolução de problemas em Engenharia de Produção. Embora seja rápido o surgimento de novas ferramentas de informática e haja uma grande preocupação, no sentido de empregar a informática como suporte à tomada de decisões, o que se tem notado é que a utilização dos computadores nas empresas não tem sido feita na plenitude de suas possibilidades, ou seja, os usuários (especialmente os engenheiros) fazem uso de programas especialistas para chegarem a decisões isoladas e, posteriormente, transferem os resultados obtidos para outros aplicativos e/ou realização das análises. Este trabalho desenvolveu estudos multidisciplinares que envolvem as novas ferramentas oferecidas pelos avanços da Informática e pelos modernos conceitos de administração e otimização de processos, estudados em Engenharia de Produção. Tais estudos foram direcionados para a obtenção de resultados práticos que possam ser rapidamente aplicados nas empresas brasileiras, ou seja, dentro do contexto financeiro-tecnológico nacional. Estas pesquisam procuraram documentar qual é o formato do sistema, para que sejam capazes de facilitar e automatizar o planejamento da produção de uma indústria ou de uma empresa de serviços. Pretendeu-se, assim, registrar os conceitos e filosofias necessários para se construir uma ferramenta para otimização de processos produtivos que resolva, ou atenue, eventuais problemas causados por restrições nadisponibilidade de recursos (equipamento, mão-de-obra, material e tempo) ou de outra natureza. / The existence of new economic and work conditions has been driving the companies to a modernization of techniques and methodologies for resolution of problems in Production Engineering. Although be fast the appearance of new computer science tools and there be a great concern in the sense of using the computer science as support to the taking of decisions, which one has been noticing is that the use of the computers in the companies has not been made in the fullness of its possibilities, that is to say, the users (especially the engineers) make use of expert programs for they arrive to isolated decisions, and later, they transfer the results obtained for another applications and/or accomplishment of the analyses. This research developed multidisciplinaries studies involving the new tools offered by the progresses of the Computer Science and by the modern administration concepts, and optimization of processes studied by the Production Engineering. Such studies were addressed for the obtaining of practical results that they can be quickly applied in the Brazilian companies, that is to say, inside the national financial-technological context. Those researches tried to document which is the format of the system, so that they are capable to facilitate and to automate the planning of the production of an industry or company of services. It was intended like this to register the concepts and necessary philosophies to build a tool for optimization of productive processes that it solves, or attenuate, eventual problems caused by restrictions in the readiness of resources (equipment, work-hand, material and time) or by another nature.

Sejam K um corpo comutativo de caraterística zero. Definimos a álgebras associativa sobre K com dois geradores p, q onde pq qp = 1, como a primeira álgebra de Weyl, denotaremos esta por A 1 . As representações irredutíveis de grau um de dimensão infinita de A 1 , foram descritos por R. Block em (Block , 1981). Baseados nesta ideia, são descritas as represen- tações irredutíveis de grau dois de dimensão infinita de A 1 . No capítulo 1 são estudadas a representações da localização S 1 A 1 = B onde S = K[ q ] , ver (Block , 1981). Também apresentamos algumas definições e resultados relevantes para A 1 , os quais estabelecem uma relação entre as representações de álgebras de Lie nilpotente e as representações da enésima álgebra de Weyl A n , ver (Dixmier , 1959). No segundo capítulo é abordado o estudo da estrutura para A 1 -módulos de grau dois de dimensão infinita, obtendo uma descrição completa destes módulos. Usando esta estrutura é dada uma relação entre uma classe de Sl 2 -módulos de dimensão infinita e os A 1 -módulos de grau dois. Finalmente, no capítulo 3 são dados alguns fatos importares sobre a estrutura do Ext 1 (M, N ), onde M e N são A 1 -módulos irredutíveis de dimensão infinita com graus n 1 e n 2 repectivemente. / Let K be a commutative field such of zero characteristic. The associtive algebras from K whit two geradors p, q shuch that pq qp = 1 is the first Weyl algebra and it algebra going to denoted for A 1 . The structure of irreducible representations of degree one of infinite dimen- sional of A 1 , studied by R.Block (Block , 1981) on 1981. Based in this paper, we characterize the structure of degree two of irreducible representations of infinite dimensional of A 1 . In the first chapter, we speak of localization rings and defined B, we also give tools and definitions needed over Weyl algebras and nilpotent Lie algebras. In the second chapter we give the review for to the problem of A 1 -modules of degree two of infinite dimensional. At the end of the thesis we calculate the Ext 1 (M, N ), by M e N irreducibles A 1 -modules of degree n.