Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCSMO_TESE.pdf: 4366304 bytes, checksum: 034491089a42b2a0e2af84a9b17e3da3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Biosurfactants are molecules produced by microorganisms mainly bacteria as Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Among the biosurfactants, rhamnolipids play an important role due to their tensoactive as well as emulsifying properties. Besides can be produced in a well consolidated way the production costs of biosurfactants are quite expansive mainly if downstream processing is goning to be considered. Actually, attention has been given to identification of biosurfactants as well as optimization of its fermentative processes including downstream ones. This work deals with the development of strategies to recovery and purification of rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa P029-GVIIA using sugar-cane molasses as substrate. Broth free of cells was used in order to investigate the best strategies to recovery and purification produced by this system. Between the studied acids (HCl and H2SO4) for the acid precipitation step, HCl was the best one as has been showed by the experimental design 24. Extraction has been carried out using petroleum ether and quantification has been done using the thioglycolic acid method. Adsorption studies were carried out with activated carbon in a batch mode using a 24 experimental design as well as combined with an hydrophobic resin Streamline Phenyl aiming to separate the produced biosurfactant. Biosurfactant partial identification was carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Experiments in batch mode showed that adsorption has been controlled mainly by pH and temperature. It was observed a reduction of 41.4% for the liquid phase and the solid phase it was possible to adsorb up to 15 mg of rhamnolipd/g of activated carbon. The kinetics of adsorption has been well fitted to a pseudo-first order reaction with velocity constant (k1) of 1.93 x 10-2 min-1. Experiments in packed bed ranging concentration on eluent (acetone) has been shown the highest recovery factor of 98% when pure acetone has been used. The combined effect if using activated carbon with an hydrophobic resin Streamline Phenyl has been shown successful for the rhamnolipids purification. It has been possible to purify a fraction of the crude broth with 98% of purity when the eluted of activated carbon packed bed was used with pure acetone / Os biossurfactantes s?o produzidos por microrganismos, principalmente, bact?rias do tipo Pseudomonas e Bacillus. Entre os biossurfactantes, o rhamnolip?deo ? o mais estudado devido as suas propriedades tensoativas e emulsificantes. Apesar do processo biotecnol?gico de produ??o de biossurfactante, j? tenha sido estabelecido h? alguns anos, o alto custo de produ??o e o caro processo de downstream t?m impedido sua ampla utiliza??o. Deste modo, os ?ltimos estudos est?o concentrados na identifica??o de potenciais surfactantes, na avalia??o de suas propriedades e na otimiza??o dos processos fermentativos para sua produ??o, bem como das etapas de purifica??o. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver estrat?gias para a recupera??o e purifica??o de ramnolip?deos produzidos por Pseudomonas aeruginosa P029-GVIIA utilizando mela?o de cana como substrato. Com o caldo fermentado livre de c?lulas estudou-se as melhores t?cnicas de recupera??o e purifica??o do biossurfactante produzido para este sistema. Dentre os ?cidos estudados (HCl e H2SO4) para a etapa de precipita??o ?cida o HCl foi o que obteve melhor resultado atrav?s de um planejamento experimental 24. A extra??o foi realizada com o ?ter de petr?leo e a quantifica??o atrav?s do m?todo do ?cido tioglic?lico. Estudos de adsor??o foram realizados com carv?o ativado tanto em batelada atrav?s de um planejamento experimental 24 como em leito fixo com carv?o ativado e o seu efeito combinado com uma resina de intera??o hidrof?bica Streamline Phenyl, com a finalidade de separar o biossurfactante produzido. Para a identifica??o parcial foi utilizada a cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia (CLAE). Os ensaios em batelada mostraram que a adsor??o ? governada pelo pH e pela temperatura. A redu??o da concentra??o de ramnolip?deo para a fase liquida foi de 41,4% e para a fase s?lida, foi poss?vel adsorver os biossurfactantes na propor??o de 15 mg de ramnolip?deo/ g de carv?o. A cin?tica em batelada foi ajustada ao modelo cin?tico de pseudo-primeira ordem obtendo o valor da constante de velocidade k1= 1,93 x 10-2 min.-1. Os ensaios em leito fixo variando a concentra??o da acetona (eluente), obteve fator de recupera??o de ramnolip?deo de 98% de recupera??o foi para a acetona pura. O efeito combinado em leito fixo do carv?o ativado com a resina de intera??o hidrof?bica mostrou-se eficiente na purifica??o de ramnolip?deos. Foi poss?vel purificar uma fra??o do caldo bruto, cuja pureza atingiu 98% ao se utilizar o eluido do carv?o ativado com acetona pura

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os biossurfactantes tem ganhado destaque nos últimos anos em relação aos surfactantes químicos devido às suas vantagens em termos ambientais e toxicidade. A biodegradabilidade e o uso de coprodutos agroindustriais para sua produção são alguns dos seus principais benefícios. O melaço de soja é um coproduto gerado durante o processamento da soja que possui alta produção e baixo valor comercial. Seu uso tem grande potencial em processos fermentativos devido à alta concentração de carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas. O presente trabalho estudou a utilização de Pseudomonas aeruginosa para produzir biossurfactantes em um meio fermentativo de melaço de soja. Foram realizados testes preliminares para determinar as melhores condições de produção. Nestes testes as culturas bacterianas analisadas foram: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa proveniente de Landfarming. Dentre elas, a que apresentou melhores resultados foi a Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145. Em relação ao meio fermentativo de melaço de soja foram testadas três concentrações (50, 100 e 250 g/L) sendo que, para os fatores que mais influenciaram na avaliação da eficiência de um surfactante (índices de emulsificação e de tensão superficial), os melhores resultados foram obtidos para as concentrações de 50 e 100 g/L. O pH do meio foi ajustado para 7,0. Após a determinação das melhores condições foi elaborado um planejamento composto central (PCC) com duas variáveis e três réplicas no ponto central para otimizar a produção de biossurfactantes. A variável concentração inicial de melaço de soja teve como faixa os valores entre 29,3 e 170,7 g/L e a concentração inicial de microrganismo variou entre 0,2 e 5,8 g/L. Todos os experimentos foram realizados em duplicata, em uma mesa agitadora a 30,0 ± 1,0 ºC e 120 rpm, por 72 horas com amostras coletadas a cada 12 horas. Desta forma, para validar os experimentos foram utilizados os valores de 120 g/L para a concentração de melaço de soja e de 4 g/L para a concentração inicial de microrganismo. Como resposta foram obtidos os seguintes valores para 48 horas de fermentação: tensão superficial de 31,9 mN/m, índice de emulsificação de 97,4%, biomassa de 11,5 g/L, concentração de raminose de 6,8 g/L e concentração de biossurfactante de 11,7 g/L. Foi realizada ainda a análise de concentração micelar crítica (CMC) que obteve um valor de aproximadamente 80 mg/L. Os resultados obtidos apontam potencial da produção de biossurfactante utilizando como substrato o melaço de soja e bactérias do gênero Pseudomonas aeruginosa. / Biosurfactants has excelled in the past years when compared to chemical surfactants due to its advantages related to environmental and toxicity. Some of the benefits of the biosurfactants is that it can be produced from agroindustrial product co and is biodegradable. The soy molasses is a product co generated during soybean processing that has high production and low commercial value. Its use has great potential in fermentative processes due to the high concentration of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. This study investigated the use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to produce biosurfactants in a soy molasses-based fermentation medium. Preliminary tests were performed to determine the best conditions of production. In these tests the bacterial cultures analyzed were: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Landfarming. Among them, with the best results was Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145. In relation to the soy molasses-based fermentation medium three concentrations were tested (50,100 and 250 g/L) and for the factors that influences the most on the evaluation of the efficiency of a surfactant (emulsifying and surface tension index) the best results were obtained for the concentrations of 50 and 100 g/L. In addition, the pH was adjusted to 7.0. After determining the best conditions it was developed a Central Composite Design (CCD) with two variables and three replicates at the central point to optimize the production of biosurfactant. The concentration of soy molasses has values between 29.3 and 170.7 g/L and the initial concentration of microorganism varies between 0.2 and 5.8 g/L. All the experiments were performed in duplicate on a shaker table to 30.0 ± 1.0 °C and 120 rpm during 72 hours with samples taken every 12 hours. Thus, to validate the experiments were used the values of 120 g/L for the initial concentration of soy molasses and 4 g/L for the initial concentration of microorganisms. In response the following values were obtained at 48 hours of fermentation: surface tension of 31.9 mN/m, emulsification rate of 97.4%, biomass concentration of 11.5 g/L, rhamnose concentration of 6.9 g/L and concentration of biosurfactant of 11.7 g/L. Further analysis was carried out for critical micelle concentration (CMC) in which it was obtained approximately 80 mg/L. These values show a great potential for biosurfactant production using soybean molasses as substrate and the bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julliana Nazareth Vieira da Paixão - 2018.pdf: 2604867 bytes, checksum: 481898097e5087fcd08aed45af874a4c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Glutathione is classified as a linear, water-soluble tripeptide, consisting of glutamic acid, L-cysteine and glycine being obtained through the synthesis of consecutive enzymatic reactions, which has innumerable intracellular metabolic functions, its main function is to avoid the cellular oxidation. Recent studies, indicate that GSH’s (glutathione) function disorder, is involved by the etiology of some diseases such as: liver cirrhosis, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, inflammation in the pancreas, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, among others. In addition, GSH stands out in the environmental area as an important biological parameter, had been being one of the most important indicators of oxidative stress. Considering these factors, the aim of the present research is to evaluate the glutathione production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using agroindustry’s residues. Supplying better conditions to determinate glutathione production. By means of a CCD (Central composite design) 22 with four central points and four-star points, begetting twelve experiments, the fermentation tests were carried out. In the twelve batch experiments, the concentration of sucrose present in beet molasses (61 – 139 g. L- 1) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 (1 – 12 g. L- 1) had been varied as a source of nitrogen. In order to settled the cellular concentration, sucrose, ethanol, glycerol, acetic acid (g. L-1) and glutathione (g. L- 1), aliquots of each experiment were withdrawn every 12 hours until the end of the fermentation process with 48 hours, carried out the proper of analyzed each metabolites. From the results obtained, a mathematical model had been established, in which, was predicted the behavior of cell growth and the fermentation products yield, with reference the relation by the best conditions for the glutathione formation presented. In addition, the qPCR(Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique was applied, to evaluate the efficiency of GSH1 and GSH2 genes. The best result had been observed with 24 hours of fermentation 7,61 g.L-1of glutathione formation which, in the experimental concentration condition of 61 g. L-1 of sucrose present in molasses and 6.5 g.L-1 of ammonium sulfate. / A glutationa é um tripeptídeo linear, hidrossolúvel, formado por ácido glutâmico, L-cisteína e glicina sendo obtido através da síntese de consecutivas reações enzimáticas. Possui inúmeras funções metabólicas intracelulares, tendo como principal função evitar a oxidação celular. Estudos recentes indicam que o transtorno da função GSH (glutationa) está comprometido na etiologia de algumas doenças, tais como, cirrose hepática, pulmonares, gastrintestinais, inflamações no pâncreas, diabetes, doenças neurodegenerativas, entre outras. Além disso, a GSH destaca-se na área ambiental como um importante parâmetro biológico, sendo um dos mais importantes indicadores do estresse oxidativo. Tendo em vista estes fatores, o objetivo do presente trabalho é realizar a avaliação da produção de glutationa por Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizando resíduo agroindustrial. Para melhor determinação da condição de produção de glutationa. Através de um DCCR (Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional) 22 com pontos axiais e quatro pontos centrais, totalizando doze experimentos, foram realizados ensaios fermentativos. Nos doze experimentos realizados em batelada, variaram-se a concentração de sacarose presente no melaço de beterraba (61 – 139 g.L-1) e do sulfato de amônio (NH4)2SO4 (1 – 12 g.L-1) como fonte de nitrogênio. Para a determinação da concentração celular, sacarose, etanol, glicerol, ácido acético (g.L-1) e glutationa (g.L-1) alíquotas de cada experimento foram retirados a cada 12 horas até o fim do processo fermentativo com 48 horas, com o intuito de realizar as devidas análises dos metabólitos. A partir dos resultados gerados, um modelo matemático foi estabelecido, no qual prediz o comportamento do crescimento celular e da formação de produto desta fermentação em relação às melhores condições apresentadas para formação de glutationa. Ademais, foi utilizada a técnica de qPCR (Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em tempo real) para avaliar a eficiência dos genes GSH1 e GSH2. O melhor resultado foi obtido em 24 horas de fermentação foi a formação de 7,61g.L-1 de glutationa na condição experimental de concentração de 61 g. L-1 de sacarose presente no melaço e 6,5g.L-1 de sulfato de amônio.

Estudou-se o processo descontínuo alimentado de fermentação alcoólica, utilizando-se mosto de melaço de cana-de-açúcar e Saccharomyces cerevisiae na forma de fermento prensado. Foram analisados a influência da vazão de alimentação exponencialmente decrescente e do tempo de enchimento do fermentador no comportamento do sistema, considerando os seguintes parâmetros: 1. produtividade em etanol e em células, 2. rendimento em etanol e 3. razão de crescimento celular. / The fed-batch ethanol fermentation of sugar-cane blackstrap molasses by the action of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (pressed yeast) was studied. The influence of exponencialy decreasing feeding rates and of the fermentor filling up time on the system behavior was analysed considering the following parameters: 1. ethanol and cell productivities, 2. ethanol yield and 3. cell growth ratio.

O lançamento de águas residuárias contendo compostos nitrogenados tem um importante impacto sobre a saúde e o meio ambiente, tornando necessária a incorporação de processos de remoção desses compostos nos sistemas de tratamento de águas residuárias. Neste trabalho, foram estudadas as condições de operação para promover a remoção conjunta de nitrogênio e matéria orgânica em reator biológico de leito móvel, contínuo, operado sob aeração intermitente, alimentado com água residuária sintética contendo nitrogênio amoniacal (90 a 110 mg/L) e melaço como matéria orgânica (DQO de 450 a 550 mg/L). Foram utilizados dois reatores em escala de bancada, cada um com dois litros de volume útil, contendo diferentes meios suportes para a imobilização da biomassa: matrizes de espuma de poliuretano e anéis plásticos. Na primeira etapa experimental, o reator contendo anéis plásticos apresentou eficiências de remoção de nitrogênio muito baixas. Na segunda etapa, trocou-se o material suporte por matrizes de espuma de poliuretano inoculadas com lodo aeróbio de estação de tratamento de águas residuárias. A partir de então, trabalhou-se com dois reatores de mesma configuração, exceto pelas origens, idades e características dos lodos de inóculo. Inicialmente, a alimentação foi realizada utilizando-se apenas os micronutrientes contidos no melaço. Posteriormente, a composição da água residuária foi alterada, introduzindo-se solução de micronutrientes, pois se concluiu que a instabilidade no processo de nitrificação devia-se ao fato de o melaço comercial apresentar deficiências nutricionais. Como resultado, em condições de estabilidade operacional, foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de DQO superiores a 85%, oxidação total do nitrogênio amoniacal e eficiências de remoção de nitrogênio de aproximadamente 55%. Variações posteriores nas condições de operação, como o aumento do período anóxico (de 1h para 1h15min) e redução do tempo de detenção hidráulica (para valores inferiores a 12 horas), resultaram em melhora no desempenho dos reatores. Os resultados obtidos permitem admitir que as melhores condições de operação não foram atingidas durante o experimento, abrindo a possibilidade para a otimização do processo em pesquisas futuras. Constatou-se que o desenvolvimento das populações microbianas imobilizadas no meio suporte foi diferente do observado na biomassa em suspensão. Verificou-se, também, que a biomassa responsável pela nitrificação e desnitrificação ocorreu predominantemente no meio suporte, enquanto que a biomassa heterotrófica predominou no lodo em suspensão. / The operating conditions for the combined removal of nitrogen and organic matter in moving- bed biological reactor were investigated. Two bench-scale reactors, two liters each, were operated under intermittent aeration and continuously fed with synthetic wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen (90 to 110 mg/L) and molasses as organic carbon source (COD of 450 to 550 mg/L). Each reactor received different moving-bed materials: polyurethane foam matrices and plastic rings, respectively. During the first experimental period, the reactor containing plastic rings maintained very low nitrogen removal efficiencies during large period. For this reason, the moving-bed was replaced by polyurethane foam matrices and the reactor was re-inoculated with aerobic wastewater plant sludge. Thereafter, the two reactors were similar except for the origin, age and characteristics of the inoculum sludge. First, the wastewater micronutrients were just those contained in the carbon source (molasses). After, the synthetic wastewater composition was changed by adding a solution of micronutrients. This procedure was adopted to achieve a stable nitrification process, because commercial molasses is a very poor regarding its micronutrient composition. As a result of the stable conditions prevalence just after adding micronutrients, organic matter (as COD) removal efficiencies were higher than 85% and complete nitrogen ammonia oxidation was achieved. In nitrogen removal efficiencies were approximately 55%. The performance of the reactors improved after the increase of the anoxic period from1h to 1h15min, and reduction of the hydraulic detention time to less than 12 h. The results obtained in the last operating period indicated the optimum operating conditions was not achieved in this experiment, thus opening the possibility of process improvement in further researches. Microbial populations with different characteristics were developed in suspended growth and attached biomass. Nitrification and denitrification bacteria predominated as attached biomass whereas heterotrophic bacteria predominated as suspended growth biomass.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de H2 a partir de diferentes substratos orgânicos da indústria sucroalcooleira, como caldo, melaço e vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar, incluindo a sacarose como uma fonte de carbono sintética. Foram utilizados quatro reatores anaeróbios de leito fluidificado, sendo reator mesofílico caldo (RMC), reator mesofílico melaço (RMM), reator mesofílico sacarose (RMS) e reator mesofílico vinhaça (RMV) mantidos em condição mesofílica (30 ºC) e em concentrações iniciais no substrato de alimentação de 5 gDQO. L-1. O pH do reatores foi mantido entre 4 e 5, os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) empregados foram de 8, 6, 4, 2 e 1 h e a inoculação foi através de um lodo proveniente de um abatedouro de aves, que sofreu tratamento térmico. Em RMC o rendimento de H2 (HY) máximo obtido foi de 1,2 mol H2. mol sacarose-1, ocorrido no TDH de 8 h. O reator (RMM) apresentou um melhor consumo de substrato atingindo um HY de 1,4 mol H2. mol sacarose-1, observado no TDH de 4 h. RMS apresentou o melhor HY em relação aos demais reatores atingindo 3,3 mol H2. mol sacarose-1 no TDH de 6 h. A melhor produção volumétrica de H2 (PVH) obtida foi observada no RMS, onde no TDH de 2 h o reator atingiu 11 L H2. L-1. D-1. RMV, que utilizou vinhaça que passou por tratamento físico-químico através da adição de óxido de cálcio, não apresentou produção de H2. Dentre os principais produtos metabólitos solúveis observados nos reatores durante a operação houve predominância nas concentrações de ácido acético, butírico, isobutírico, propiônico, e succínico, em RMM. No RMC observaram-se maiores concentrações de ácido acético, butírico, lático e propiônico. RMV apresentou predominância de ácido acético, succínico, propiônico e butírico. Em RMS as maiores concentrações foram de ácido propiônico, acético, isobutírico, butírico e etanol. / This study aimed to evaluate the production of H2 from different organic substrates sugar industry, like juice, molasses and vinasse from cane sugar, including sucrose as a source of synthetic carbon. four anaerobic fluidized bed were used, mesophilic broth reactor (RMC), mesophilic molasses reactor (RMM), reactor mesophilic sucrose RMS) and reactor mesophilic vinasse (RMV) maintained at mesophilic condition (30ºC) and at initial concentrations feed substrate 5 gCOD. L-1. The pH of the reactor was kept between 4 and 5, the hydraulic detention time (HDT) used were 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 h and the inoculation through a sludge from a poultry slaughterhouse, which underwent heat treatment. In MRC H2 yield (HY) maximum obtained was 1.2 mol H2. mol sucrose-1, occurred in HRT of 8 h. The reactor (RMM) showed a better substrate consumption reaching a HY 1.4 mol H2. mol-1 sucrose, HDT observed in 4 h. RMS presented the best HY compared to other reactors reaching 3.3 mol H2. mol-1 sucrose in HRT of 6 h. The best volumetric H2 production (PVH) obtained was observed in the RMS where the TDH 2 h the reactor reached 11 L H2. L-1. D-1. RMV that used vinasse which has undergone physical-chemical treatment by adding calcium oxide, showed no H2 production. Among the main products soluble metabolites observed in the reactors during operation predominated in acetic acid concentrations, butyric, isobutyric, propionic, and succinic in RMM. In MRC were observed higher concentrations of acetic, butyric, lactic and propionic acid. RMV showed predominantly acetic, succinic, propionic and butyric acid. RMS higher concentrations were propionic acid, acetic, isobutyric, butyric acid and ethanol.

Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai travaillé à la construction de l'expérience Fermix, consacrée à l'étude d'un mélange de fermions (6Li-40K) à très basses températures où les effets quantiques sont prédominants. Nous présentons ici deux résultats principaux. Premièrement, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de refroidissement sub-Doppler qui tire parti de l'existence d'états noirs dans la raie optique D1. Cette mélasse grise permet d'atteindre une densité de l'espace des phases de 10^-4, la valeur la plus élevée rapportée dans la littérature pour le refroidissement laser simultané des deux espèces. Grâce à cette étape, nous avons pu réaliser un gaz fortement dégénéré de 3x10^5 atomes de 40K, répartis dans deux états de spins, à une température de 62 nK, soit 17% de la température de Fermi. D'autre part, nous introduisons une transformation canonique pour montrer l'équivalence formelle entre le comportement de particules ultra-relativistes sans interactions (particules de Weyl) dans un potentiel harmonique et celui de fermions froids confinés dans un piège quadrupolaire. Nous étudions expérimentalement, numériquement et théoriquement la relaxation de tels systèmes vers un état stationnaire, non-Botlzmanien, caractérisé par des températures effectives fortement anisotropes. Cette analogie permet également d'interpréter des propriétés caractéristiques des particules relativistes. Ainsi, nous montrons que le paradoxe de Klein est analogue aux pertes Majorana. Pour finir, nous proposons une étude théorique des interactions médiées à longue distance par un système en dimensions mixtes. / During my PhD, I contributed to the design and construction of the Fermix experiment, dedicated to the study of a 6Li-40K fermionic mixture at ultra low temperatures. Our main results are twofold. First, we developed a new sub-Doppler laser cooling scheme, taking advantage of the existence of dark states in the D1 line of alkali atoms. This so-called \emph{grey molasses} allows for a phase space density up to $10^{-4}$, the highest value reported for the simultaneous laser cooling of those two species. The improvement due to this cooling step enabled the production of a quantum degenerate 40K gas in a dipole trap, with 3x10^5 atoms in two spin states at 62 nK, corresponding to 17% of the Fermi temperature. Second, introducing a canonical mapping, we showed that non-interacting ultra-relativistic particles (Weyl fermions) in a harmonic trap can be simulated by cold fermions confined in a quadrupole potential. We study experimentally, numerically and theoretically the relaxation of these systems towards a steady state which can not be described by a Boltzman distribution, but rather presents strongly anisotropic effective temperatures. This analogy also allows us to translate fundamental properties of relativistic particles in the language of cold atoms. In particular, we demonstrate that the Klein paradox is equivalent to Majorana losses.Finally, we present a theoretical study of the long range interactions between particles confined in two 2D layers immersed in a 3D atomic cloud.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nairane_silva_rosa_leao.pdf: 1864571 bytes, checksum: 1bf2d31634a6610929236b3a53702bac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the last three decades, the search for alternative and renewable fuels had greater evidence on the world stage, due to growing environmental concerns and the prospect of depletion of fossil energy sources. The biomass of microorganisms has been suggested as suitable for conversion to energy. This study aimed to assess the biotechnological potential of Aspergillus spp. isolated from Caatinga through the selection of ten genre samples, Aspergillus niger (3), A. flavus (3), and A. parasiticus (4). Of total lipid extractions were performed and the sample with better percentage held the growth kinetics, characterization of fatty acids and antioxidant activity of selected sample. Samples were grown in synthetic medium Czapek liquid, and reciprocating means (molasses and corn steep liquor sugarcane), using the complete factorial design 23. The total lipids were extracted using binary combination of chloroform and methanol. Total lipid amounts were obtained over 20% in both culture media, featuring the genus Aspergillus as oleaginous. The results indicated that the Aspergillus parasiticus CPU 1132, an output obtained from 2.03 g / L of biomass production and a 44.2% total lipids in Medium Czapek while in alternative production medium (sugar cane molasses and corn steep liquor) obtained in the trial (8) 2,83g biomass to 48.9% of total lipids. The fatty acid profile grown in Czapek medium indicated the presence of acid g [[ raxos linoleic (36.54%) and oleic (33.95%). And alternative way to favor the production of the compound linolenic acid (28.66%) and linoleic acid (40%). In oxidant activity of Aspergillus parasiticus, calculated in linear regression, got the EC50 4.06774 mg / mL of lipid extract. This the results obtained from Aspergillus parasiticus CPU 1182, suggest important as a source of lipids for its use in biotechnological processes such as application and biofuels drugs. / Nas últimas três décadas, a busca por combustíveis alternativos e renováveis teve maior evidência no cenário mundial, devido as crescentes preocupações ambientais e com a perspectiva de esgotamento de fontes energéticas de origem fóssil. A produção de biomassa de micro-organismos tem sido sugerida como adequada para a conversão em energia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial biotecnológico de amostras de Aspergillus spp. isolados da Caatinga através da seleção entre dez amostras do gênero, sendo Aspergillus niger (3) A. flavus (3), e A. parasiticus (4). Foram realizadas extrações dos lipídeos totais e a amostra com melhor percentual realizou-se a cinética de crescimento, caracterização dos ácidos graxos e atividade antioxidante da amostra selecionada. As amostras foram cultivadas em meio sintético Czapek líquido, e em meio alternativo (milhocina e melaço de cana-de- açúcar), utilizando o planejamento fatorial completo 23. Os lipídeos totais foram extraídos utilizando combinação binária de clorofórmio e metanol. Foram obtidas quantidades de lipídeos totais acima de 20% em ambos meios de cultura, caracterizando o gênero Aspergillus como oleaginoso. Os resultados indicaram que o Aspergillus parasiticus UCP 1182, obteve uma produção de 2,03 g/L de biomassa e uma produção de 44,2% de lipídeos totais em Meio Czapek, enquanto na produção em meio alternativo (melaço de cana-de açúcar e Milhocina) obteve no ensaio (8) 2,83g de biomassa em 48,9% de lipídeos totais. O perfil dos ácidos graxos cultivado em meio Czapek indicou a presença de ácido graxos linolêico (36,54%) e oleico (33,95%). E no meio alternativo o composto favoreceu a produção do acido graxo linolênico (28,66%) e ácido linolêico (40%). Na atividade oxidante do A. parasiticus calculada em regressão linear, obteve o EC50 de 4,06774 μg/mL do extrato lipídico. Assim, os resultados obtidos com Aspergillus parasiticus UCP 1182, sugerem como fonte de lipídeos importantes para seu emprego em processos biotecnológico, como aplicação em biocombustíveis e fármacos.

<p>Ispitivan je uticaj vrednosti procesnih parametara: na tehnolo&scaron;ku efikasnost procesa osmotske dehidratacije pilećeg mesa u vodenom rastvoru NaCl i saharoze i melasi; na nivo redukcije odabranih mikroorganizama (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes) u osmotskim rastvorima; na mikroorganizme prisutne na dehidrirajućem pilećem mesu; istraživana je podobnost osmotski dehidriranog pilećeg mesa za rast i razmnožavanje odabranih mikroorganizama tokom perioda skladi&scaron;tenja, uz definisanje zdravstveno bezbednog roka skladi&scaron;tenja na osnovu mikrobiolo&scaron;kih i hemijskih analiza.<br />Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da povećanje vrednosti procesnih parametara temperature, vremena trajanja procesa i koncentracije osmotskih rastvora dovodi do intenziviranja prenosa mase između dehidrirajućeg materijala i rastvora i povećanja efikasnosti procesa. Izlaganjem odabranih mikroorganizma osmotskim rastvorima postignuti su visoki nivoi njihove redukcije. U melasi postignuti su vi&scaron;i nivou redukcije mikroorganizama u poređenju sa vodenim rastvorom. Ostvareni nivoi redukcije odabranih mikroorganizama na pilećem mesu tokom procesa niži su u poređenju sa rezultatima redukcionih odnosa istih mikroorganizama direkno inokulisanih u istim osmotskim rastvorima. Sa protokom vremena skladi&scaron;tenja ve&scaron;tački kontaminiranog i osmotski dehidriranog pilećeg mesa, u oba osmotska rastvora, do&scaron;lo je do smanjenja broja svih ispitivanih mikroorganizama. Proteolitički mikroorganizami nisu bili prisutni u dehidranom pilećem mesu, dok sadržaj histamina je pokazao da, tokom vremena skladi&scaron;tenja, nije dolazilo do degradacije proteina u mesu. Nakon 10 dana skladi&scaron;tenja meso nije bilo užeglo, a vrednosti malondialdehida su ukazale na pojavu užegnuća nakon 14 dana skladi&scaron;tenja.<br />Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata razvijeni su modeli zavisnosti odziva procesa osmotske dehidratacije, nivoa redukcije ispitivanih mikroorganizama u osmotskim rastvorima, nivoa redukcije ispitivanih mikroorganizama na dehidriranom pilećem mesu i mikrobiolo&scaron;kih i hemijskih odziva dehidriranog pilećeg mesa tokom skladi&scaron;tenja u zavisnosti od variranih vrednosti parametara procesa.<br />Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, kao optimalni parametri, mogu da se defini&scaron;u: trajanje procesa od 5 časova, temperatura od 32&deg;C u melasi, kao osmotskom rastvoru, maksimalne koncentracije. Svi postignuti nivoi redukcije mikroorganizama ukazuju na dobru osnovu za proizvodnju zdravstveno bezbednih proizvoda od pilećeg mesa. Analiza održivosti je pokazala da je osmotski dehidriranom pileće meso mikrobiolo&scaron;ki i hemijski stabilno tokom skladi&scaron;tenja na temperaturi od 22 &deg;C u trajanju od najmanje 10 dana.</p> / <p>The effect of process parameters values on: technological efficiency of chicken meat osmotic dehydration process in water solution of NaCl and succrose and molasses; selected microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes) in osmotic solutions reduction levels; selected microorganisms on dehydrating chicken meat reduction levels, is investigated. The osmodehydrated chicken meat suitability for selected microorganisms&rsquo; growth and multiplication during storage period is also investigated, together with defining health safe storage period, on the basis of microbiological and chemical analysis.<br />Results shows that increase of process parameters of temperature, duration and osmotic solutions&rsquo; concentrations leads to mass transfer increase between dehydrating material and osmotic solutions and process efficiency increase. Exposure of selected microorganisms to osmotic solution has led to high levels of reductions of their numbers. Processes in molasses had higher levels of microorganisms&rsquo; reductions in comparison to the water solution. Achieved levels of the selected microorganisms&rsquo; on chicken meat reductions were lower in comparison to the results of reduction of the same microorganisms directly inoculated in the same osmotic solutions. With the increase of the inocualted, osmotically dehydrated chicken meat storage time in both osmotic solutions, decrease of all tested microorganisms occured. Proteolytic microorganisms were not detected in dehydrated chiken meat, while histamin content showed that, during storage, there was no meat protein degradation. After 10 days of storage, meat was not rancid, while malondialdehid values showed that lipid oxidation occured after 14 days of storage. On the basis of obtained results, mathematical models of dependance of: osmotic dehydration process responces; selected micororganisms in osmotic solutions reduction levels; selected microorganisms on osmodehydrated chicken meat reduction levels; and osmodehydrated chicken meat during storage microbiological and chemical responces; from varied process parameters, were developed.<br />Based on obtained results, as optimal process parameters it can be defined: 5-hour process, at 32 &deg;C, in molasses of maximal concentration, as osmotic solution. All achived microorganisms&rsquo; reduction levels can indicate on good basis of health safe chicken meat production. Analysis of storage duration has shown that osmotdehydrated chicken meat is microbilogicaly and chemicaly stabile during sotrage at 22 &deg;C in period of at least 10 days.</p>

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Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0cm;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}</style><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Primena različitih tretmana sa ciljem redukcije sadržaja nesaharoznih jedinjenja u melasi &scaron;ećerne repe potencijalan je metod za pobolj&scaron;anje parametara kvaliteta melase, lak&scaron;e sprovođenje procesa desaharifikacije melase i sprečavanje eventualnih nepoželjnih promena pri skladi&scaron;tenju melase. Stoga je predmet istraživanja ove disertacije redukovanje sadržaja nesaharoznih jedinjenja u melasi &scaron;ećerne repe upotrebom prirodnih adsorbenata mineralnog (različiti tipovi bentonita) i celuloznog (celuloza različitog stepena čistoće i modifikovani ekstrahovani rezanci &scaron;ećerne repe) porekla. Variranjem pH vrednosti sredine, suve materije melase i koncentracije primenjenog adsorbenta ispitan je sinergistički efekat uslova tretmana na stepen redukcije sadržaja nesaharoznih jedinjenja u melasi. Efikasnost sprovedenog tretmana utvrđena je na osnovu promena parametara kvaliteta melase i to boje, mutnoće, sadržaja saharoze, sadržaja suve materije i sadržaja pepela. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Na osnovu rezultata uočava se da je pozitivan uticaj kombinovanog dejstva upotrebljenih adsorbenata i uslova tretmana najizraženiji kod mutnoće i boje melase &scaron;to potvrđuje afinitet adsorbenata ka zadržavanju i/ili vezivanju bojenih materija. Takođe, navedeni pozitivan uticaj izražen je u manjoj ili većoj meri u zavisnosti od tipa primenjenog adsorbenta ali i uslova gde je uglavnom dominantan uticaj pH vrednosti </span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:DoNotShowRevisions/> <w:DoNotPrintRevisions/> <w:DoNotShowMarkup/> <w:DoNotShowComments/> <w:DoNotShowInsertionsAndDeletions/> <w:DoNotShowPropertyChanges/> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="&#45;-"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked=&qu / <p>&nbsp;</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">The application of different treatments aiming to reduce the content of non-sugar compounds in sugar beet molasses is a potential method for molasses quality enhancement, facilitation of molasses desugarization process and prevention of any undesirable changes during molasses storage. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to reduce the content of non-sugar compounds in sugar beet molasses by using natural adsorbents of mineral (different types of bentonite) and cellulosic (cellulose of different purity and modified sugar beet pulp) origin. By varying treatment conditions such as pH, molasses dry substance and the applied adsorbent concentration, the synergistic effect of the treatment conditions on the reduction efficiency of non-sugar compounds content in molasses was examined. The treatment effectiveness was determined based on changes in molasses quality parameters, namely color, turbidity, sucrose content, dry substance content and ash content.</span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:DoNotShowRevisions/> <w:DoNotPrintRevisions/> <w:DoNotShowMarkup/> <w:DoNotShowComments/> <w:DoNotShowInsertionsAndDeletions/> <w:DoNotShowPropertyChanges/> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="&#45;-"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">According to the obtained results, the positive influence of the combined effect of applied adsorbents and treatment conditions is most pronounced for molasses quality parameters turbidity and colour, which confirms the applied adsorbents affinity towards coloured compounds retention or binding. Also, the stated positive influence is expressed to a greater or lesser extent depending on the type of adsorbent used as well as the conditions applied, where the influence of pH is mainly dominant.</span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0cm;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}</style><![endif]--></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> 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