Aujourd'hui, l'impact environnemental de chaque technologie fait l'objet de toutes les attentions. L'élimination des composés soufrés et surtout de H2S dans les gaz entre dans cet aspect écologique au sein de plusieurs processus industriels. L'oxyde de zinc est utilisé comme adsorbant régénérable pour la désulfuration. Le but de ce travail est la préparation de filtres monolithiques macroporeux et de nanopoudres de ZnO avec une forte capacité en soufre et facilement régénérable, ainsi que l'optimisation de leurs propriétés.Des matériaux composites ZnS/NaCl sont tout d'abord synthétisés par combustion auto-propagée à partir de mélanges de zinc, de soufre et de chlorure de sodium. NaCl est éliminé par lixiviation dans l'eau après la synthèse. Les nanopoudres de ZnS sont préparées par mécanosynthèse à partir de mélanges de zinc et de soufre. Les deux matériaux préparés ont des structures cristallines différentes, de type würtzite pour les filtres de ZnS et de type sphalerite pour les poudres. Cette différence est due aux deux voies de synthèse. Monolithes et poudres ZnS sont ensuite convertis en ZnO par traitement thermique sous air à 700 °C.Les transformations macro- et microstructurales des filtres et des poudres ont été étudiées au cours de cycles de sulfuration-oxydation par les méthodes de caractérisation telles que la diffraction des rayons X, la microscopie électronique à balayage et la porosimétrie au mercure. Les résultats montrent que les propriétés des matériaux restent très stables au cours des conversions successives. Enfin, les filtres et nanopoudres de ZnO ont été utilisés comme adsorbants au cours d'essais de désulfuration. La capacité massique en soufre des filtres est assez faible, 6,4 mg S/g ads. montrant que la porosité doit être améliorée. Quant aux nanopoudres, la capacité massique en soufre est très élevée, 272 mg S/g ads, prouvant que la surface spécifique est très importante pour ce type d'application. / Today, we have to take care of every technology's environmental effects. The removal of H2S and other sulfur compounds in hot gas enters this ecological aspect in several industrial processes. Zinc oxide is used here as a regenerable sorbent for gas desulfurization. The goal of this work is, the preparation of macroporous ZnO monolithic filters and nanopowders with high sulfur capacity and easily regenerable, and their optimization with the control of their properties. ZnS/NaCl composite materials are first obtained by Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis from mixtures of zinc, sulfur and sodium chloride powders. NaCl is then removed by lixiviation with water. ZnS nanopowders are prepared by mechanical alloying from mixtures of zinc and sulfur. The two materials have different crystalline structure, würtzite type for ZnS filters and sphalerite type for powders, because of the way of synthesis. Then, they are converted into ZnO by thermal treatment under air at 700 °C. Next, the macro- and microstructure transformations of both filter and powders during sulfidation-oxidation cycles are thus considered. Results of all characterizations like X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Hg porosimetry show that materials properties are very stable against conversions. Afterwards, ZnO filters and nanopowders are used as adsorbent in desulfurization trials. The sulfur capacity of filters is not so high, 6,4 mg S/g ads and shows that porosity has to be improved. Regarding nanopowders, the sulfur capacity is very high, 272 mg S/g ads, proving that surface area is very important in this application.

La phosphorylation de protéines est un régulateur clé de voies de signalisation cellulaire. Elle est impliquée dans la plupart des événements cellulaires et contrôle les processus biologiques tels que la prolifération, la différenciation et l'expression des gènes. Une phosphorylation anormale de protéines peut être observée dans diverses maladies comme certains cancers ou maladies neurodégénératives. Ces protéines constituent donc des biomarqueurs potentiels pour le développement d’outils de diagnostic. Cependant les phosphoprotéines peuvent être présentes à faibles concentrations dans les liquides biologiques et des techniques d’enrichissement sélectif des protéines phosphorylées doivent être développées en amont des analyses. L'une des approches les plus courantes est basée sur la chromatographie d'affinité de type IMAC. Le but de ce travail de thèse était de développer un microsystème contenant un monolithe en tant que support solide d'extraction pour réaliser une préconcentration sélective de phosphopeptides par IMAC. La polymérisation par UV et la caractérisation (perméabilité, porosité et surface spécifique) d'un monolithe à base de phosphate de méthacrylate d'éthylène glycol dans des capillaires de silice ont été d'abord réalisées. Puis, nous avons tenté d'optimiser les différentes étapes de l’IMAC (immobilisation du métal, chargement de l’échantillon, lavage et élution). Une immobilisation efficace de zirconium sur le monolithe phosphaté a été démontrée par des mesures de FEO dans un capillaire et a été par la suite confirmée par la rétention d'un phosphopeptide modèle. Nous avons démontré que le monolithe phosphaté était également un support d’échange de cations vis-à-vis de peptides fortement basiques. Les protocoles de chargement et d'élution ont également été étudiés, mais nécessitent encore d’être améliorés. La transposition de l'enrichissement de phosphopeptides par IMAC sur un système miniaturisé a ensuite été envisagée. Nous avons choisi deux matériaux pour la puce : le PDMS, qui est un polymère attractif pour son faible coût, sa facilité de microfabrication, ses excellentes propriétés en termes de biocompatibilité ainsi que ses nombreuses possibilités d'intégration (enrichissement, séparation, détection) et le verre plus communément employé pour développer des microsystèmes analytiques et possédant une bonne transparence aux UV. Toutefois, le PDMS présente deux inconvénients majeurs: son absorption élevée et sa perméabilité importante à l'oxygène qui inhibe la polymérisation radicalaire. A l’exception de quelques tentatives, ce matériau n'a jamais été employé avec succès comme support pour la polymérisation d’un monolithe. Afin de pouvoir surmonter ces problèmes, nous avons étudié plusieurs stratégies de traitement de surface du PDMS tels que le traitement par plasma d’oxygène ou encore le revêtement au borosilicate. Enfin, nous avons démontré que notre module d’IMAC fonctionnait correctement dans un microsystème en verre. Ce module miniaturisé devrait à l’avenir s’intégrer dans un microsystème d’analyse dédié au diagnostic de la maladie d'Alzheimer. / Protein phosphorylation is a key regulator of cellular signaling pathways. It is involved in most cellular events and strictly controls biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. An abnormal phosphorylation can be observed in various diseases such as some cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, these proteins are potential biomarkers for the development of diagnostic tools. However, phosphoproteins can be present at low abundance in biological samples and selective enrichment techniques have to be developed prior to the analysis process. One of the most common approaches is based on Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The goal of this work was to develop a microsystem which contains a porous polymer monolith (PPM) as a solid phase extraction for a selective preconcentration of phosphopeptides by IMAC. UV-polymerization and characterization (permeability, porosity and specific area) of a monolith based on ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate in silica capillaries was first performed. Then, we tried to optimize the different IMAC steps (metal immobilization, sample loading, washing and elution). An efficient immobilization of zirconium on the phosphated PPM was demonstrated by EOF measurements in capillary and confirmed by retention of a model phosphopetide. We demonstrated that the phosphated monolith was also a strong cation exchanger of highly basic peptides. Protocols of loading and elution were also studied but need to be further optimized. Transposition of phosphopeptides enrichment by IMAC on a miniaturized system was then considered. We selected two microchip materials: PDMS is an attractive polymer for its low cost, its ease of microfabrication, its excellent working properties (biocompatibility, UV transparent with low autofluorescence) and many integration possibilities (enrichment, separation and detection) and glass microchip more common and having a good UV transparency. However, PDMS presents two major disadvantages: high absorption property, and oxygen permeability which quench free radical polymerization. Except a few attempts, this material has not been employed successfully as mould for monolith polymerization. To overcome these problems, we investigated several strategies for PDMS surface treatments such as plasma treatment and borosilicate coating. Finally, we demonstrated that our IMAC module performed well on glass microchip. This miniaturized module should be integrated in the future into a microsystem dedicated to the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease.

Nesse trabalho de duas partes, colunas monolíticas poliméricas foram aplicadas em extração em fase sólida e em nanocromatografia capilar, duas das suas mais importantes aplicações. Na primeira parte foi desenvolvido um monolito para extração em fase sólida dos metais Cd(II), Pb(II) e Cu(II), que foi acoplada on-line com detecção eletroquímica com o auxílio de instrumentação de análise por injeção sequencial (SIA). A coluna usada como suporte sólido para extração em fase sólida foi obtida com a copolimerização entre formador de ligação cruzada etileno dimetacrilato (EDMA) e monômero funcional glicidil metacrilato (GMA), preparada a partir de uma mistura reacional composta de 30% GMA, 10% EDMA, 5% H2O, 35% n-propanol e 20% 1,4- butanodiol, aquecida durante 24 horas à 60°C. Essa composição e condições de polimerização favoreceram a permeabilidade do monolito, o que foi necessário para o acoplamento no SIA. Após a obtenção do monolito base o mesmo foi modificado pela reação do anel epóxi do grupo GMA com ácido iminodiacético (IDA) para garantir propriedades de quelação de metais e maior capacidade de adsorção para a coluna. O monolito foi caracterizado com imagens de microscopia de varredura eletrônica (MEV) e a capacidade de extração foi de 4,4 ± 0,3 mg Cu(II) m-1 obtida com curvas de breakthrough. O método de determinação on-line dos metais operado por SIA, que executou as etapas de carregamento de amostra, limpeza da coluna, eluição dos analitos e recondicionamento dos sítios ativos teve frequência amostral de 6,8 injeções por hora. Os limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ) para o método foram, respectivamente, de 1,0 e 3,3 µg L-1 para o Cd(II), 0,7 e 2,2 µg L-1 para o Pb(II) e 0,5 e 1,8 µg L-1 para o Cu(II). O método foi aplicado na determinação dos metais em diferentes matrizes de águas naturais, sendo encontrado Cu(II) em algumas amostras. A exatidão do método foi avaliada com estudos de adição e recuperação nessas águas, obtendo-se valores entre 75,5 e 116,6%. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi utilizada uma coluna polar composta da sulfobetaína zwitteriônica N,N-dimetil-N-metacriloil-oxietil-N-(3-sulfopropil) amônio betaína (MEDSA) e do formador de ligações cruzadas dioxietil dimetacrilato (DiEDMA) em Nanocromatografia de Interação Hidrofílica (HILIC) para fazer a separação de Dopamina, Epinefrina, Norepinefrina, L-DOPA, Tiramina, DOPAC e Ácido Homovanílico, neurotransmissores, alguns de seus metabólitos e precursores, compostos polares de baixa massa molecular. A seletividade cromatográfica da coluna foi altamente dependente da composição da fase móvel aquosa:orgânica, apresentando um mínimo de retenção na transição do mecanismo HILIC para a fase reversa (RP). Ajustando os dados experimentais de fatores de retenção em função da composição da fase móvel com o modelo de retenção duplo foi possível prever qual composição de fase móvel promoveria a separação dos analitos da mistura, que foi atingida em torno de 85% acetonitrila e 15% H2O. A coluna foi modificada com o grupo zwitteriônico 2-metacriloil-oxietil fosforilcolina (MPC) por UV grafting e a modificação da metade do comprimento da coluna durante 30 minutos de exposição UV levou às mudanças na seletividade cromatográfica. / In this two parts work, polymeric monolithic columns were applied in solid phase extraction and in capillary nanochromatography, two of their most important applications. In the first part, a monolith for solid phase extraction of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) metals was developed and coupled online with electrochemical detection with the aid of sequential injection analysis instrumentation (SIA). The column used as a solid support for solid phase extraction was obtained by copolymerization between the crosslinker ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and the functional monomer glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), prepared from a reaction mixture composed of 30% GMA, 10% EDMA, 5% H2O, 35% n-propanol and 20% 1,4-butanediol, heated at 60 ° C for 24 hours. This composition and polymerization conditions favored monoliths permeability, which was required for the SIA coupling. After obtaining the base monolith, it was modified by reaction of the epoxy ring of the GMA group with the iminodiacetic acid (IDA) to guarantee metals chelating properties and increase adsorption capacity for the column. The monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and extraction capacity was 4.4 ± 0.3 mg Cu(II) m-1, obtained from breakthrough curves. The method for online determination of metals operated by SIA, which performed the steps of sample loading, column cleaning, analyte elution and reconditioning of active sites had a sampling throughput of 6.8 injections per hour. The limits of detection (LD) and quantification (LQ) for the method were, respectively, 1.0 and 3.3 µg L-1 for Cd(II), 0.7 and 2.2 µg L-1 for the Pb(II) and 0.5 and 1.8 µg L-1 for Cu(II). The method was applied for the determination of metals in different natural water matrices, finding Cu(II) in some samples. The accuracy of the method was evaluated with addition and recovery studies in these waters, finding recoveries between 75.5 and 116.6%. In the second part of the work, a polar column composed of the zwitterionic sulfobetaine N,N-dimethyl-N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine (MEDSA) and the cross-linker dioxyethyl dimethacrylate (DiEDMA) was used in Hydrophilic Interaction Nanocromatography (HILIC) to separate Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, L-DOPA, Tyramine, DOPAC and Homovanilic Acid, neurotransmitters, some of its metabolites and precursors, which are polar compounds of low molecular mass. The chromatographic selectivity of the column was highly dependent on the composition of the aqueous:organic mobile phase, showing a minimum retention at the transition from the HILIC to the reverse phase (RP) mechanism. By adjusting the experimental data of retention factors as a function of mobile phase composition with the double retention model it was possible to predict which mobile phase composition would promote the separation of the mixed analytes, which was achieved around 85% acetonitrile and 15% H2O. The column was modified with the 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) zwitterionic group by UV grafting and the modification of half columns length during 30 minutes of UV exposure led to changes in the chromatographic selectivity.

Nesse trabalho de duas partes, colunas monolíticas poliméricas foram aplicadas em extração em fase sólida e em nanocromatografia capilar, duas das suas mais importantes aplicações. Na primeira parte foi desenvolvido um monolito para extração em fase sólida dos metais Cd(II), Pb(II) e Cu(II), que foi acoplada on-line com detecção eletroquímica com o auxílio de instrumentação de análise por injeção sequencial (SIA). A coluna usada como suporte sólido para extração em fase sólida foi obtida com a copolimerização entre formador de ligação cruzada etileno dimetacrilato (EDMA) e monômero funcional glicidil metacrilato (GMA), preparada a partir de uma mistura reacional composta de 30% GMA, 10% EDMA, 5% H2O, 35% n-propanol e 20% 1,4- butanodiol, aquecida durante 24 horas à 60°C. Essa composição e condições de polimerização favoreceram a permeabilidade do monolito, o que foi necessário para o acoplamento no SIA. Após a obtenção do monolito base o mesmo foi modificado pela reação do anel epóxi do grupo GMA com ácido iminodiacético (IDA) para garantir propriedades de quelação de metais e maior capacidade de adsorção para a coluna. O monolito foi caracterizado com imagens de microscopia de varredura eletrônica (MEV) e a capacidade de extração foi de 4,4 ± 0,3 mg Cu(II) m-1 obtida com curvas de breakthrough. O método de determinação on-line dos metais operado por SIA, que executou as etapas de carregamento de amostra, limpeza da coluna, eluição dos analitos e recondicionamento dos sítios ativos teve frequência amostral de 6,8 injeções por hora. Os limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ) para o método foram, respectivamente, de 1,0 e 3,3 µg L-1 para o Cd(II), 0,7 e 2,2 µg L-1 para o Pb(II) e 0,5 e 1,8 µg L-1 para o Cu(II). O método foi aplicado na determinação dos metais em diferentes matrizes de águas naturais, sendo encontrado Cu(II) em algumas amostras. A exatidão do método foi avaliada com estudos de adição e recuperação nessas águas, obtendo-se valores entre 75,5 e 116,6%. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi utilizada uma coluna polar composta da sulfobetaína zwitteriônica N,N-dimetil-N-metacriloil-oxietil-N-(3-sulfopropil) amônio betaína (MEDSA) e do formador de ligações cruzadas dioxietil dimetacrilato (DiEDMA) em Nanocromatografia de Interação Hidrofílica (HILIC) para fazer a separação de Dopamina, Epinefrina, Norepinefrina, L-DOPA, Tiramina, DOPAC e Ácido Homovanílico, neurotransmissores, alguns de seus metabólitos e precursores, compostos polares de baixa massa molecular. A seletividade cromatográfica da coluna foi altamente dependente da composição da fase móvel aquosa:orgânica, apresentando um mínimo de retenção na transição do mecanismo HILIC para a fase reversa (RP). Ajustando os dados experimentais de fatores de retenção em função da composição da fase móvel com o modelo de retenção duplo foi possível prever qual composição de fase móvel promoveria a separação dos analitos da mistura, que foi atingida em torno de 85% acetonitrila e 15% H2O. A coluna foi modificada com o grupo zwitteriônico 2-metacriloil-oxietil fosforilcolina (MPC) por UV grafting e a modificação da metade do comprimento da coluna durante 30 minutos de exposição UV levou às mudanças na seletividade cromatográfica. / In this two parts work, polymeric monolithic columns were applied in solid phase extraction and in capillary nanochromatography, two of their most important applications. In the first part, a monolith for solid phase extraction of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) metals was developed and coupled online with electrochemical detection with the aid of sequential injection analysis instrumentation (SIA). The column used as a solid support for solid phase extraction was obtained by copolymerization between the crosslinker ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and the functional monomer glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), prepared from a reaction mixture composed of 30% GMA, 10% EDMA, 5% H2O, 35% n-propanol and 20% 1,4-butanediol, heated at 60 ° C for 24 hours. This composition and polymerization conditions favored monoliths permeability, which was required for the SIA coupling. After obtaining the base monolith, it was modified by reaction of the epoxy ring of the GMA group with the iminodiacetic acid (IDA) to guarantee metals chelating properties and increase adsorption capacity for the column. The monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and extraction capacity was 4.4 ± 0.3 mg Cu(II) m-1, obtained from breakthrough curves. The method for online determination of metals operated by SIA, which performed the steps of sample loading, column cleaning, analyte elution and reconditioning of active sites had a sampling throughput of 6.8 injections per hour. The limits of detection (LD) and quantification (LQ) for the method were, respectively, 1.0 and 3.3 µg L-1 for Cd(II), 0.7 and 2.2 µg L-1 for the Pb(II) and 0.5 and 1.8 µg L-1 for Cu(II). The method was applied for the determination of metals in different natural water matrices, finding Cu(II) in some samples. The accuracy of the method was evaluated with addition and recovery studies in these waters, finding recoveries between 75.5 and 116.6%. In the second part of the work, a polar column composed of the zwitterionic sulfobetaine N,N-dimethyl-N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine (MEDSA) and the cross-linker dioxyethyl dimethacrylate (DiEDMA) was used in Hydrophilic Interaction Nanocromatography (HILIC) to separate Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, L-DOPA, Tyramine, DOPAC and Homovanilic Acid, neurotransmitters, some of its metabolites and precursors, which are polar compounds of low molecular mass. The chromatographic selectivity of the column was highly dependent on the composition of the aqueous:organic mobile phase, showing a minimum retention at the transition from the HILIC to the reverse phase (RP) mechanism. By adjusting the experimental data of retention factors as a function of mobile phase composition with the double retention model it was possible to predict which mobile phase composition would promote the separation of the mixed analytes, which was achieved around 85% acetonitrile and 15% H2O. The column was modified with the 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) zwitterionic group by UV grafting and the modification of half columns length during 30 minutes of UV exposure led to changes in the chromatographic selectivity.

Dans le contexte actuel de développement de nouvelles sources d'énergie non fossiles tout en minimisant l'impact environnemental, la production de carburants solaires par la valorisation des émissions anthropiques de CO2 apparaît comme une solution à fort potentiel. Le principal défi dans les processus artificiels photo-induits concerne le caractère bidimensionnel des systèmes utilisés, en raison de la faible profondeur de pénétration des photons. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur le développement de mousses solides alvéolaires, issues de la chimie intégrative, présentant une porosité hiérarchiquement organisée. A travers l’imprégnation de précurseurs de TiO2, des photocatalyseurs autosupportés ont été synthétisés et ont montré une augmentation de la pénétration des photons d’un ordre de grandeur. D’autre part, ces solides limitent les réactions inverses par un effet de dilution, tout en assurant une sélectivité élevée envers la génération d'alcanes. Un modèle cinétique, basé sur un formalisme mixte de Langmuir-Hinshelwood et Eley-Rideal, est proposé pour décrire le comportement des matériaux. / In the current context of developing novel non-fossil energy sources while minimizing the environmental impact, solar-driven-fuel-production by exploiting anthropogenic CO2 emissions appears to be a solution with great potential. The main challenge in artificial photo-induced processes concerns the two-dimensional character of the systems used, due to the low photon penetration depth. This thesis work focuses on the development of alveolar solid foams, derived from integrative chemistry and bearing a hierarchically organized porosity. By TiO2 precursor impregnation, self-standing photocatalysts were synthesized and provided a photon penetration increase by an order of magnitude. Moreover, these solids limit back-reactions by a dilution effect, while ensuring high selectivity towards alkane generations. A kinetic model, based on a mixed formalism of Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal, is proposed to describe material behavior.

Various methods for extraction and analysis of high value minor proteins (lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and immunoglobulins) directly from raw milk were explored. Extraction, purification and analysis of high-value minor proteins directly from milk without pre-treatment are major challenges for dairy industry, largely due to the complexity of milk and the presence of colloidal solids (casein micelles and milk fat globules). To overcome some of these challenges, this work focused on three main objectives: 1) characterization of cryogel monolith chromatography for purification of lactoferrin (LF) and lactoperoxidase (LP) directly from raw milk in single step, 2) identification and characterization of Protein A Mimetic affinity ligands for purification of immunoglobulins (Igs) from milk and 3) development and validation of a surface plasmon resonance method for simultaneous quantification of five whey proteins in multiple samples. Results portrayed the possibility of 40–50 column volumes of various milk samples (whole milk, skim milk and acid whey) to pass through a 5 mL cryogel monolith chromatography column at 525 cm hr⁻¹ without exceeding its pressure limits if the processing temperature is maintained around 35–37°C. Ideally, this should be the milk secretion temperature. The dynamic binding capacity obtained for the cryogel matrix (2.1 mg mL⁻¹) was similar to that of the binding capacity (2.01 mg mL⁻¹) at equilibrium with 0.1 mg mL⁻¹ of lactoferrin in the feed samples. Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase was selectively bound to the cryogel column with trivial leakage in flowthrough fractions. Lactoferrin was recovered from elution fractions with a yield of 85% and a purity of 90%. These results, together with the ease of manufacture, low cost and versatile surface chemistry of cryogels suggest that they may be a good alternative to packed-bed chromatography for direct capture of proteins from milk, provided that the binding capacity can be increased. A Protein A Mimetic (PAM) hexapeptide (HWRGWV) peptide ligand that binds to the Fc portion of antibody molecules was explored for affinity purification of immunoglobulins from milk. The peptide has the ability to purify IgG from various milk and whey samples with a purity of greater than 85% in single step. More than 90% bound IgG was recovered with 0.2 M acetate buffer at pH 4.0 and total column regeneration was successfully achieved by 2.0 M guanidine-HCl. At 9.0 mg mL⁻¹ of IgG feed concentration, an equilibrium binding capacity of 21.7 mg mL⁻¹ and dynamic binding capacity of approximately 12.0 mg mL⁻¹ of resin was obtained. Recoveries and yields of IgG were significantly influenced by the feed IgG concentration. PAM hexamer ligand also contributed a significant amount of cross-reactivity with casein, glycomacropeptides and β-lactoglobulin proteins, however majority of these proteins were recovered in the regeneration step, except β-lactoglobulin, which co-eluted with IgG. Higher IgG concentration in feed vastly reduced the amount of cross-reactivity whilst increasing the recoveries and purities in the final product. PAM affinity ligands also showed interactions towards other classes of bovine immunoglobulins. These findings established the possibility of using PAM hexamer peptide as an alternative to conventional Protein A/G affinity chromatography for the isolation of Igs from milk in single step process. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method was developed for simultaneous, quantitative determination of commercially important whey proteins in raw and processed milk samples, whey fractions and various milk-derived products, with six samples per assay. Immobilized antibody stability and reproducibility of analyses were studied over time for 25 independent runs (n=300), giving a relative standard deviation (RSD) of <4%. Immobilized antibodies showed negligible non-specific interactions (<2–4 SPR response units (RU)) and no cross-reactivity towards other milk components (<1 RU). Regeneration of immobilised antibodies with glycine at pH 1.75 was determined to be optimal for maintaining the SPR response between samples. This method compared and validated well with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Ce manuscrit de thèse présente le développement de méthodes basées sur la spectrométrie de masse consacrées à la recherche d'inhibiteurs d'enzymes en milieux complexes, tels que les extraits de plantes. L’enzyme Tyrosinase a été utilisé comme principale cible biologique du fait de son implication dans les processus d’hyperpigmentation cutanée. De ce fait, la recherche d’inhibiteurs de cette enzyme, présente un grand intérêt pour l'industrie cosmétique. La première partie de ce manuscrit décrit la mise en place de la chromatographie d'affinité frontale (FAC), permettant d’obtenir le classement simultané des inhibiteurs présent dans un mélange complexe en fonction de leurs affinités avec la cible biologique. Deux capillaires hydrophiles de phase monolithiques ont été évalués afin de réduire au maximum les interactions non spécifiques indésirables entre les analytes et le support solide d’immobilisation. De plus, nous avons étudié la faisabilité de l’utilisation de phases à base de silice comme support solide d’immobilisation des enzymes dans le cadre de ces analyses par chromatographie d'affinité frontale. La seconde partie du manuscrit de thèse est consacrée au développement et à l’optimisation de l’approche nommée ENALDI-MS (Enzyme-coupled Nanoparticles-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry) permettant d’accéder à une gamme des faibles masses (m/z 500 Da). Elle est déclinée en une première approche dite par ‘extinction d’ions’ (Ion Fading, IF-ENALDI), basée sur l’identification directe de la liaison des inhibiteurs vis-à-vis de l’enzyme sans pré-traitement de l’échantillon végétal. Une seconde déclinaison de l’ENALDI-MS concerne une approche dite par ‘Ion Hunting’ (IH - ENALDI MS), basée sur une méthode de pré-concentration sélective des inhibiteurs présents dans l'échantillon. / This thesis report presents the development of mass spectrometry-based methods for searching for inhibitors of enzymes in complex mixtures, such as plant extracts. Tyrosinase enzyme was used as the main biological target for the reason of a significant importance of its inhibitors in the cosmetic industry as the skin whitening agents. The first part of this report describes Frontal Affinity Chromatography (FAC), an approach enabling simultaneous ranking the inhibitors within the complex mixture according to their affinities to the biological target. Two hydrophilic capillary-scale polymer-based bioaffinity stationary phases were evaluated in the context of the presence of undesirable nonspecific interactions between the analyte and the solid immobilisation support. In addition, we explored the usability of two types of silica-based particles as a solid support for enzyme immobilisation for FAC. The second part of the thesis manuscript is devoted to Enzyme-coupled Nanoparticle-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ENALDI MS) as a low-mass compatible extension of the Intensity ion Fading MALDI MS (IF-MALDI MS) method for high-throughput screening of the inhibitors in the complex mixtures. Two variations of ENALDI MS were evaluated: 'Ion Fading' (IF-ENALDI MS), based on on-the-spot binding of inhibitors by enzyme molecules and 'Ion Hunting' (IH-ENALDI MS), based on selective pre-concentration of inhibitors present in the sample.

La conversion du dioxyde de carbone en molécules d'intérêts est un enjeu majeur de notre société moderne. Actuellement, ces réactions sont très coûteuses en énergie, impliquent de hautes pressions et températures et sont faiblement sélectives. Une alternative séduisante serait l’utilisation d’enzymes redox, i.e. des déshydrogénases, qui fonctionnent à pH neutre, température et pression ambiantes et sont très sélectives. Le frein à leur utilisation est leur stabilité et le fait qu’elles nécessitent la présence du cofacteur nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide (NAD+ / NADH), couteux et délicat à régénérer. L’immobilisation de déshydrogénases sur des supports poreux monolithiques est proposée dans ce travail de thèse dans l’objectif de développer des réacteurs en flux continu.Dans un premier temps, des monolithes siliciques à porosité hiérarchique macro- et mésoporeux ont été préparés. Des macropores plus larges allant jusqu’à 35-50 microns ont été obtenus. Dans un second temps, des synthèses de monolithes de carbone à porosité hiérarchique en une étape ou en plusieurs étapes par dépôt de carbone sur des monolithes siliciques (greffage de saccharose, suivi de polymérisation et carbonisation) ont été développées. Ce travail a permis un contrôle fin de la macro-, méso et microporosité. Des monolithes de carbone avec une surface spécifique supérieure à 1200 m2.g-1 ont notamment pu être obtenus. Ces matériaux présentent non seulement une macroporosité large (35-50 µm), mais également une mésoporosité bimodale. Au-delà d’une porosité multi-échelle, ces matériaux carbonés présentent l’avantage d’être conducteurs du courant électrique. Ils peuvent ainsi être utilisés comme support pour l’électrocatalyse enzymatique. Ces monolithes de carbones ont été utilisés pour l’immobilisation de formiates déshydrogénases connus pour pouvoir réduire le CO2 en présence du cofacteur NADH. La régénération du cofacteur est étudiée soit par voie électrochimique soit par voie biocatalytique à l'aide d'une deuxième enzyme la phosphite déshydrogénase. Des études de fonctionnalisation des monolithes carbonés pour la co-immobilisation des enzymes et du cofacteur ont également été initiées. / Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that results, in part, from human activities and causes global warming and climate change. According to the International Energy Agency, global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion reached a record high of 31.3 gigatonnes in 2011. The concept of the methanol economy, advocated by Nobel laureate Prof. George A. Olah back in the 1990s, hinges on the chemical recycling of CO2 to methanol and derived, suggesting methanol as a key substitute fuel and starting material for valuable chemicals. The recycling conversion of CO2 could be a rational way to develop an anthropogenic short-term carbon cycle. With this aim, The design of functional porous architectures depicting hierarchical and interconnected pore networks has emerged as a challenging field of research. Particularly, porous monoliths offer many advantages and can be employed as flow-through reactors for separation, catalysis and biocatalysis. This study focuses on the design of monoliths with hierarchical porosity and high surface area. Firstly, silica monoliths with both homogeneous macro- and mesopores were prepared using sol-gel chemistry and spinodal decomposition using PEO polymers. Macropore (up to 30 microns) and mesopore (up to 20 nm) diameters of the monoliths were controlled by modifying various experimental parameters (PEO molecular weight, addition of surfactants, different basic post-treatments, different temperatures, etc.). Secondly, carbonaceous replica have been prepared through hydrothermal carbonization of sucrose, subsequent pyrolysis and silica etching. These materials present large interconnected flow-trough macropores, a bimodal mesoporosity, a high surface area (up to 1400 m2 g-1) and high meso- and macropore volumes.Different enzymes were immobilized onto the monoliths amongst which formate dehydrogenases. Flow-through reactors were engineered and continuous flow biocatalysis was performed. In such systems, straightforward processes for the in situ regeneration of the enzyme cofactor, i.e. 1,4-NADH wrer developped. Flow-through reactors and their use for the enzymatic reduction of carbon dioxide into formate were designed.

Dans ce manuscrit, la synthèse et la caractérisation complète de différents matériaux hybrides dédiés à des applications dans le domaine optique ou thérapeutique sont décrites. Dans un premier temps, des systèmes macroscopiquement ordonnés sont obtenus par intercalation de colorants tels que le Styryl 722 ou la pyronine-Y dans plusieurs films à base d’argile de type smectite. Les films d’argile sont élaborés par spin-coating et les colorants intercalés par immersion des films dans les solutions de ces colorants. Les effets de l’argile sur les propriétés des colorants sont analysés en détail et leur orientation préférentielle dans l’espace inter-couches est étudié grâce à la réponse anisotropique des films en lumière linéairement polarisée. Dans la deuxième partie, la synthèse par chimie sol-gel de monolithes de silice de grande dimension contenant des colorants laser présentant une forte absorption et une émission de fluorescence dans le visible est abordée. Des colorants laser à l’état solide (SSDL) avec de bonnes stabilités photochimique, thermique et chimique sont ainsi proposés. Dans le troisième chapitre, la synthèse par voie sol-gel de nanoparticules de silice (NP) d’environ 50 nm de diamètre fonctionnalisées sur leur surface externe est ensuite décrite. Grâce à l’encapsulation de molécules de colorants fluorescents dans leur cœur et le greffage de photosensibilisateurs sur leur écorce, des nanoparticules biocompatibles adaptées à la bio-imagerie et la thérapie photodynamique (PDT) ont été préparées. Pour optimiser leurs performances, les propriétés photophysiques et plus particulièrement la production d’oxygène singulet d’une nouvelle série de photosensibilisateurs basés sur les chromophores de type PODIPY ont d’abord été étudiées en détail. A partir de ces résultats, des BODIPY particulièrement efficaces ont été greffés sur les nanoparticules de silice afin de les utiliser pour la PDT. Les propriétés photophysiques de ces matériaux ont été analysées par spectroscopie d’absorption et de fluorescence (stationnaire ou résolue en temps) et les rendements quantiques de production d’oxygène singulet déterminés par des méthodes directe (émission de luminescence de l’oxygène singulet à 1270 nm) ou indirecte (utilisation de sondes chimiques spécifiques à l’oxygène singulet). Par ailleurs les matériaux hybrides ont été complètement caractérisés par plusieurs techniques (SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, IR, DLS, BET). / Along this manuscript different hybrid materials are synthesized and extensively characterized for several uses: from optical to therapeutic applications. First, by the intercalation of different dyes, styryl 722 and pyronine-Y into several smectite clay films, macroscopically ordered system are obtained. Clay films are elaborated by spin-coating technique and the dyes are intercalated by the immersion of clay thin films into dye solutions. The effect of clay on the dye properties is deeply analyzed and its preferential orientation in the interlayer space of the clay is studied by the anisotropic response of the films to the linear polarized light. Second, large silica monoliths with embedded laser dyes with strong absorption and fluorescence bands in different region of the Visible spectrum are attained by sol-gel chemistry to obtain solid-state dye laser (SSDL) with good photo, thermal and chemical stabilities. Third, silica nanoparticles (NP) with suitable size (50 nm) and functionalized external surface are also synthesised by sol-gel chemistry. Through the encapsulation of fluorescent dye molecules in their core and by the grafting of photosensitizers on their shell, biocompatible nanoparticles for bio-imaging and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) applications are prepared. In order to optimize their properties, a careful investigation of the photophysical properties and mainly the singlet oxygen generation of a large range of new photosensitizers based on chromophores known as BODIPYs, is previously carried out. Based on these results, some efficient BODIPYs are selected for grafting on silica nanoparticles in order to use them for PDT. The photophysical properties of all these hybrid materials are analyzed by absorption and fluorescence (steady-state and time correlated) spectroscopies, and the singlet oxygen measurements are monitored by direct method (recording the singlet oxygen luminescence at 1270 nm) and by indirect method (using selective chemical probe). Moreover, the hybrid materials are fully characterized by several techniques such as, SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, IR, DLS, BET.

L'analyse chimique est indispensable à de nombreuses étapes de la mise au point et dusuivi des procédés de retraitement des combustibles nucléaires usés, de la gestion des déchetsnucléaires, ou encore de l’optimisation des combustibles du futur. Le cycle global d’analysecomprend généralement plusieurs étapes de séparations chimiques longues, manuelles etdifficiles à mettre en oeuvre en raison de leur confinement en boite à gants. Il apparaîtaujourd’hui nécessaire de proposer des solutions innovantes et viables dans le butd’automatiser ces étapes mais aussi de réduire le volume de déchets radioactifs en fin de cycleanalytique. Une solution est alors la conception de plateformes analytiques miniaturiséesautomatisées et jetables.L’objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir un système miniaturisé alternatif à lapremière étape actuelle d’analyse des combustibles usés séparant, par chromatographied’échange d’ions, l’Uranium et le Plutonium des autres éléments constituant l’échantillon. Cesystème doit permettre à la fois de conserver les performances analytiques du processusactuel, de réduire drastiquement l’exposition des expérimentateurs par l’automatisation, ainsique le volume de déchets produits en fin de cycle analytique. Ainsi, la séparation a étéimplantée sur un microsystème jetable en plastique (COC), au design spécialement adapté àl’automatisation : un lab-on-CD.Le prototype développé intègre une micro-colonne séparative d’échange d’anionsremplie d’un polymère monolithique dont la synthèse in-situ ainsi que la fonctionnalisation desurface ont été optimisées spécifiquement pour la séparation voulue. Le développement duprotocole de séparation adapté à ces micro-colonnes a été réalisé à l’aide d’un outil desimulation de l’élution des différents éléments d’intérêts. Cet outil permet de prévoir lagéométrie de la colonne (section et longueur) afin d’obtenir, en fonction de l’échantillon, desfractions de collecte de l’Uranium et du Plutonium pures.Finalement, le prototype actuel est capable de conduire simultanément 4 séparationsde façon automatisée et permet de réduire à la fois le nombre de manipulations, le tempsd’analyse mais aussi de diviser approximativement par 1000 le volume des déchets liquidesgénérés. / The chemical analysis of spent nuclear fuels is essential to design future nuclear fuelscycle and reprocessing methods but also for waste management. The analysis cycle consistsof several chemical separation steps which are time consuming and difficult to implement dueto confinement in glove boxes. It is required that the separation steps be automated and thatthe volume of radioactive waste generated be reduced. The design of automated, miniaturizedand disposable analytical platforms should fulfill these requirements.This project aims to provide an alternative to the first analytical step of the spent fuelsanalysis: the chromatographic separation of Uranium and Plutonium from the minor actinidesand fission products.The goal is to design a miniaturized platform showing analytical performancesequivalent to the current process, and to reduce both the exposure of workers throughautomation, and the volume of waste produced at the end of the analysis cycle. Thus, theseparation has been implemented on a disposable plastic microsystem (COC), specificallydesigned for automation: a lab on a Compact Disk or lab-on-CD.The developed prototype incorporates an anion-exchange monolithic micro-columnwhose in-situ synthesis as well as surface functionalization have been optimized specificallyfor the desired separation. The development of an adapted separation protocol was carried outusing a simulation tool modeling the elution of the various elements of interest. This tool isable to predict the column geometry (length and cross section) suited to obtain pure fractionsof Uranium and Plutonium as a function of the sample composition.Finally, the prototype is able to automatically carry out four separationssimultaneously reducing the number of manipulations, the analysis time and reducing thevolume of liquid waste by a factor of 1000.