<p> Previous studies on subjective response to noise have been conducted during the summer months. These studies have served as the basis for noise standards and legislation; therefore an implicit assumption has been made that response to noise is similar in summer and winter. Whether or not this applies equally well to the winter months, which represent approximately one-half of the year, warranted investigation. Data on summer and winter responses to comparable noise levels were collected and hypotheses were tested for differences in response to overall noise levels and to specific noise sources. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between summer and winter responses.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

INTRODUCTION: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that approximately 1.2 million illnesses and 450 deaths occur annually in the United States from non-typhoidal Salmonella infections (CDC, 2015). Children are most likely to get salmonellosis; the elderly, infants, and those with compromised immune systems are likely to have a severe illness. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In this study, an analysis of childhood salmonellosis comparing infants under 6 months and those 6 to 12 months old was completed. This analysis was conducted in order to compare exposures among the two age groups. METHODS: Data were downloaded from SENDSS into Microsoft Excel for data cleaning; data management and analysis was conducted using R Statistical Packaging (R-3.2.3), Epi InfoTM 7 and Microsoft Excel 2016. RESULTS: The occurrence of contact with dog was 43.59% among children under than 6 months and for children 6-12 months, the rate of contact with dog was 48.37% (OR=0.82, p =0.33); the incidence of exposure to bird was 1.54% for children under 6 months and among children 6-12 months, the incidence was 2.31% (OR=0.66, p = 0.57). In children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to pig was 0% and among children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 0.46% (OR=0, p = 0.34); among children under 6 months, the occurrence of exposure to reptile/amphibian was 6.63% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 3.67% (OR=1.86, p = 0.17). Among children younger than 6 months, the incidence of contact with cat was 11.40% and for children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 15.21% (OR=0.72, p = 0.26). The occurrence of contact with others with similar illness among children under 6 months was 18.18% and the incidence of contact with others for children 6-12 months was 23.53% (OR=0.72, p = 0.56); for children under 6 months, the rate of exposure to children in diapers was 44.75% and among children 6-12 months, the incidence was 45.77% (OR=0.96, p = 0.84). For children under 6 months, the incidence of attending large gatherings was 18.84% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure to large gatherings was 22.64% (OR=0.79, p = 0.35). Among children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to watermelon was 1.04% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 10.95% (OR=0.086, p = <.0001); for children under 6 months, the rate of exposure to chicken was 2.06% and the incidence of contact with chicken among children 6-12 months was 35.85% (OR=0.0389, p = <.0001). The rate of exposure to tomatoes among children under 6 months was 0.52% and the incidence of exposure to tomatoes in children 6-12 months was 3.76% (OR=0.135, p = 0.028); among infants under 6 months, the rate of exposure to dairy was 3.66% and for children 6-12 months, the occurrence of exposure to dairy was 26.29% (OR=0.107, p = <.0001). In children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to berries was 0.52% and the rate of exposure to berries among children 6-12 months was 13.46% (OR=0.034, p = <.0001); the incidence of exposure to turkey among children under 6 months was 0.52% and in children 6-12 months, it was 12.38% (OR=0.037, p = <.0001). The rate of exposure to beef in children under 6 months was 1.04% and in children 6-12 months, it was 10% (OR=0.094, p = <.0001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the incidence of animal exposures for salmonellosis among children under 6 months and 6 to 12 months in Georgia. Moreover, there was no significant difference between environmental exposures among children under 6 months and 6-12 months. Nonetheless, we did find statistically significant difference in food exposures among infants under 6 months and those over 6-12 months. Our finding suggests that when compared to children 6-12 months, infants under 6 months are less likely to have been exposed to food items other than infant formula or breast milk.

Bakgrund: Att råka ut för en osteoporosrelaterad höftfraktur medför ofta att personernas funktionsnivå försämras mer än vad som kan förklaras av åldrandet i sig. Syfte: Att hos personer som blir inlagda på sjukhus på grund av höftfraktur, dels beskriva könsskillnader och dels identifiera riskfaktorer för nedsatt gångförmåga och smärta i den opererade höften fyra månader postoperativt. Metod: En registerstudie där 1000 personer, 50 år och äldre, med icke patologisk höftfraktur ingick. Registermaterialet analyserades dels deskriptivt och dels med multivariata regressionsmodeller för att undersöka riskfaktorer för nedsatt gångförmåga och smärta. Resultat: Kvinnorna var äldre, friskare enligt ASA, använde mer gånghjälpmedel och bodde oftare ensamma innan frakturen jämfört med männen. Riskfaktorer för nedsatt gångförmåga var högre ålder (OR = 1,07; 95% CI, 1,05-1,10), att vara svårare sjuk enligt ASA (OR = 2,04; 95% CI, 1,50-2,77) och att inte använda gånghjälpmedel (OR = 0,36; 95% CI, 0,25-0,53). Riskfaktorer för smärta i den opererade höften var lägre ålder (OR = 0,95; 95% CI, 0,92-0,97) och att inte använda gånghjälpmedel före fraktur (OR = 0,68; 95% CI, 0,47-0,99). Slutsats: Det är viktigt att utveckla rehabiliteringsprocessen för att minska risken för nedsatt gångförmåga speciellt för äldre personer och att optimera smärtbehandlingen framför allt till de yngre. / Background: To incur a hip fracture often means that people's level of function deteriorates more than can be explained by the aging process itself. Objective: To describe gender differences and also identify risk factors for impaired walking ability and pain in the operated hip four months postoperatively. Method: A register study in which 1,000 people, aged 50 and older, with non-pathological hip fracture were included. Index was analyzed partly descriptive and partly by multivariate regression models to examine risk factors for impaired walking ability and pain. Results: The women were older, healthier according to ASA, using more walking aids and more often lived alone before the fracture compared with men. Risk factors for impaired walking ability were older age (OR = 1.07, 95% CI, 1.05-1.10), to be affected with severe illness according to ASA (OR = 2.04, 95% CI, 1.50-2.77) and not using walking aids (OR = 0.36, 95% CI, 0.25-0.53). Risk factors for pain in the operated hip were younger age (OR = 0.95, 95% CI, 0.92-0.97) and not using walking aids before fracture (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.47-0.99). Conclusion: It is important to develop the rehabilitation process to reduce the risk of impaired walking ability especially for older people and to optimize pain management particular to the young.

South Africa is a developing country and children in South Africa are at a high risk for developing communication disorders with more than 10% of children under three likely to have communication disorders. The ideal is to prevent as many of these communication disorders as possible. This requires the identification of factors within specific communities which may increase the risk for or resilience against developing communication disorders. Providing information on communication development is a form of primary prevention which has proven to be highly successful. There is a continuum of communities in the South African context that range from the developing to the developed and at each level parents have specific requirements regarding the need for information on communication development. Considering the large number of South African infants who are at risk for developing communication disorders and in recognition of the many different communities in the South African context, the need for prevention tools which are developed to meet the needs of specific communities, becomes apparent. This study aimed to develop a tool for parents of a specific South African community, identified as Pretoria East, for the stimulation of communication skills in infants that is valid in terms of content and is judged by parents to be practical and empowering. In order to achieve this aim three phases of research were planned. Phase one aimed to identify the needs of parents and professionals in terms of the informational content and format of a tool for the stimulation of communication in infants. Phase two aimed to develop a tool for the stimulation of communication in infants based on the needs and preferences expressed by parents and professionals, the active involvement of parents from the community in focus group discussions as well as on sound theoretical underpinnings of infant development. Phase three aimed to validate the tool by determining whether the tool fulfilled the needs of parents in terms of informational content and format. The results of this research indicated that a need was identified in parents and professionals alike for a tool for parents on the stimulation of communication skills in infants. A video was indicated as the most popular choice of format. The content of the stimulation tool which was developed in phase two reflected the needs and preferences of the community and included the following topics, namely: discussions and demonstrations on the normal development of communication skills in infants, techniques that would facilitate normal development, risk factors and resilience factors which may influence communication development as well as information on locating a professional. In phase three parents from the community evaluated the video tool as practical and empowering, therefore achieving the main objective of the research. This research highlighted the need within a specific community for information on the facilitation of communication development in young children, implying the need for further research in order to determine the needs of other South African communities. Recommendations were also made regarding the need for speech-language therapists to increase their involvement in prevention initiatives and community work. / Thesis (PhD (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding in South Africa to date has not seen progress. The data that is available show that most mothers do initiate breastfeeding immediately after delivery of the baby, but its continuation to the first six months is still a challenge. Although its benefits to the mother and baby are mostly known, it is not translated into positive outcomes as recommended by WHO i.e. to feed the baby with breast milk only, no water, no solids except for medicines that have been prescribed for the first six months. OBJECTIVES: To explore and describe perceptions of breastfeeding mothers regarding factors contributing to exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months at Mugodeni Grace Health centre. METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive phenomenological method was used in the study, which was conducted at Mugodeni Grace Health Centre. The convenience sampling strategy was used to recruit participants and the sample size was determined by data saturation. Face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine participants in Xitsonga, using an interview guide and were audio taped with the consent of the participants and transcribed verbatim. Data was analysed using Tesch open coding approach. RESULTS: Three themes and nine subthemes emerged from the data analysis, which includes maternal knowledge of breastfeeding, support systems for exclusive breastfeeding and social and cultural influences leading to non-exclusive breastfeeding CONCLUSION: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is a societal issue, which need the involvement of society as a whole to perceive it differently for it to be successful, a family-centred approach in which the father has a role to be part of it to assist and support the mother. Continuous support from the family and health facilities by knowledgeable health practitioners is desired. The study revealed that some nurses were practising wrong breastfeeding practices in front of community members. This made mothers to lose confidence in them as people who can be consulted in case of breastfeeding challenges. Cultural beliefs and myths should be handled in a culturally sensitive manner. Working mothers should be taught to negotiate and make a plan for breastfeeding with the employer during pregnancy and to know of their rights at work viii regarding breastfeeding. Mothers should be taught to breastfeed for eight to twelve times per day. They should also be taught about the causes of crying in babies and shown practical skills on how to latch and how to calm the crying baby.

Introduction Zambia is aiming to achieve the World Health Organisation (WHO) target of 90% vaccination coverage among children under five years. The 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) established that Copperbelt province had the highest vaccination coverage at 83%. However, Luapula province was lowest at 67%. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of full vaccination among children aged 12-23 months in Zambia. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to draw information about individual, relationship, community and societal predictors of full vaccination among children aged 12-23 months. Data was collected using a structured closed question format interview administered to mothers from the 2018 ZDHS. The information collected was on background characteristics such as age and education of mothers with vaccinations of their children. chi-square test was used for associations and binary logistic regression was used for multivariable analysis. Results Children born from mothers 20-24 years were most vaccinated 27.4%. Logistic regression showed higher education 10.55 AOR; 95% CI, 1.27-87.53, ability to read whole sentence 1.59 AOR; 95% CI, 1.07-2.35, currently working 1.37 AOR; 95% CI, 1.01-1.86, owning a mobile telephone 1.44 AOR; 95% CI, 1.00-2.34, residing in rural area 1.46 AOR; 95% CI, 1.67-3.62, watching television daily 1.92 AOR; 95% CI, 1.15-3.21 and belonging to a middle category 1.91 AOR; 95% CI, 1.15-3.15 increased odds of full vaccination. Conclusion This study has shown that predictors of full vaccination cut across all the four levels of the Socio Ecological Model (SEM) hence the need for a holistic approach.

Parents of children with developmental disabilities seek out therapy in order to assist their child to reach full potential. In order to help parents understand where their child should be in comparison to a typically developing child, they must be provided with proper resources. While commercially available assessments are available to speech-language pathologists, parents only have access to checklists that provide minimal direction at certain age ranges. The purpose of this literature review is to discuss developmental domains important for the developing child, examine developmental milestone checklists available to parents as well as two commercially available assessments for speech-language pathologists, investigate available research on developmental milestones in the areas of language output, language comprehension, cognition, social-emotional skills, and motor development, and identify ages at which developmental milestones within the identified domains occur in typically developing children. The aim of this project will be to create developmental milestone checklists available for speech-language pathologists to provide to parents. / text

A batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) é uma importante fonte de alimentação, sendo o 4º alimento mais consumido no mundo, depois do arroz, trigo e milho. Várias são as doenças e pragas que atacam esta cultura, com a necessidade de um alto investimento com produtos fitossanitários para se obter uma boa produção. Dentre as principais pragas, destaca-se a traça-dabatata, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Esta praga pode causar grandes perdas na produção de batata, podendo causar danos tanto no campo como durante o armazenamento da batata-semente. Devido à presença de populações resistentes da traça aos produtos químicos comumente utilizados para seu controle, além do impacto ambiental causado por agroquímicos, a procura por métodos de controle alternativos está cada vez maior. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do parasitóide de ovos, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), no controle de P. operculella, em batata em condições de campo, bem como fornecer dados básicos para sua utilização no controle da traça durante o período de armazenamento. Foram realizados ensaios em campo e semi-campo, utilizando-se gaiolas dentro de casa de vegetação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que T. atopovirilia apresenta alto potencial para o controle de P. operculella, em batata, em condições de campo. No campo, sua capacidade de dispersão, 24 horas após a liberação, é de 8,5 m (raio de ação), sendo a sua área de dispersão de 97,6 m2. Com base nestes resultados foi possível concluir que são necessários 100 pontos de liberação de T. atopovirilia por hectare, para uma distribuição homogênea em toda a área e um controle efetivo de P. operculella, no campo. Observou-se também que a quantidade de 400.000 parasitóides por hectare, distribuídas em duas liberações semanais, se mostrou adequada para o controle de P. operculella, em campo, uma vez constatada a infestação pela praga. Em relação aos estudos do controle da praga em caixas de batatas armazenadas, ficou demonstrado que o tamanho das mesmas interfere no comportamento de P. operculella e T. atopovirilia. Observou-se que P. operculella oviposita, preferencialmente, na camada localizada entre 5,0 e 20,0 cm de profundidade, em caixas de batatas utilizadas para armazenamento e que T. atopovirilia apresenta pouca mobilidade horizontal e movimentação ascendente nas mesmas e parasita, principalmente, ovos de P. operculella na camada superior da caixa de armazenamento. Considerando-se o local de postura de P. operculella e a dispersão de T. atopovirilia atopovirilia em caixas de batatas utilizadas no armazenamento, concluiu-se que existe potencial de controle de P. operculella com T. atopovirilia em armazéns, sendo que a forma de liberação do parasitóide deve ser aprimorada. / Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food source, being the 4th most consumed food after rice, wheat and maize. Potato is attacked by many insect pests and diseases; therefore, demanding high investments in pesticides in order to get a good production. Among the major insect pests, the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most important. It causes severe losses in potato production, both in field and storage. Due to both the appearance of resistant populations to commonly used pesticides and the environmental impact caused by them, the demand for alternative control methods has increased in recent years. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in controlling P. operculella in field, besides providing initial information concerning its utilization to control the potato tuber moth in storage. Trials were carried out under field and semifield conditions, by the utilization of cages inside a greenhouse. The results showed that there is great potential in the use of T. atopovirilia for controlling P. operculella in field. The dispersion capacity of T. atopovirilia 24 hours after release was 8.5 m, with a dispersion area of 97.6 m2. Based on these results, a minimum of 100 release points per hectare is necessary for uniform dispersal of T. atopovirilia and, consequently, an effective control of P. operculella. The quantity of 400,000 parasitoids per hectare, released twice a week, after the presence of the pest was observed, proved to be adequate for controlling P. operculella in field. Regarding the trials for controlling the moth in potato boxes, in storage, it was observed that the size of the potato boxes has an effect on P. operculella and T. atopovirilia behavior P. operculella oviposited, preferably, in the layer ranging from 5.0 to 20.0 cm of depth, in the potato boxes used. T. atopovirilia showed little horizontal mobility and ascending movement, parasitizing mainly the eggs of P. operculella found on the top layer in potato boxes. Taking into account the oviposition site of P. operculella and the dispersal of T. atopovirilia in in potato boxes used in storage, the present study points out the potential of using T. atopovirilia for controlling P. operculella in storage, and that further studies on release techniques, in storage, should be carried out in order to obtain optimal control.

No description available.

A batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) é uma importante fonte de alimentação, sendo o 4º alimento mais consumido no mundo, depois do arroz, trigo e milho. Várias são as doenças e pragas que atacam esta cultura, com a necessidade de um alto investimento com produtos fitossanitários para se obter uma boa produção. Dentre as principais pragas, destaca-se a traça-dabatata, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Esta praga pode causar grandes perdas na produção de batata, podendo causar danos tanto no campo como durante o armazenamento da batata-semente. Devido à presença de populações resistentes da traça aos produtos químicos comumente utilizados para seu controle, além do impacto ambiental causado por agroquímicos, a procura por métodos de controle alternativos está cada vez maior. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do parasitóide de ovos, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), no controle de P. operculella, em batata em condições de campo, bem como fornecer dados básicos para sua utilização no controle da traça durante o período de armazenamento. Foram realizados ensaios em campo e semi-campo, utilizando-se gaiolas dentro de casa de vegetação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que T. atopovirilia apresenta alto potencial para o controle de P. operculella, em batata, em condições de campo. No campo, sua capacidade de dispersão, 24 horas após a liberação, é de 8,5 m (raio de ação), sendo a sua área de dispersão de 97,6 m2. Com base nestes resultados foi possível concluir que são necessários 100 pontos de liberação de T. atopovirilia por hectare, para uma distribuição homogênea em toda a área e um controle efetivo de P. operculella, no campo. Observou-se também que a quantidade de 400.000 parasitóides por hectare, distribuídas em duas liberações semanais, se mostrou adequada para o controle de P. operculella, em campo, uma vez constatada a infestação pela praga. Em relação aos estudos do controle da praga em caixas de batatas armazenadas, ficou demonstrado que o tamanho das mesmas interfere no comportamento de P. operculella e T. atopovirilia. Observou-se que P. operculella oviposita, preferencialmente, na camada localizada entre 5,0 e 20,0 cm de profundidade, em caixas de batatas utilizadas para armazenamento e que T. atopovirilia apresenta pouca mobilidade horizontal e movimentação ascendente nas mesmas e parasita, principalmente, ovos de P. operculella na camada superior da caixa de armazenamento. Considerando-se o local de postura de P. operculella e a dispersão de T. atopovirilia atopovirilia em caixas de batatas utilizadas no armazenamento, concluiu-se que existe potencial de controle de P. operculella com T. atopovirilia em armazéns, sendo que a forma de liberação do parasitóide deve ser aprimorada. / Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food source, being the 4th most consumed food after rice, wheat and maize. Potato is attacked by many insect pests and diseases; therefore, demanding high investments in pesticides in order to get a good production. Among the major insect pests, the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most important. It causes severe losses in potato production, both in field and storage. Due to both the appearance of resistant populations to commonly used pesticides and the environmental impact caused by them, the demand for alternative control methods has increased in recent years. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in controlling P. operculella in field, besides providing initial information concerning its utilization to control the potato tuber moth in storage. Trials were carried out under field and semifield conditions, by the utilization of cages inside a greenhouse. The results showed that there is great potential in the use of T. atopovirilia for controlling P. operculella in field. The dispersion capacity of T. atopovirilia 24 hours after release was 8.5 m, with a dispersion area of 97.6 m2. Based on these results, a minimum of 100 release points per hectare is necessary for uniform dispersal of T. atopovirilia and, consequently, an effective control of P. operculella. The quantity of 400,000 parasitoids per hectare, released twice a week, after the presence of the pest was observed, proved to be adequate for controlling P. operculella in field. Regarding the trials for controlling the moth in potato boxes, in storage, it was observed that the size of the potato boxes has an effect on P. operculella and T. atopovirilia behavior P. operculella oviposited, preferably, in the layer ranging from 5.0 to 20.0 cm of depth, in the potato boxes used. T. atopovirilia showed little horizontal mobility and ascending movement, parasitizing mainly the eggs of P. operculella found on the top layer in potato boxes. Taking into account the oviposition site of P. operculella and the dispersal of T. atopovirilia in in potato boxes used in storage, the present study points out the potential of using T. atopovirilia for controlling P. operculella in storage, and that further studies on release techniques, in storage, should be carried out in order to obtain optimal control.