The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of using moral-based cooperative learning on enhancing compassion, responsibility and honesty among elementary school students. A nonequivalent pretest-posttest design is conducted on this study. The experimental group students receive 11-week of ¡§Moral-based Cooperative Learning¡¨; On the other hand, control group students receive traditional teaching method. During the course, all participants response investigator-developed instrument ¡§Elementary School Students Moral Behavior Scale¡¨ . In addition, observation, daily student behavior records and follow-up individual interview are conducted to 6 target students with the high, moderate, and the low scores of moral behavior in the pre-test. Correlation, t-test, ANOVA and ANCOVA are conducted for comparing the similarity and differences between two groups. A theme content analysis is conducted to analyze the qualitative data. The major findings are as following: 1. After the use of ¡§Moral-based Cooperative Learning ¡¨,The experimental group students¡¦ moral behaviors, compassion and honesty are significantly higher than the control group students¡¦. 2. The experimental group students make more significant improvement of their moral behaviors on ¡§compassion¡¨and ¡§honesty¡¨ than ¡§responsibility¡¨. 3. The low score group students make more significant progress of their moral behaviors than the high and moderate score group students. 4. There is no significant difference on moral behaviors among students with different gender, birth order, social-economic status or family structure. 5. There is significant positive correlation among compassion, responsibility and honesty of experimental group students. According to those significant findings, educational recommendation and suggestions provide toward teachers and researchers be discussed .

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of elementary school students¡¦ moral characteristics and moral behaviors through a moral inquiry teaching. A nonequivalent pretest-posttest design was conducted on this study. Two investigator-developed instruments (i.e., ¡§School Students Moral Behavior Questionnaire¡¨ and ¡§Parenting practice Questionnaire¡¨) were conducted on both experimental and control group students during the pre- and post moral inquiry teaching. In addition, daily student behavior records and follow-up individual interviews with student, teachers, and their parents were collected to verify the quantitative results. The main findings from t-tests comparisons and ANCOVA analyses were as follows: 1. The posttest experimental group students¡¦ moral characteristics total scores were significantly higher than the control group¡¦s. 2. On the topic of ¡§responsibility¡¦¡¦, the experimental students agreed that being responsible in family matters positively correlates to moral behaviors. 3. On the topic of ¡§respect earth¡¦¡¦, the experimental students presented more respectful in their school areas ,but not in public districts. 4. On the topic of ¡§taking care of others¡¦¡¦¡GBefore the intervention, the experimental group students expressed more active cares to their parents, but not to their classmates. After 9 topic systematic inquiry teaching, students pay more attention on their classmates; therefore , the experimental group students obtain higher scores than control group. Implications for practice and research are provided.

Little is known about how corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts affect consumer behavior outcomes that are not ultimately tied back to the firm (e.g., corporate financial performance). This dissertation addresses that gap in the literature by examining the influence of CSR behavior on the moral behavior of consumers. Findings from this dissertation demonstrate that some consumers vicariously balance their moral behavior against a brand's CSR efforts. For instance, I show that a brand's more socially responsible behavior can negatively influence the moral behavior of consumers (i.e., vicarious moral licensing effect) while a brand's less socially responsible behavior can positively influence the moral behavior of consumers (i.e., vicarious moral cleansing effect). However, these effects are limited to those consumers who have extended their psychological self to a brand conducting the CSR efforts. A series of five studies tests the proposed vicarious moral balancing effect, highlights boundary conditions of this effect, and demonstrates the process by which the vicarious moral licensing effect occurs. Study 1 demonstrates the vicarious moral balancing effect in the generosity behavior of consumers while study 2 extends these effects to the cheating behavior of consumers. Studies 3 and 4 find that making consumers more mindful of their moral decision making and behavior eliminates and even reverses earlier findings showing the negative influence of CSR behavior on the moral behavior of consumers. Study 5 demonstrates a potential process explanation for the vicarious moral licensing effect by showing that CSR behavior framed as goal commitment increases positive moral consumer behavior while CSR behavior framed as goal progress decreases positive moral consumer behavior. Implications, contributions, and limitations of these findings and directions for future areas of research are discussed.

Em Psicologia, a moral é geralmente considerada como um conjunto de costumes, hábitos, valores e regras de uma determinada sociedade ou cultura. Inúmeras abordagens têm se debruçado sobre a área do Desenvolvimento Moral, sendo, porém, poucos os estudos na perspectiva da Análise do Comportamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer um levantamento da produção analítico-comportamental acerca do Desenvolvimento Moral, destacando as questões mais frequentemente estudadas, tanto no âmbito teórico como experimental e aplicado, comparando essa produção com o que vem sendo produzido em outras abordagens psicológicas. Para tanto, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica nos principais periódicos na área, além dos livros Sobre Comportamento e Cognição e Comportamento em Foco. A análise do material selecionado indicou que, embora a terminologia desenvolvimento moral seja pouco empregada pelos analistas do comportamento, as pesquisas desenvolvidas na área abarcam a consideração sobre sequências e progressão no desenvolvimento da moralidade, educação e práticas parentais. Nesse contexto, o comportamento moral tem sido tratado na perspectiva da governança por regras, com destaque para a correspondência entre dizer e fazer e comportamentos pró-sociais. São analisadas algumas semelhanças e diferenças entre esses estudos e os desenvolvidos por outras abordagens psicológicas. Constata-se que, de uma maneira geral, a temática do Desenvolvimento Moral frequentemente se confunde com a Psicologia da Infância, possivelmente por ser dada ênfase na aquisição de padrões de comportamento moral, que, na nossa sociedade, ocorrem principalmente nos primeiros anos de vida. Sugere-se que a análise aqui realizada seja ampliada para outra base de dados, especialmente livros e capítulos de livros especializados em Análise do Comportamento e/ou acerca do Desenvolvimento Moral / In Psychology, the moral is usually considered as a set of mores, habits, values and rules of a specific society or culture. Several approaches give some attention to the Moral Development field, however only a few studies adopt the Behavior Analysis perspective. This study aimed to do a review of the behavioral analytic production about Moral Development, addressing the most frequently studied questions, in the theoretical field and both experimental and applied, comparing this production with what is being produced in other psychological approaches. Hence, a literature review was conducted on the main journals of the field, as well as on the books Sobre Comportamento e Cognição and Comportamento em Foco. The analysis of the selected data shows that although the \"moral development\" terminology is slightly used by behavior analysts, the research conducted on the field embraces the consideration of sequence and progression on the development of morality, education and parental practices. In this framework, the moral behavior has been treated in the perspective of rule governance, addressing the correspondence between saying and doing and prosocial behaviors. Some similarities and differences are analyzed between these studies and the ones developed by other psychological approaches. In general, it is noted that the Moral Development theme is commonly confused with Infant Psychology, possibly because emphasis is given to the pattern acquisition of moral behavior, which occurs mostly in our society during the early years of life. It is suggested that the analysis conducted in this study should be expanded to other databases, especially books and chapters of books specialized in Behavior Analysis and/or Moral Development

Em Psicologia, a moral é geralmente considerada como um conjunto de costumes, hábitos, valores e regras de uma determinada sociedade ou cultura. Inúmeras abordagens têm se debruçado sobre a área do Desenvolvimento Moral, sendo, porém, poucos os estudos na perspectiva da Análise do Comportamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer um levantamento da produção analítico-comportamental acerca do Desenvolvimento Moral, destacando as questões mais frequentemente estudadas, tanto no âmbito teórico como experimental e aplicado, comparando essa produção com o que vem sendo produzido em outras abordagens psicológicas. Para tanto, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica nos principais periódicos na área, além dos livros Sobre Comportamento e Cognição e Comportamento em Foco. A análise do material selecionado indicou que, embora a terminologia desenvolvimento moral seja pouco empregada pelos analistas do comportamento, as pesquisas desenvolvidas na área abarcam a consideração sobre sequências e progressão no desenvolvimento da moralidade, educação e práticas parentais. Nesse contexto, o comportamento moral tem sido tratado na perspectiva da governança por regras, com destaque para a correspondência entre dizer e fazer e comportamentos pró-sociais. São analisadas algumas semelhanças e diferenças entre esses estudos e os desenvolvidos por outras abordagens psicológicas. Constata-se que, de uma maneira geral, a temática do Desenvolvimento Moral frequentemente se confunde com a Psicologia da Infância, possivelmente por ser dada ênfase na aquisição de padrões de comportamento moral, que, na nossa sociedade, ocorrem principalmente nos primeiros anos de vida. Sugere-se que a análise aqui realizada seja ampliada para outra base de dados, especialmente livros e capítulos de livros especializados em Análise do Comportamento e/ou acerca do Desenvolvimento Moral / In Psychology, the moral is usually considered as a set of mores, habits, values and rules of a specific society or culture. Several approaches give some attention to the Moral Development field, however only a few studies adopt the Behavior Analysis perspective. This study aimed to do a review of the behavioral analytic production about Moral Development, addressing the most frequently studied questions, in the theoretical field and both experimental and applied, comparing this production with what is being produced in other psychological approaches. Hence, a literature review was conducted on the main journals of the field, as well as on the books Sobre Comportamento e Cognição and Comportamento em Foco. The analysis of the selected data shows that although the \"moral development\" terminology is slightly used by behavior analysts, the research conducted on the field embraces the consideration of sequence and progression on the development of morality, education and parental practices. In this framework, the moral behavior has been treated in the perspective of rule governance, addressing the correspondence between saying and doing and prosocial behaviors. Some similarities and differences are analyzed between these studies and the ones developed by other psychological approaches. In general, it is noted that the Moral Development theme is commonly confused with Infant Psychology, possibly because emphasis is given to the pattern acquisition of moral behavior, which occurs mostly in our society during the early years of life. It is suggested that the analysis conducted in this study should be expanded to other databases, especially books and chapters of books specialized in Behavior Analysis and/or Moral Development

Short-term service-learning experiences such as alternative breaks are increasing in popularity due to the focus on service in higher education and the institution’s responsibility to ensure students are graduating with the skills needed to succeed in an increasingly competitive, global economy and contribute to a democratic society as citizens who address societal needs. To meet this demand, colleges and universities continue to explore ways to increase civic engagement in the form of curricular and co-curricular programs. Additionally, faculty and administrators in higher education are intensely seeking a revitalization of the public purposes of higher education, which include educating for moral and civic development (Colby, 2000). One specific need identified in the research literature includes developing a better understanding of the relationship between service-learning and moral competence. There are strong indications that service-learning experiences support psychosocial development in areas such as appreciation of diversity, empathy, concern for social justice, a greater sense of personal efficacy, and problem solving (Bernacki & Jaeger, 2008; Einfeld & Collins, 2008; Marichal, 2010). While this limited research is hopeful, little to no research has been conducted to date to explore the relationship between a co-curricular service-learning experience and moral competence. An exploratory, mixed methods study was conducted with participants of a short-term service-learning experience known as a Bulls Service Break at the University of South Florida. A pre-post analysis was conducted on participants to determine if there was a relationship between moral competence and the service-learning experience through use of the Moral Competence Test. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to participants upon completion of their service experience to explore the relationship between service-learning and Rest’s Four Component Model of Moral Behavior. The questions focused on moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character. These data were analyzed using a combination of statistical analysis through SPSS for the quantitative research question, and through thematic coding for the qualitative questionnaire responses. Results indicated that students experienced an increase in their moral competence as evidenced pre-post comparison of C-scores. Additionally, for the research questions pertaining to Rest’s Four Component Model of Moral Behavior, relationships between moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation and moral character were confirmed via the themes generated from the qualitative data analysis. Participants experienced increased self-awareness and social awareness with relation to moral sensitivity. When exploring the data pertaining to moral judgment, participants expressed a realization of social injustice in our communities. This awareness then prompted participants to be morally motivated to combat social injustices by helping others and giving back to my community and by treating others equally and with respect. And finally, the participants’ moral character was tested when they experienced situations that made them uncomfortable during their service but they persisted toward combating social injustices and helping the communities they served. Based on the findings of the study, suggestions for future research and practical implications are offered.

Instituto Federal do Cearà / A Ãtica à um tema de grande importÃncia, pois à ela que guia a vida em sociedade. Ela à influenciada pelo tempo, pela histÃria e pela cultura na qual està inserida. Nas organizaÃÃes, a Ãtica influencia diretamente os lucros e resultados, por isso hà um grande nÃmero de estudos e discussÃes em torno do tema, fruto da Ãtica individual dos funcionÃrios. Em relaÃÃo à Ãtica organizacional no serviÃo pÃblico, as crÃticas sÃo muitas, entre elas o fato de os servidores pÃblicos nÃo possuÃrem comportamentos Ãticos, o serviÃo pÃblico nÃo funcionar adequadamente e haver valorizaÃÃo dos interesses pessoais em detrimento dos interesses coletivos nesses locais. No entanto, à fato que nÃo existem muitos estudos analisando essa vertente do tema. Com esta pesquisa busca-se identificar qual à o entendimento que os servidores (docentes e tÃcnico-administrativos) do Instituto Federal do Cearà campus do Crato tÃm sobre o conceito de Ãtica e como se dà o comportamento moral dos mesmos no exercÃcio da profissÃo. Para tanto foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa descritiva, realizada por meio eletrÃnico, com 44 servidores desta instituiÃÃo. A mesma baseou-se nas teorias de Bardin para analisar o conceito de Ãtica desses servidores, manifestado atravÃs do Teste de associaÃÃo de palavras, e no Instrumento para avaliar comportamentos morais nas organizaÃÃes, desenvolvido por LIcht, baseado na teoria de Petrick e Wagley. Os principais resultados encontrados dizem respeito à discrepÃncia entre a teoria e a prÃtica desses servidores, pois eles, individualmente, manifestaram noÃÃes do que seria Ãtica, com um conceito consistente com o que à preconizado pelo CÃdigo de Ãtica do Servidor pÃblico, mas, no entanto, a organizaÃÃo como um todo foi classificada no nÃvel de desenvolvimento organizacional prÃ-moral ou prÃ-convencional. Isso nos leva a concluir que nem sempre o indivÃduo manifesta em sua conduta os fundamentos Ãticos que prega, pois as coletividades exercem grande influÃncia no comportamento de seus integrantes. / Ethics is a very important theme since it guides social life. It is influenced by time, history and culture in which it is inserted. In organizartions, ethics straight influences profits and results. For this, there is a great number of studies and discussions on this subject as a result of employeesâ personal ethics. In relation to public organizational ethics there are several critics. Among them, the fact public servants do not have ethical behavior, public service do not work appropriately, the value of personal interests contrasting corporate ones in these places. Nevertheless, there are not many studies analysing this point. Within this research, it aims at identifying what Cearà Federal Unstitute-at campus Crato-faculty and technical administrative servants understanding are about ethical concepts and how these moral behaviors are made throughout their labor practice. For this, it was developed a descriptive research carried by eletronic device, with 44 servants in this institution. It was based on Badinâs theories to analyse the ethics concept of these servants extracted by the Word Association Test and the Instrument to analyse the moral behavior under organizations, developed by Llcht, based on Patrick and Wagleyâs theory. The main founded results speak about divergence between servantsâ theory and labor practice, since they individually demonstrate notions on what ethics would be, with a solid concept according to Public Servant Ethical Code. Otherwise, the whole organization was classified in the level of organizational development as pre-moral or pre-convencional. This leads us to conclude that not always the person express in his/her behavior the ethical basis he/she preaches since collectivities exert a great influence on the behavior of the components.

Since its inception in the 1960s, the scientific research of Buddhist-based meditation practices have grown exponentially with hundreds of new studies every year in the past decade. Some researchers are using Buddhist teachings, such as not-self, as an explanation for the causal mechanism of meditation’s effectiveness, for conditions such as stress, anxiety, and depression. However, there has been little response from Buddhist studies scholars to these proposed mechanisms in the growing discourse surrounding the engagement of ‘Buddhism’ and ‘Science.’ I argue that the mechanistic causal explanations of meditation offered by researchers provide an incomplete understanding of meditative practices. I focus on two articles, by David Vago and his co-authors, that have been cited over nine hundred and three hundred times. I make explicit internal criticisms of their work from their peers in neuroscience, and offer external criticisms of their understanding of the cognitive aspects of meditation by using an extended, enactive, embodied, embedded, and affective (4EA) model of cognition. I also use Chinese Huayan Buddhist mereology and causation to provide a corrective for a more holistic understanding. The constructive aspect of my project combines 4EA cognition with Huayan mereology and causation in order to propose new directions of research on how meditative practices may lead to a changing sense of self that does not privilege neurobiological mechanisms. Instead, I argue a fruitful understanding of change in ethical behavior is a changing sense of self using support from a consummate meditator in the Japanese Zen Buddhist context: Dōgen and his text Shoakumakusa. Contemporary research looking for mechanistic causation focuses on the physical body, specifically the brain, without considering how the mind is involved in meditative practices. The group of researchers I focus on reduce the senses of self to localized parts of the brain. In contrast, according to Mahayana Buddhist terminology, Huayan offers a nondualistic understanding of the self that does not privilege the brain. Rather, Huayan characterizes the self as a mind-body complex and meditation is understood to involve the whole of the person. My critique notes how the methodology used in these studies focuses too much on the localized, explicit, and foreground, but not enough on the whole, implicit, and background processes in meditative practices. Bringing in Huayan also offers a constructive aspect to this engagement of Buddhist studies and neuroscience as there are implications of its mereology for a more complete understanding of not just meditation, but also of neuroplasticity. To be clear, the corrective is only meant for the direction of research that focuses on neural-mechanistic explanations of meditation. Surely, there is value in scientific research on meditative practices. However, that emphasis on neural mechanisms gives a misleading impression of being able to fully explain meditative practices. I argue that a more fruitful direction of engagement between Buddhist traditions and scientific research is the small but growing amount of experiments conducted on how meditative practices lead to ethical change. This direction provides a more complete characterization of how meditative practices changes the senses of self. / Religion

TRIGUEIRO, Emília Suitberta de Oliveira. Ética e comportamento moral dos servidores públicos – um estudo de caso no IFCE Campus do Crato. 87f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Políticas Públicas e Gestão da Educação Superior, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-06T17:29:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ESOTRIGUEIRO.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 87df96d4e21f7432ad4be73f0f6851fe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-07T12:34:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ESOTRIGUEIRO.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 87df96d4e21f7432ad4be73f0f6851fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-07T12:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ESOTRIGUEIRO.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 87df96d4e21f7432ad4be73f0f6851fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Ethics is a very important theme since it guides social life. It is influenced by time, history and culture in which it is inserted. In organizartions, ethics straight influences profits and results. For this, there is a great number of studies and discussions on this subject as a result of employees’ personal ethics. In relation to public organizational ethics there are several critics. Among them, the fact public servants do not have ethical behavior, public service do not work appropriately, the value of personal interests contrasting corporate ones in these places. Nevertheless, there are not many studies analysing this point. Within this research, it aims at identifying what Ceará Federal Unstitute-at campus Crato-faculty and technical administrative servants understanding are about ethical concepts and how these moral behaviors are made throughout their labor practice. For this, it was developed a descriptive research carried by eletronic device, with 44 servants in this institution. It was based on Badin’s theories to analyse the ethics concept of these servants extracted by the Word Association Test and the Instrument to analyse the moral behavior under organizations, developed by Llcht, based on Patrick and Wagley’s theory. The main founded results speak about divergence between servants’ theory and labor practice, since they individually demonstrate notions on what ethics would be, with a solid concept according to Public Servant Ethical Code. Otherwise, the whole organization was classified in the level of organizational development as pre-moral or pre-convencional. This leads us to conclude that not always the person express in his/her behavior the ethical basis he/she preaches since collectivities exert a great influence on the behavior of the components. / A ética é um tema de grande importância, pois é ela que guia a vida em sociedade. Ela é influenciada pelo tempo, pela história e pela cultura na qual está inserida. Nas organizações, a ética influencia diretamente os lucros e resultados, por isso há um grande número de estudos e discussões em torno do tema, fruto da ética individual dos funcionários. Em relação à ética organizacional no serviço público, as críticas são muitas, entre elas o fato de os servidores públicos não possuírem comportamentos éticos, o serviço público não funcionar adequadamente e haver valorização dos interesses pessoais em detrimento dos interesses coletivos nesses locais. No entanto, é fato que não existem muitos estudos analisando essa vertente do tema. Com esta pesquisa busca-se identificar qual é o entendimento que os servidores (docentes e técnico-administrativos) do Instituto Federal do Ceará campus do Crato têm sobre o conceito de ética e como se dá o comportamento moral dos mesmos no exercício da profissão. Para tanto foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa descritiva, realizada por meio eletrônico, com 44 servidores desta instituição. A mesma baseou-se nas teorias de Bardin para analisar o conceito de ética desses servidores, manifestado através do Teste de associação de palavras, e no Instrumento para avaliar comportamentos morais nas organizações, desenvolvido por LIcht, baseado na teoria de Petrick e Wagley. Os principais resultados encontrados dizem respeito à discrepância entre a teoria e a prática desses servidores, pois eles, individualmente, manifestaram noções do que seria ética, com um conceito consistente com o que é preconizado pelo Código de Ética do Servidor público, mas, no entanto, a organização como um todo foi classificada no nível de desenvolvimento organizacional pré-moral ou pré-convencional. Isso nos leva a concluir que nem sempre o indivíduo manifesta em sua conduta os fundamentos éticos que prega, pois as coletividades exercem grande influência no comportamento de seus integrantes.

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigte sich theoretisch und empirisch mit moralischer Sensitivität, der Fähigkeit zu erkennen, ob Handlungen das Wohlergehen anderer Lebewesen beeinflussen. Im Theorieteil wurden dazu die einschlägigen theoretischen Ansätze gesichtet und in einer neuen integrativen Definition verdichtet. Aus der theoretischen Aufarbeitung der Konzepte und bisherigen empirischen Befunde folgte, dass verschiedene Persönlichkeitsmerkmale existieren, die maßgeblich determinieren, ob und wie stark ein Individuum moralisch sensitiv ist. Zu diesen Determinanten moralischer Sensitivität gehören folgende Persönlichkeitsmerkmale: Empathie, moralische Achtsamkeit, moralische Identität und Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit wurden die Zusammenhänge dieser Persönlichkeitsmerkmale mit moralischem Entscheiden und Handeln untersucht, sowie verschiedene studienspezifische Hypothesen und Fragestellungen beleuchtet. Einzelne Aspekte der empirischen Arbeit wurden schließlich in einer interkulturellen Studie auf ihre kulturübergreifende Generalisierbarkeit geprüft. Die Dissertationsschrift schließt mit einer umfassenden Diskussion der empirischen Ergebnisse und gibt praktische Handlungsempfehlungen. Unternehmen und andere Organisationen können die in der vorliegenden Dissertation gewonnenen Erkenntnisse nutzen, um ihr Human Ressource Management hinsichtlich der Auswahl und Förderung ethisch-kompetenter Fach- und Führungskräfte zu optimieren. / The present dissertation theoretically and empirically investigated the concept of moral sensitivity – the ability to recognize whether actions influence the well-being of other living beings. In the theoretical part, the relevant theoretical approaches were reviewed and condensed in a new integrative definition. The review of the theoretical accounts of moral sensitivity and the empirical findings revealed that various personality traits exist that decisively determine whether and how strongly an individual is morally sensitive. These determinants of moral sensitivity include the following personality traits: empathy, moral attentiveness, moral identity, and justice sensitivity. In the empirical part of the work, the relationships of these personality traits with moral decision-making and action and various study-specific hypotheses were examined. The cross-cultural generalizability of some empirical findings of the dissertation was finally examined in an intercultural study. The dissertation concludes with a comprehensive discussion of the empirical results and gives practical recommendations for organizations. Companies and other organizations can use the knowledge gained in this dissertation to optimize their human resource management in terms of selection and promotion of ethical competent employees.