違約機率校準檢定 - global test 由兩部分組成：第一部分為 level，探討真實的平均違約機率是否被高估；第二部分 shape，探討高低違約機率的表現情形。但 global test 與相關違約事件下的 level test 檢定尺度皆遠高於顯著水準 $\alpha$。本文先是針對相關違約事件，利用截斷分配使 level test 犯型一誤差機率更接近顯著水準，並提出虛無假設及對立假設為 $H_0: \theta \in \cup_{i=1}^2 \Theta_{i0}$ vs. $H_1: \theta \in \cap_{i=1}^2 \Theta_{i1}$ 的形式，引用交聯集檢定。更進一步透過 Liu \& Berger (1995, \textit{The Annals of Statistics}, 23, 1, 55-72) 建構齊一較強檢力檢定，改善檢定力。模擬結果顯示交聯集檢定與齊一較強檢力檢定的檢定尺度皆為 $\alpha$，且齊一較強檢力檢定的檢定力皆高於交聯集檢定。 / The calibration test of the PDs (probabilities of default) --- global test is twofold, the first part is the level test, which is about the mean of calibrated PDs. Second, the shape test is about whether a calibrated PD model differentiates correctly between low and high default probability events. In simulation results, we found that the type I error of global test is much greater than significant level $\alpha$, so is level test in correlation default events. In this study, firstly, we use the truncated level test to control previous error and suggest the hypothesis $H_0: \theta \in \cup_{i=1}^2 \Theta_{i0}$ vs. $H_1: \theta \in \cap_{i=1}^2 \Theta_{i1}$. Secondly, we introduce the intersection union test (IUT). Moreover, we construct an uniformly more powerful test (UMP test) by Liu \& Berger (1995, \textit{The Annals of Statistics}, 23, 1, 55-72). Simulation results show that the IUT and UMP test are size $\alpha$ tests, and the power of UMP test is greater than IUT.

Using an analysis of the creation of the character Dan Kelly in my play, risk, I argue that fairytale characters work as more than personage representations. They function on a big canvas for the audience; they carry large chains of association. Given this, I then propose that the human response is to infer additional meaning, meaning beyond the scope of plot and immediate character interaction - the audience infers symbolic meaning, ‘amplifying’ what is there into more. They enter a ‘generative empty space’ within the play where they infer or ‘unfold’ more meaning. In creating this ‘greater tale’, they are engaged beyond their personal ‘horizon of understanding’, and so, ‘take in’ the work through a heightened perceptual acuity. Therefore, I pursued the idea of making space for the operation of this process, of leveraging the creation of meaning around a character. My inquiry led me to believe that a powerful way to do this was through absence rather than presence and silence rather than sound; and this had a profound impact on my choice of form for Dan Kelly: he progressed, through a number of stages, from reportage to a digital representation.

Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans la problématique de développement de transformateurs planar pour l’intégration de puissance, dans le contexte de l’avion plus électrique (More Electric Aircraft – MEA) où les contraintes de volume et de poids sont primordiales. Les composants magnétiques restent en effet un frein à l’intégration des systèmes d’Electronique de Puissance et les composants planar (transformateurs et inductances) offrent une alternative intéressante aux composants bobinés pour la réduction de la taille des convertisseurs.Dans ce manuscrit, des méthodes, un outil de dimensionnement et des prototypes de transformateurs planar (2 et 3 enroulements) en technologie feuillard et PCB sont développés pour des applications de convertisseur DC/DC aéronautique. Dans un premier temps, les modèles permettant le calcul des pertes, l'estimation de l'élévation de température et le calcul de l’inductance de fuite sont présentés et comparés afin de concevoir des outils de calculs pour la conception. Dans un deuxième temps, il est montré que la modification de la forme des angles des spires rectangulaires permet de réduire significativement les pertes cuivre HF. Sur la base de ces outils et résultats, des prototypes de transformateurs planar à 3 enroulements en PCB multicouches sont développés. De nombreux prototypes sont caractérisés et valident les modèles de dimensionnement proposés. Enfin, l’un de ces prototypes est intégré et testé dans un convertisseur de puissance DC/DC de 3.75kW mettant en évidence les gains obtenus. / These thesis works deal with the issue of the planar transformers development for power integration, in the context of the More Electric Aircraft (MEA), where the constraints of volume and weight are paramount. Magnetic components remain a hindrance to the integration of Power Electronics systems and planar components (transformers and inductors) offer an interesting alternative to wound components for reducing the size of converters.In these works, methods, a sizing tool and prototypes of planar transformers (2 and 3 windings) in strip and PCB technology are developed for aeronautical DC / DC converter applications. Firstly, the models allowing the calculation of the losses, the estimation of the temperature rise and the calculation of the leakage inductance are presented and compared in order to design calculation tools for engineers. In a second step, it is shown that the modification of the shape of the angles of rectangular turns makes it possible to significantly reduce the HF copper losses.Based on these tools and results, prototypes of 3-windings planar transformers in multilayer PCBs are developed. Many prototypes are characterized and validate the proposed designing models. Finally, one of these prototypes is integrated and tested in a DC / DC power converter of 3.75kW highlighting the gains obtained.

A tese analisa mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos cursos de medicina no Brasil, a partir do Programa Mais Médicos e dos Novos Parâmetros Curriculares, e na Espanha, a partir da criação do Espaço Europeu de Educação Superior (EEES), visando desenvolver um novo perfil médico. No Brasil, visa-se uma formação geral, humanista, que qualifique médicos para atuar principalmente na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Na Espanha, investe-se na formação de um médico que associe a pesquisa à sua prática, criando um profissional mais competitivo. Do currículo de dois cursos foram selecionadas as disciplinas de Saúde Coletiva e Seminário Integrador, na Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Inovação Biomédica e Novas Tecnologias, na Universidade de Valladolid. Foram realizadas observações em aula, entrevistas com professores e aplicados questionários com alunos dos dois cursos. Utilizou-se a metodologia de Estudo de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), com apoio no estudo comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). A concepção de inovação nesta tese se sustenta em autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, dentre outros. Considera-se inovação em educação: um movimento de ruptura com o modelo de conhecimento hegemônico da ciência; que seja promotora de participação e protagonismo dos sujeitos; de relações sustentadas na cooperação e solidariedade; de partilha de saberes e de poderes; integração de teoria e prática e de ensino e trabalho; que pode ocorrer em diferentes cenários de aprendizagem. A inovação pedagógica também foi considerada em relação ao grau de distanciamento com o padrão tradicional de formação médica. Acredita-se que o que está em jogo, em especial no cenário brasileiro, é a disputa entre dois modelos de atenção e formação médica. Foi possível identificar a coexistência de dois modelos de formação nos casos estudados: o biomédico, tradicional, presente na racionalidade médica e nas práticas pedagógicas, bem como na resistência de alguns alunos e professores, que não aceitam a proposta voltada para Atenção Básica, integralidade e humanização, no caso brasileiro; e, no caso espanhol, a tensão aparece igualmente na resistência e descrença à inovações de práticas pedagógicas e propostas fora do modelo hegemônico da ciência. Para análise do campo médico e de certas resistências encontradas na formação no Brasil e Espanha foram utilizados conceitos de Bourdieu. / The thesis analyzes the changes taking place in Medicine courses in Brazil through the “More Doctors” Program and the New Curricular Parameters; and in Spain, through the creation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), aiming to develop a new medical profile. In Brazil, it aims a general, humanist education that qualifies doctors to act mainly in Basic Health Care from Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). In Spain, they invest in the education of a physician who associates research to his or her practice, creating a more competitive professional. From the curriculum of two courses, the subjects of Collective Health and Integrator Seminar, at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, and Biomedical Innovation and New Technologies, at the University of Valladolid, were selected. Class observations, interview with professors were made and questionnaires with students from the two courses were applied. Case Study Method was used (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), through a comparative approach (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). The conception of innovation in this thesis is supported by authors such as Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, among others. It is considered innovation in education: a rupture movement with the hegemonic Science knowledge model; that promotes participation; of relations based on cooperation and solidarity; of knowledge and power sharing; integration of theory and practice and of teaching and working. It may occur in different learning scenarios. The pedagogical innovation was also considered in relation to the degree of detachment with the traditional pattern of medical education. It is believed that what is at stake, especially in Brazilian scenario, is the dispute between two models of care and medical education. It was possible to identify the coexistence of two education models in the two cases studied: the biomedical, traditional, present in medical rationality and in pedagogical practices, as well as in the resistance of some students and professor, who do not accept the proposal focused on Basic Health Care, integrality and humanization, in Brazilian case; in the Spanish case, the tension also appears in the resistance and disbelief to the innovation of pedagogical practices and in the proposals out of the hegemonic Science model. For analysis of medical field and of certain resistances found in education in Brazil and Spain, Bourdieu’s concepts were used. / Esta tesis analiza los cambios que están ocurriendo en los cursos de medicina en Brasil, a partir del Programa Más Médicos y los Nuevos Parámetros Curriculares; y en España, a partir de la creación del Espacio Europeo de la Educación Superior (EEES), con el objetivo de desarrollar un nuevo perfil médico. En Brasil, se objetiva una formación general, humanista, que cualifique médicos para actuar principalmente en la Atención Básica del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En España, se objetiva la formación de un médico que asocie la investigación a su práctica, creando un profesional más competitivo. Del currículo de los dos cursos, fueron seleccionadas las asignaturas de Salud Colectiva y Seminario Integrador en la Universidad Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Innovación Biomédica y Nuevas Tecnologías en la Universidad de Valladolid. Fueron realizadas observaciones en clase, entrevistas con profesores y se aplicaron cuestionarios con alumnos de los dos cursos. Fue utilizada la metodología Estudio de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), con apoyo en el estudio comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). La concepción de innovación en esta tesis, está sustentada en autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, entre otros. Se considera innovación en educación: un movimiento de ruptura con el modelo de conocimiento hegemónico de la ciencia; que promueva la participación y la protagonización de los sujetos; de relaciones sustentadas en la cooperación y la solidaridad; de compartir saberes y poderes; integración de teoría y práctica, y de enseñanza y trabajo; y, pudiendo ocurrir en diferentes escenarios del aprendizaje. La innovación pedagógica también fue considerada en relación al grado de distanciamiento con el modelo tradicional de la formación médica. Se cree que lo que está en juego, en especial en el escenario brasileño, es la disputa entre dos modelos de atención y formación médica. Fue posible identificar la existencia de dos modelos de formación en los casos estudiados: el biomédico, tradicional, presente en la racionalidad médica y en las prácticas pedagógicas, así como, la resistencia de algunos alumnos y profesores, que no aceptan la propuesta enfocada en la Atención Básica, integralidad y humanización, en el caso brasileño; y, en el caso español, la tensión aparece de igual forma en la resistencia y descreimiento con respecto a las innovaciones de prácticas y propuestas fuera del modelo hegemónico de la ciencia. Para el análisis del campo médico y de ciertas resistencias encontradas en la formación, en Brasil y España, fueron utilizados los conceptos de Bourdieu.

L’enfant est un être en devenir, vulnérable et qui doit être protégé. Pour satisfaire cet objectif, le législateur a choisi de construire avec les ordonnances des 2 février 1945 et 23 décembre 1958, un appareil de justice spécialisé capable d'assurer la sécurité de l'enfant en danger et d'éduquer le mineur délinquant. Dans un droit en perpétuel mouvement, l'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de mesurer l'influence contemporaine du marqueur spécialisé irriguant la construction de notre système de justice des mineurs tutélaire, tant sur le plan de l'organisation juridictionnelle que de la procédure suivie par l'ensemble des juridictions. Les récentes transformations du droit des mineurs français et l'évolution de différents systèmes de justice européens le démontrent, l'avenir de ce repère est menacé car le modèle de justice tutélaire dans lequel il s'exprime est en crise. Il subit la concurrence d'un paradigme nouveau cherchant à responsabiliser l'enfant : la justice managériale. Dès lors, le marqueur spécialisé se trouve à la croisée de son histoire tandis que sa survie dépend des choix opérés par le législateur. Conscient de cette réalité, celui-ci a récemment entrepris une restauration qu'il faut encore parachever. / The child is a person at a development stage, vulnerable who must be protected. To complete this objective, the legislator chosen to build with 1945 February 2nd and 1958 December 23th ordinaries, a specialized justice system able to assure the safety of child at risk and educate juvenile delinquent In a law in perpetual movement, the objective of this research is to measure the contemporary influence of the specialized marker irrigating the construction of our juvenile justice system, both on plan of the jurisdictional organization and the procedure followed by all the jurisdictions The recent transformations of the French juvenile law and the evolution of various European systems of justice demonstrate it, the future of this mark is threatened because the wellfare model in which it expresses itself is in crisis. It undergoes the competition of one new paradigm which is trying to give more responsibilities to the child: the managerial justice. Aware of this reality, this one recently began a restoration which is again necessary to complete.

Submitted by Débora Mazetto (deba.mazetto@gmail.com) on 2018-02-22T14:48:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018 02 22 Dissertação - Débora Mazetto.pdf: 4586182 bytes, checksum: 5bc66ec2a7f41479e466df5476584186 (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Débora, boa tarde! Para que possamos aprovar seu trabalho, é necessário que faça somente três alterações: - O nome "Getulio", não tem acento; - A data da aprovação deve estar em branco; - A numeração de páginas aparece somente a partir da página da introdução. Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato. Thais Oliveira mestradoprofissional@fgv.br 3799-7764 on 2018-02-27T18:51:46Z (GMT) / Submitted by Débora Mazetto (deba.mazetto@gmail.com) on 2018-02-27T20:08:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018 02 27 Dissertação - Débora Mazetto.pdf: 4585173 bytes, checksum: 2ec20cd6c567fa39dc0f51d8a8b91705 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-02-27T21:37:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018 02 27 Dissertação - Débora Mazetto.pdf: 4585173 bytes, checksum: 2ec20cd6c567fa39dc0f51d8a8b91705 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T13:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018 02 27 Dissertação - Débora Mazetto.pdf: 4585173 bytes, checksum: 2ec20cd6c567fa39dc0f51d8a8b91705 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / The 'Mais Médicos' Program was launched by the federal government in 2013 with the main objective of reducing the shortage of physicians in regions of socioeconomic vulnerability in Brazil. Since then, the program has been attracting interest in evaluating its effectiveness on the localities adhered. This paper aims to measure the effects generated by the 'Mais Médicos' Program on health indicators of Brazilian municipalities from an econometric approach of policy evaluation. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, the effects on indicators of basic health care, morbidity and mortality were analyzed from the Program data between 2013 and 2015. There are evidences that the 'Mais Médicos' Program has positive effects on the primary healthcare indicators, particularly on appointments, consultations, referrals, examinations, and home visits, and negative effects over some indicators of morbidity. However, the Program does not seem to have been able to reduce mortality in the municipalities. / O Programa Mais Médicos foi lançado pelo governo federal em 2013 e seu objetivo principal é reduzir a escassez de médicos em regiões de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica no Brasil. Desde então, o programa vem atraindo interesse em avaliar sua efetividade sobre as localidades aderidas. Este trabalho se propõe a medir os efeitos gerados pelo Programa Mais Médicos sobre indicadores de saúde dos municípios brasileiros a partir de uma abordagem econométrica de avaliação de políticas. Empregando uma metodologia de diferença em diferenças, foi analisado o efeito sobre indicadores de atendimento básico de saúde, de morbidade e de mortalidade a partir de dados do Programa de 2013 a 2015. Existem evidências de que o programa 'Mais Médicos' tem efeitos positivos sobre os indicadores de atendimento básico de saúde, particularmente em atendimentos, consultas, encaminhamentos, exames e visitas, e efeitos negativos sobre alguns indicadores de morbidade. No entanto, o Programa não parece ter conseguido reduzir a mortalidade nos municípios.

Representations of the Gypsies and their lifestyle were widespread in British culture in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This thesis analyzes the varying literary and artistic responses to the Gypsy figure in the period circa 1780-1870. Addressing not only well-known works by William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, Walter Scott, John Clare, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold and George Eliot, but also lesser-known or neglected works by Gilbert White, Hannah More, George Crabbe and Samuel Rogers, unpublished archival material from Princess Victoria's journals, and a range of articles from the periodical press, this thesis examines how the figure of the Gypsy was used to explore differing conceptions of the landscape, identity and freedom, as well as the authoritative discourses of law, religion and science. The influence of William Cowper's Gypsy episode in Book One of The Task is shown to be profound, and its effect on ensuing literary representations of the Gypsy is an example of my interpretation of Wim Willem's term ‘paper Gypsies': the idea that literary Gypsies are often textual (re)constructions of other writers' work, creating a shared literary, cultural and artistic heritage. A focus on the picturesque and the Gypsies' role within that genre is a strong theme throughout this thesis. The ambiguity of picturesque Gypsy representations challenges the authority of the leisured viewer, provoking complex responses that either seek to contain the Gypsy's disruptive potential or demonstrate the figure's refusal to be controlled. An examination of texts alongside contemporary paintings and sketches of Gypsies by Princess Victoria, George Morland, Thomas Gainsborough, J. M. W. Turner, John Constable and John Everett Millais, elucidates the significance of the Gypsies as ambiguous ciphers in both literature and art.

Depuis des années, les avionneurs sont engagés pour la réduction de l’empreinte environnementale à travers le développement de nouveaux concepts. Ainsi, le remplacement des systèmes hydrauliques (hydraulicless) et pneumatiques (bleedless) de l’avion par des systèmes électriques sont envisagés d’où l’apparition du concept d’avion « plus électrique ». Toutefois, les gains espérés (diminution du coût, de la consommation de carburant ou de la masse) suite à cette substitution ne sont pas si faciles à obtenir, car les technologies précédentes ont bénéficié de plusieurs dizaines d’années de développement et d’optimisation. Les solutions électriques nouvellement proposées doivent donc elles aussi être très abouties pour être véritablement concurrentielles ; tous les degrés de liberté doivent être envisagés, qu’il s’agisse des technologies ou des architectures. En particulier, l’usage d’un nouveau réseau HVDC (540 V) semble être une solution prometteuse. A partir de ce réseau HVDC, les différentes charges AC triphasées sont alimentées par une série d’onduleurs génériques. Compte tenu de la disparité des consommations pendant les différentes phases de vol, le même onduleur peut servir à alimenter plusieurs charges. La connexion entre les onduleurs et les charges est gérée par une matrice de contacteurs. Cette solution innovante considère également des cas de redondance pour augmenter la robustesse de la solution. La conception de ce nouveau système est présentée dans ce rapport de thèse. Le compromis optimal entre le nombre d’onduleurs et la puissance nominale de chaque onduleur doit être obtenu. Ce choix déterminera fortement la taille de la matrice de contacteurs. Cependant, pour adresser cette problématique, il est nécessaire de connaître la masse des différents composants en fonction de la puissance requise. Un environnement de conception est ainsi créé dans le but de réaliser le dimensionnement optimal de convertisseurs de puissance. Les différents composants sont décrits utilisant une approche « directe » et sont codés sous le formalisme « orienté-objet ». Ces modèles sont ensuite validés expérimentalement ou par simulation numérique. Les différents modèles sont couplés à un environnement d’optimisation et à un solveur fréquentiel qui permet une résolution rapide des formes d’ondes du régime permanent. L’environnement d’optimisation réalise le dimensionnement précis des différentes parties de l’onduleur : dissipateur, module de puissance, filtre côté continu et inductance de couplage. Un onduleur est proposé pour différentes puissances nominales et fréquences de découpage. L’optimisation adresse également le choix des différentes technologies. Finalement, les résultats sont utilisés pour déterminer le meilleur compromis entre nombre d’onduleurs et puissance de l’onduleur à partir d’un algorithme heuristique. / In recent years, aircraft manufacturers have been making progress in the design of more efficient aircrafts to reduce the environmental footprint. To attain this target, aircrafts manufactures work on the replacement of the hydraulic and bleed systems for electrical systems leading to a “More Electrical Aircraft”. However, the expected mass gain is a challenge, as previous technologies have been developed and optimized for decades. The new electrical solutions need to be look into detail to be competitive with previous technologies. All degrees of freedom must be considered, that is, new technologies and architectures. In particular, an HVDC network that reduces the number of rectifier stages seems a promising solution. From the HVDC network, the different three phase AC loads will be supplied by a series of power generic inverters. As the power consumption of the different loads change during the flight mission, the same inverter is used to supply different loads. The connection between the inverters and the loads is managed by a matrix of contactors. The proposed solution also considers redundant configurations, thus increasing system robustness. The design of the innovative system is presented in this document. That is, determining the optimal trade-off between the number of power inverters and the nominal power of each generic inverter that will also impact the size of the matrix of contactors. However, to assess the combinatory problem, the mass of the different components as a function of the nominal power needs to be calculated. A design environment is therefore created to perform automatic and optimized design of power converters. The different components are described using a “direct modelling” approach and coded using “object-oriented” programming. The components are validated experimentally or by numerical simulations. The different models are coupled to an optimization environment and to a frequency solver allowing a fast calculation of the steady-state waveforms. The optimization environment performs the precise design of the different parts of the power inverter: heatsink, power module, DC filter and coupling inductor. The power inverter is designed for different values of nominal power and switching frequency. The optimization assesses as well the usage of different technologies. Finally, the results are used to determine the optimal trade-off between the number of inverters and the nominal power of each inverter using a heuristic algorithm.

Dans le contexte de l'avion plus électrique, de nouveaux défis technologiques apparaissent dans le développement des systèmes embarqués afin d'augmenter leur puissance électrique. Une optimisation visant la sécurité, l'efficacité énergétique et une diminution du volume et de la masse est ainsi nécessaire. A cet effet, les dispositifs doivent être considérés dans leur ensemble et non par éléments séparés. Pour faciliter l'intégration des systèmes de puissance et assurer la qualité du réseau de bord avion, cette thèse propose de tenir compte de la mission de vol et d'étudier la CIO « Conception Intégrée Optimale » du système complet comprenant le filtre d'entrée et l’onduleur de tension alimentant l'actionneur synchrone à aimants permanents haute vitesse « HSPMSM ». L'application est dédiée au système de conditionnement d'air cabine « ECS – Environmental Conditioning Systems » comprenant le compresseur d'air étudié, d'une puissance nominale de 70 kW. La thèse est structurée en trois parties principales: le dimensionnement des composants de la chaîne de conversion électromécanique ; la conception locale et séquentielle de chacun des composants du système (boucle d'optimisation actionneur puis boucle d'optimisation « onduleur de tension + filtre d'entrée » ; la conception simultanée de tous les composants du système (boucle d'optimisation globale). Les fronts « Pareto-optimaux » des solutions obtenues à partir des méthodes de conception séquentielles et simultanées sont présentés, analysés et comparés. Les résultats mettent clairement en évidence l'avantage d'utiliser une boucle d'optimisation unique pour l'amélioration de la masse et de l'efficacité énergétique du système. / The concept of More Electric Aircraft (MEA) implies new challenges especially due to the increase of the electrical embedded power. By this way, necessary improvements in terms of safety, energy efficiency and weight reduction are required. For this reason, the design of devices should be more approached with a view to the whole system than as separated elements. In order to facilitate power system integration and to ensure power quality aboard, this dissertation proposes an Integrated Optimal Design (IOD) of the input filter and the inverter feeding the High Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (HSPMSM) by taking the flight mission into account. The Environmental Conditioning System (ECS) is equipped of the studied cabin air compressor with a rated power of 70 kW: a Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) is applied to achieve the CIO process. Considering the ECS as a whole, this thesis can be divided into three main parts: components sizing of the electromechanical conversion chain; local and sequential design of each system components (HSPMSM optimization loop followed by “voltage source inverter + input filter” optimization loop); simultaneous design of all system components (global optimization loop). Pareto-optimal solutions obtained from sequential and simultaneous design approaches are presented, analyzed and compared. Results clearly highlight the advantage of using a single optimization loop for the whole system in order to improve mass and efficiency.

A tese analisa mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos cursos de medicina no Brasil, a partir do Programa Mais Médicos e dos Novos Parâmetros Curriculares, e na Espanha, a partir da criação do Espaço Europeu de Educação Superior (EEES), visando desenvolver um novo perfil médico. No Brasil, visa-se uma formação geral, humanista, que qualifique médicos para atuar principalmente na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Na Espanha, investe-se na formação de um médico que associe a pesquisa à sua prática, criando um profissional mais competitivo. Do currículo de dois cursos foram selecionadas as disciplinas de Saúde Coletiva e Seminário Integrador, na Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Inovação Biomédica e Novas Tecnologias, na Universidade de Valladolid. Foram realizadas observações em aula, entrevistas com professores e aplicados questionários com alunos dos dois cursos. Utilizou-se a metodologia de Estudo de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), com apoio no estudo comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). A concepção de inovação nesta tese se sustenta em autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, dentre outros. Considera-se inovação em educação: um movimento de ruptura com o modelo de conhecimento hegemônico da ciência; que seja promotora de participação e protagonismo dos sujeitos; de relações sustentadas na cooperação e solidariedade; de partilha de saberes e de poderes; integração de teoria e prática e de ensino e trabalho; que pode ocorrer em diferentes cenários de aprendizagem. A inovação pedagógica também foi considerada em relação ao grau de distanciamento com o padrão tradicional de formação médica. Acredita-se que o que está em jogo, em especial no cenário brasileiro, é a disputa entre dois modelos de atenção e formação médica. Foi possível identificar a coexistência de dois modelos de formação nos casos estudados: o biomédico, tradicional, presente na racionalidade médica e nas práticas pedagógicas, bem como na resistência de alguns alunos e professores, que não aceitam a proposta voltada para Atenção Básica, integralidade e humanização, no caso brasileiro; e, no caso espanhol, a tensão aparece igualmente na resistência e descrença à inovações de práticas pedagógicas e propostas fora do modelo hegemônico da ciência. Para análise do campo médico e de certas resistências encontradas na formação no Brasil e Espanha foram utilizados conceitos de Bourdieu. / The thesis analyzes the changes taking place in Medicine courses in Brazil through the “More Doctors” Program and the New Curricular Parameters; and in Spain, through the creation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), aiming to develop a new medical profile. In Brazil, it aims a general, humanist education that qualifies doctors to act mainly in Basic Health Care from Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). In Spain, they invest in the education of a physician who associates research to his or her practice, creating a more competitive professional. From the curriculum of two courses, the subjects of Collective Health and Integrator Seminar, at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, and Biomedical Innovation and New Technologies, at the University of Valladolid, were selected. Class observations, interview with professors were made and questionnaires with students from the two courses were applied. Case Study Method was used (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), through a comparative approach (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). The conception of innovation in this thesis is supported by authors such as Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, among others. It is considered innovation in education: a rupture movement with the hegemonic Science knowledge model; that promotes participation; of relations based on cooperation and solidarity; of knowledge and power sharing; integration of theory and practice and of teaching and working. It may occur in different learning scenarios. The pedagogical innovation was also considered in relation to the degree of detachment with the traditional pattern of medical education. It is believed that what is at stake, especially in Brazilian scenario, is the dispute between two models of care and medical education. It was possible to identify the coexistence of two education models in the two cases studied: the biomedical, traditional, present in medical rationality and in pedagogical practices, as well as in the resistance of some students and professor, who do not accept the proposal focused on Basic Health Care, integrality and humanization, in Brazilian case; in the Spanish case, the tension also appears in the resistance and disbelief to the innovation of pedagogical practices and in the proposals out of the hegemonic Science model. For analysis of medical field and of certain resistances found in education in Brazil and Spain, Bourdieu’s concepts were used. / Esta tesis analiza los cambios que están ocurriendo en los cursos de medicina en Brasil, a partir del Programa Más Médicos y los Nuevos Parámetros Curriculares; y en España, a partir de la creación del Espacio Europeo de la Educación Superior (EEES), con el objetivo de desarrollar un nuevo perfil médico. En Brasil, se objetiva una formación general, humanista, que cualifique médicos para actuar principalmente en la Atención Básica del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En España, se objetiva la formación de un médico que asocie la investigación a su práctica, creando un profesional más competitivo. Del currículo de los dos cursos, fueron seleccionadas las asignaturas de Salud Colectiva y Seminario Integrador en la Universidad Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Innovación Biomédica y Nuevas Tecnologías en la Universidad de Valladolid. Fueron realizadas observaciones en clase, entrevistas con profesores y se aplicaron cuestionarios con alumnos de los dos cursos. Fue utilizada la metodología Estudio de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), con apoyo en el estudio comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). La concepción de innovación en esta tesis, está sustentada en autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, entre otros. Se considera innovación en educación: un movimiento de ruptura con el modelo de conocimiento hegemónico de la ciencia; que promueva la participación y la protagonización de los sujetos; de relaciones sustentadas en la cooperación y la solidaridad; de compartir saberes y poderes; integración de teoría y práctica, y de enseñanza y trabajo; y, pudiendo ocurrir en diferentes escenarios del aprendizaje. La innovación pedagógica también fue considerada en relación al grado de distanciamiento con el modelo tradicional de la formación médica. Se cree que lo que está en juego, en especial en el escenario brasileño, es la disputa entre dos modelos de atención y formación médica. Fue posible identificar la existencia de dos modelos de formación en los casos estudiados: el biomédico, tradicional, presente en la racionalidad médica y en las prácticas pedagógicas, así como, la resistencia de algunos alumnos y profesores, que no aceptan la propuesta enfocada en la Atención Básica, integralidad y humanización, en el caso brasileño; y, en el caso español, la tensión aparece de igual forma en la resistencia y descreimiento con respecto a las innovaciones de prácticas y propuestas fuera del modelo hegemónico de la ciencia. Para el análisis del campo médico y de ciertas resistencias encontradas en la formación, en Brasil y España, fueron utilizados los conceptos de Bourdieu.