University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

O objetivo deste estudo foi de comparar a eficácia clínica de enxaguatórios bucais a higienizadores linguais e à escovação com dentifrício para higiene convencional, medidos por um monitor portátil de sulfetos BreathAlert&trade;. Vinte voluntários saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos (média de 35,9 anos), de ambos os gêneros, foram aleatoriamente alocados em um ensaio cruzado de cinco períodos. Foram testados: um higienizador de língua convencional (Kolbe®), um higienizador integrado à escova dental (Johnson´s Professional Extreme®), dois enxaguatórios bucais: 0,05% de cloreto de cetilpiridínio (Oral-B®) e 0,12% de digluconato de clorexidina (Periotherapy®- Bitufo) e uma escova dental (Johnson´s Professional Extreme®) com dentifrício fluoretado (Contente®) como controle positivo. Todos os voluntários foram orientados a permanecer por 20 horas sem qualquer tipo de higiene bucal, para registro dos índices iniciais de halitose. Cada produto foi utilizado uma vez seguido por uma semana de washout. O hálito foi mensurado antes (00), imediatamente após (0) e após 1, 2 e 3 horas do procedimento. Os produtos e os tempos foram comparados entre si pelo teste de Friedman (p<0,05) e, havendo diferenças significantes, foram analisados aos pares pelo teste de Wilcoxon, com ajuste de Bonferroni. Imediatamente após o uso dos produtos, somente o higienizador lingual acoplado à escova foi capaz de reduzir significantemente o hálito (p=0.0031) e seu efeito perdurou por até 2 horas. A clorexidina reduziu o hálito somente no final da segunda hora (p=0.004) e durou até três horas, enquanto que a higienização bucal com escova e dentifrício foi eficaz em reduzir o hálito já na primeira hora (p=0.002), perdurando por até 3 horas. Conclui-se que a higiene mecânica da língua foi capaz de reduzir imediatamente o hálito, porém com duração relativamente curta de seu efeito, enquanto que a clorexidina e a higienização da boca conseguiram reduzir o hálito por períodos maiores do que os observados na literatura que trabalha com halitose persistente. / The aim of this study was to compare the chemical effect of antimicrobial agents in mouthrinses and mechanical effect of tongue scrapers along with toothbrushing and dentifrice for conventional oral hygiene, measured by a handheld sulphide monitor BreathAlert&trade;. Twenty healthy volunteers, from 18 to 50 years-old (the mean age was 35,9 years-old), of either gender, were randomly allocated into a five period cross-over trial. They were tested a conventional tongue scraper (Kolbe®), a tongue scraper coupled at the back of a toothbrushs head (Johnson&prime;s Professional Extreme®), two mouthwashes: 0,05% cetylpyridinium chloride (Oral-B®) and 0,12% chlorhexidine digluconate (PerioTherapy®); and a soft-bristle toothbrush (Johnson&prime;s Professional Extreme®) with fluoride toothpaste (Contente®) as a positive control. All the volunteers were asked to refrain from any kind of oral hygiene for a 20-hours period for baseline scores. Each product was used at once, followed by a one-week washout period. The breath was measured before (00), immediately after (0) and after 1, 2 and 3 hours after the procedure. A Friedman&prime;s test (p <0.05) was used to compare the products and the times and, when significant differences were detected, a Wilcoxon&prime;s test with Bonferroni correction was used (group to group). Immediately after the products use, only the toothbrush&prime;s tongue scraper was able to significantly reduce the breath (p=0.0031) and its effect lasted for up to two hours. Chlorhexidine reduced the breath only at the final of the second hour (p=0.004) and lasted for three hours, while oral hygiene with toothbrush and toothpaste was effective in reducing the breath at the first hour (p=0.002) and lasted for up to three hours. It can be concluded that the mechanical cleaning of the tongue was able to immediately reduce the breath, but with relatively short duration of its effect, while chlorhexidine and the association of mechanical with chemical agents in oral hygiene can reduce the breath for longer periods than those observed in the literature which deals with chronic halitosis.

Nos sistemas de colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar é depositada sobre o solo camada de palha, em quantidades que variam de 5 a 20 ton ha-1, e ocasionam mudanças na flora infestante, adaptadas às essas condições. A aplicação de herbicidas residuais sobre a palha de cana-de-açúcar gera dúvidas, pois as informações sobre a maioria dos produtos recomendados são escassas, no que diz respeito à retenção/transposição dos mesmos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica dos herbicidas diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron, quando aplicados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, sobre a palha, através de ensaios de sorção e dessorção, e também quando aplicados sobre diferentes quantidades de palha e condições de chuva simulada. A interação entre dose e quantidade de palha de cana-de-açúcar no controle da planta daninha Ipomoea grandifolia, foi estudada através de curvas de dose-resposta, utilizando seis doses (0, ¼ D, ½ D, D (dose recomendada), 2D, 4D) em quatro quantidades de palha (0, 5, 10 e 15 ton ha- 1). Para os estudos de sorção e dessorção utilizou-se produtos radiomarcados e cinco concentrações iniciais de diuron e metribuzin. A contagem da radioatividade foi obtida através espectrometria de cintilação líquida, e a quantidade da substância teste sorvida foi determinada pela diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração de equilíbrio. Foram realizados dois estudos independentes, em que a dessorção ocorreu 24 horas e sete dias após a sorção. No estudo de dinâmica em diferentes regimes hídricos foram testados seis níveis para o fator chuva simulada (Testemunha, 0, 5, 10, 20 e 20+20 mm), três herbicidas (diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron) e duas quantidades de palha (0 e 10 ton ha-1), com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas as doses comerciais para diuron (2.000 g i.a. ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g i.a. ha-1) e tebuthiuron (1.200 g i.a. ha-1). Nos estudos de interação entre dose e quantidade de palha verificou-se que a dose dos herbicidas necessárias para um controle eficaz de I. grandifolia varia significativamente com a quantidade de palha sobre o solo, principalmente nas quantidades de 10 a 15 ton ha-1. No processo de sorção, o herbicida diuron foi mais retido pela palha quando comparado ao metribuzin, sendo fracamente sorvidos à palha. Sete dias não foi suficiente para tornar o processo de sorção de diuron e metribuzin irreversível. No estudo de dinâmica dos herbicidas, a palha afetou de maneira significativa o controle de plantas daninhas pelos herbicidas na ausência de chuva simulada, sendo que uma chuva simulada de 20 mm foi suficiente para promover lixiviação de todos os herbicidas para o solo, e promover excelentes níveis de controle das plantas daninhas. / In the system of mechanized sugarcane harvest it is deposited on the soil surface a straw layer, which varies from 5 to 20 ton ha-1, and causes changes in weed, selecting the weeds better adapted to these conditions. The use of residual herbicides on the straw of sugarcane generates doubts, because much of the information about the recommended products are scarce, regarding to the retention/transferring. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin when applied on sugarcane, and straw through sorption and desorption tests and as well as when applied to different quantities of straw and conditions of simulated rain. The interaction between herbicide dose and amount of sugarcane straw on the control of the weed Ipomoea grandifolia was performed using dose-response curves with six doses (0, ¼ D, ½ D, D (recommended dose), 2D , 4D) in four amounts of straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1). . For the studies of sorption and desorption it was used radiolabeled products and five initial concentrations of diuron and metribuzin. The counting of radioactivity was obtained by liquid scintillation spectrometry, and the amount of sorbed test substance was determined by the difference between the initial concentration and the equilibrium concentration. It was performed two independent studies in which the desorption occurred 24 h and seven days after the sorption. In the study of dynamic in different water regimes it was tested six levels of simulated rain factor (control, 0, 5, 10, 20 and 20 +20 mm), three herbicides (diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin), and two amounts of straw (0 and 10 ton ha-1), with four replications. The commercial rates were diuron (2.000 g i.a. ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g i.a. ha-1) and tebuthiuron (1.200 g i.a. ha-1). It was evaluated the visual control of Ipomoea grandifolia and Cucumis sativus. The study of interaction between dose and amount of straw showed that the dose of herbicide required for effective control of I. grandifolia varies significantly with the amount of straw on the soil, especially in amounts between 10 and 15 ton ha-1. In the sorption process, the herbicide diuron is retained more as compared to metribuzin, and weakly sorbed to the straw. Seven days were not enough to make the process of sorption of metribuzin and diuron irreversible. In the study of herbicide dynamic, the straw significantly affected the weed control by herbicides in the absence of rain, and a rain of 20 mm was sufficient to promote all herbicides leaching into the soil, and promote excellent levels of weed control.

Nos sistemas de colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar é depositada sobre o solo camada de palha, em quantidades que variam de 5 a 20 ton ha-1, e ocasionam mudanças na flora infestante, adaptadas às essas condições. A aplicação de herbicidas residuais sobre a palha de cana-de-açúcar gera dúvidas, pois as informações sobre a maioria dos produtos recomendados são escassas, no que diz respeito à retenção/transposição dos mesmos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica dos herbicidas diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron, quando aplicados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, sobre a palha, através de ensaios de sorção e dessorção, e também quando aplicados sobre diferentes quantidades de palha e condições de chuva simulada. A interação entre dose e quantidade de palha de cana-de-açúcar no controle da planta daninha Ipomoea grandifolia, foi estudada através de curvas de dose-resposta, utilizando seis doses (0, ¼ D, ½ D, D (dose recomendada), 2D, 4D) em quatro quantidades de palha (0, 5, 10 e 15 ton ha- 1). Para os estudos de sorção e dessorção utilizou-se produtos radiomarcados e cinco concentrações iniciais de diuron e metribuzin. A contagem da radioatividade foi obtida através espectrometria de cintilação líquida, e a quantidade da substância teste sorvida foi determinada pela diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração de equilíbrio. Foram realizados dois estudos independentes, em que a dessorção ocorreu 24 horas e sete dias após a sorção. No estudo de dinâmica em diferentes regimes hídricos foram testados seis níveis para o fator chuva simulada (Testemunha, 0, 5, 10, 20 e 20+20 mm), três herbicidas (diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron) e duas quantidades de palha (0 e 10 ton ha-1), com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas as doses comerciais para diuron (2.000 g i.a. ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g i.a. ha-1) e tebuthiuron (1.200 g i.a. ha-1). Nos estudos de interação entre dose e quantidade de palha verificou-se que a dose dos herbicidas necessárias para um controle eficaz de I. grandifolia varia significativamente com a quantidade de palha sobre o solo, principalmente nas quantidades de 10 a 15 ton ha-1. No processo de sorção, o herbicida diuron foi mais retido pela palha quando comparado ao metribuzin, sendo fracamente sorvidos à palha. Sete dias não foi suficiente para tornar o processo de sorção de diuron e metribuzin irreversível. No estudo de dinâmica dos herbicidas, a palha afetou de maneira significativa o controle de plantas daninhas pelos herbicidas na ausência de chuva simulada, sendo que uma chuva simulada de 20 mm foi suficiente para promover lixiviação de todos os herbicidas para o solo, e promover excelentes níveis de controle das plantas daninhas. / In the system of mechanized sugarcane harvest it is deposited on the soil surface a straw layer, which varies from 5 to 20 ton ha-1, and causes changes in weed, selecting the weeds better adapted to these conditions. The use of residual herbicides on the straw of sugarcane generates doubts, because much of the information about the recommended products are scarce, regarding to the retention/transferring. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin when applied on sugarcane, and straw through sorption and desorption tests and as well as when applied to different quantities of straw and conditions of simulated rain. The interaction between herbicide dose and amount of sugarcane straw on the control of the weed Ipomoea grandifolia was performed using dose-response curves with six doses (0, ¼ D, ½ D, D (recommended dose), 2D , 4D) in four amounts of straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1). . For the studies of sorption and desorption it was used radiolabeled products and five initial concentrations of diuron and metribuzin. The counting of radioactivity was obtained by liquid scintillation spectrometry, and the amount of sorbed test substance was determined by the difference between the initial concentration and the equilibrium concentration. It was performed two independent studies in which the desorption occurred 24 h and seven days after the sorption. In the study of dynamic in different water regimes it was tested six levels of simulated rain factor (control, 0, 5, 10, 20 and 20 +20 mm), three herbicides (diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin), and two amounts of straw (0 and 10 ton ha-1), with four replications. The commercial rates were diuron (2.000 g i.a. ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g i.a. ha-1) and tebuthiuron (1.200 g i.a. ha-1). It was evaluated the visual control of Ipomoea grandifolia and Cucumis sativus. The study of interaction between dose and amount of straw showed that the dose of herbicide required for effective control of I. grandifolia varies significantly with the amount of straw on the soil, especially in amounts between 10 and 15 ton ha-1. In the sorption process, the herbicide diuron is retained more as compared to metribuzin, and weakly sorbed to the straw. Seven days were not enough to make the process of sorption of metribuzin and diuron irreversible. In the study of herbicide dynamic, the straw significantly affected the weed control by herbicides in the absence of rain, and a rain of 20 mm was sufficient to promote all herbicides leaching into the soil, and promote excellent levels of weed control.

The goal of this thesis is to examine the editorial position of the Sydney Morning Herald, Australia's oldest continually produced newspaper, as a way of examining the character of colonial liberalism. Analysis will proceed by way of close scrutiny of key issues dealt with by the Sydney Morning Herald, including: state-aid to churches; education policy; free trade; land reform; the antitransportation movement; issues surrounding political representation; and the treatment of Chinese workers. Such analysis includes an appraisal of the views of John Fairfax, proprietor from 1841 to his death in 1877, and the influences, particularly religious nonconformity, which shaped his early journalism in Britain. Another key figure in the thesis is John West, editor 1854-1873, and again his editorial stance will be related to the major political and religious movements in Britain and Australia. Part of this re-evaluation of the character of colonial liberalism in the thesis provides a critical study of the existing historiography and calls into question the widely held view that the Sydney Morning Herald was a force for conservatism. In doing so, the thesis questions some of the major assumptions of the existing historiography and, while doing justice to colonial context, attempts to contextualise colonial politics with the broader framework of mid nineteenth-century Western political thought.

Master of Medicine / The number of unwanted pregnancies has not decreased in recent years and this should be addressed. Emergency contraception may be effective when used correctly having the advantage that it can be used after an episode of unprotected sexual intercourse (when regular contraception has failed or was not used). In this research project I set out to explore some of the major reasons why there are still many unwanted pregnancies in Australia. I decided to focus on the use and non-use of emergency contraception, e.g. emergency contraception pill (ECP) “method failures” are not well understood because the actual mechanisms of action are still unclear. There is evidence ECP can effectively interfere with follicle growth and ovulation. It is much less clear is whether ECP is able to interfere with fertilization and implantation, in a way, which may make it acceptable to those who have strong religious beliefs in fertilization being the start of new life. Emergency contraception has the potential to prevent many unwanted pregnancies when unprotected intercourse has occurred. It has relatively high efficacy in many studies, but true method failures are not well understood. By contrast, many unwanted pregnancies occur for “social reasons” where emergency contraception has not been used. I set out to study changes in knowledge and usage of emergency contraception in these groups of Australian women seeking termination of pregnancy: 1. Before a dedicated emergency contraception pill (ECP) pack (Postinor) became available in Australia 2. One year after dedicated ECP became available on prescription 3. One year after the ECP pack became available “over the counter” without prescription. Ninety-nine women were recruited during their presentation with a request for ECP at the six Family Planning Clinics in Australia. All women took LNG 1.5mg in a single dose during the clinic consultation. A blood sample was taken immediately prior to ingestion of the ECP for estimation of serum LH, oestradiol and progesterone levels to calculate the day of the menstrual cycle. Based on these endocrine data we estimated the timing of ovulation to within a ±24-hour period with an accuracy of around 80%. Women were followed up 4-6 weeks later to ascertain pregnancy status. The effectiveness of ECP when taken before and after ovulation was determined. Three women in this study became pregnant despite taking the ECP (pregnancy rate 3%). All three women who became pregnant had unprotected intercourse between day -1 and 0 and took the ECP on day +2, based on endocrine data. Day zero was taken as ovulation day. Among seventeen women who had intercourse in the fertile period of the cycle and took the ECP after ovulation occurred (on day +1 to +2) we could have expected 3 or 4 pregnancies, based on Wilcox et al data. Three pregnancies were observed. Among 34 women who had intercourse on days –5 to –2 of the fertile period, and took ECP before or around ovulation, four pregnancies could have been expected, but none were observed. The major discrepancies between women’s self-report of stage of the cycle and the dating calculation based on endocrine data were observed in this study. These data are supportive of the concept that the LNG ECP has little or no effect on post-ovulation events, but is highly effective before ovulation. Our interpretation of the data in terms of timing of treatment relative to ovulation may explain why EC with LNG works sometimes and fails at other times. A larger study is needed to prove this hypothesis. To investigate other reasons for such a high rate of unwanted pregnancy, which probably has a larger impact we looked into womens knowledge of and attitude towards ECP. Seven hundred and eighteen women participated in this study by answering a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions on their demographic and reproductive characteristics as well as the knowledge about the ECP, e.g. 208 women were enrolled before the ECP was marketed in Australia in 2001, 308 after it was marketed and 202 after it became available over the counter (Group 1, 2, and 3, respectively). We found that the participants who have heard about ECP were significantly younger (p<0.005). The mean age of women who have never heard about of ECP was 29.8 years compared to 26.3 years in women who have heard about ECP. More women were aware about the ECP after it became available over the counter. Women in group 2 had higher educational level in comparison to women in group 2 and 3 (p<0.005). There was significant trend in increased use of ECP in women of higher educational level (p<0.005). The use of ECP did not increase significantly with improved availability and access to the ECP amongst women presenting for termination of pregnancy. Wider availability of he ECP pack in Australia and an easier access to it has increased women’s awareness about the ECP. However, the use of ECP has not increased. This study provides better understanding of mechanism of action of LNG ECP and an explanation to the method failure. It also reveals poor knowledge about ECP despite its wider availability and accessibility. Improving these is a worldwide challenge for family planners and all health professionals.

Mt. Morning is a 2,732 m high, Cenozoic, alkaline eruptive centre situated in the south-west corner of McMurdo Sound in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Mt. Morning is approximately 100 km south-west of Mt. Erebus, the world's southernmost active volcano. Several Cenozoic, alkali eruptive centres in this region make up the Erebus Volcanic Province. The region is currently undergoing continental extension. Regional-scale, north-striking faulting on the northern flank of Mt. Morning has offset vertical dykes, as young as 3.9 Ma, by up to 6 m dextrally. This is consistent with the trans-extensional regime in the region. The faults also have a dip-slip component, downthrown to the east. These faults define part of the western boundary of the West Antarctic Rift System. Mt. Morning straddles the boundary between the continental rift shoulder of the Transantarctic Mountains in Southern Victoria Land, and the perceived oceanic crust of the Ross Sea. Age determination of the youngest offset dyke constrains movement in the last 3.88 � 0.05 m.y., to an average rate of 0.0015 mm per year. Volcanism on Mt. Morning is divided into two phases. Phase I was erupted between 18.7 � 0.3 and 114 � 0.2 Ma and Phase II between 6.13 � 0.20 and 0.15 � 0.01 Ma. The two phases are separated by a 5.3 m.y. period of quiescence. The geochemistry of Phase I is mildly alkaline; it is composed of volcaniclastic deposits, dykes, sills, and volcanic plugs of nepheline-basanite, nepheline-trachyte, quartz-mugearite, quartz-trachyte, and rhyolite. Phase I rocks evolved along at least two trends: a quartz normative trend, and a nepheline normative trend. Chemical variation in Phase I can be explained in part by crystal fractionation, which has been modelled using major element multiple linear regression. Phase I quartz-mugearite can fractionate to quartz-trachyte after 44% crystallisation. Quartz-trachyte can fractionate to rhyolite after a further 6% erystallisation. The models indicate that clinopyroxene + plagioclase + opaque oxides � alkali feldspar � apatite are the dominant fractionated phases. Many of the Phase I quartz normative volcanic rocks have relatively high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.70501), suggesting that assimilation, most likely of crustal material, has modified them. Phase I nepheline-basanite can fractionate to nepheline-trachyte after 68% crystallisation. Modelling indicates clinopyroxene + nepheline + olivine + opaque oxides are the dominant fractionated phases. Phase II volcanic rocks are strongly alkaline and are mapped as flows, volcaniclastic deposits, dykes, and sills. They have been erupted mainly from parasitic scoria vents and rarely from fissure vents. Rock types include picrobasalt, basalt, basanite, tephrite, hawaiite, mugearite, phonotephrite, tephriphonolite, benmoreite, and phonolite. Chemical variations in the Phase II volcanic rocks can be explained by simple fractionation. Phase II picrobasalt can fractionate to phonotephrite after 78% crystallisation. Phonotephrite can fractionate to phonolite after at least 35% crystallisation, depending on which of several multiple linear regression models are selected. Fractionation is dominated by the removal of clinopyroxene + plagioclase + nepheline + olivine + opaque oxides � apatite � kaersutite. Volcanic rocks in the Erebus Volcanic Province are strongly alkaline on a silica versus total alkalis plot, similar to the Phase II volcanic rocks from Mt. Morning. Mildly alkaline rocks of Phase I are, to date, unique within the Erebus Volcanic Province. Bulk rock isotope ratios of ⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr (0.70307 - 0.70371 and 0.70498 - 0.70501), �⁴�Nd/�⁴⁴Nd (0.512650 - 0.512902), and �⁰⁶Pb/�⁰⁴Pb (18.593 -20.039) show that the majority of Mt. Morning volcanic rocks lie on a mixing line between HIMU (high-[mu]; enriched in �⁰⁶Pb and �⁰⁸Pb and relatively depleted in ⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr values) and DM (depleted mantle; high �⁴�Nd/�⁴⁴Nd, low ⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr, and low �⁰⁶Pb/�⁰⁴Pb). This is similar to the majority of volcanic rocks from the SW Pacific, including Antarctica and New Zealand. Mt. Morning volcanic rocks have tapped this broadly common mantle reservoir. There are variations in radiogenic isotope ratios between Mt. Morning and Mt. Erebus. There are also differences between the incompatible element ratios in volcanic rocks from Mt. Morning, Mt. Erebus, and White Island (a third eruptive centre in the Erebus Volcanic Province), suggesting heterogeneity in the mantle beneath the Erebus Volcanic Province. Significant chemical differences are also noted between ultramafic xenoliths collected from Mt. Morning and from Foster Crater only 15 km away. This suggests a deca-kilometre, possibly even kilometre-scale, heterogeneity in the mantle. Such small-scale chemical differences appear difficult to reconcile with large-scale plume hypotheses for the initiation of volcanism in the Erebus Volcanic Province. Instead, volcanism is much more likely to be related to numerous small plumes, or the preferred hypothesis, metasomatism and amagmatic rifting, followed by decompression melting of upwelling mantle and volcanism during transtensional lithospheric rifting. This latter model is supported by a lack of regional updoming expected with a plume(s), and fits models of localised extension proposed in this thesis. Calc-alkaline and alkaline igneous xenoliths, of felsic to mafic crustal material, have been collected from Mt. Morning. U-Pb geochronology (545.4 � 3.7 Ma and 518.6 � 4.4 Ma) on crustal xenoliths from Mt. Morning illustrate that the basement is Cambrian. Bulk rock chemistry of crustal xenoliths has similarities to compositions reported for Ross Orogen rocks, suggesting the Mt. Morning volcanic edifice is built on a basement that is composed of Cambrian Ross Orogen rock types. Quartz-bearing felsic granulite xenoliths with greater than 70 weight percent silica, collected from Mt. Morning, suggest that part of the basement is felsic. This is the only occurrence of felsic xenoliths reported to date east of the present day coastline of Victoria Land. Mt. Morning crops out less than 25 km from the known northern end of the Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province in the Transantarctic Mountains. The partially alkaline basement beneath Mt. Morning suggests the province may continue beneath part of Mt. Morning. The mantle beneath Mt. Morning can be characterised as anhydrous and otherwise largely unmetasomatised, which is atypical of xenoliths collected from the western Ross Sea. Only a handful of Mt. Morning xenoliths show petrographic evidence of metasomatism, these include modal phlogopite, apatite, Fe-Ni sulphide, and plagioclase (in pyroxenite xenoliths), suggesting metasomatising fluids occur discretely in this region. Where present, the metasomatic fluid(s) beneath Mt. Morning are enriched in Ba, LREEs, Th, U, P, Fe, Ni, S, and K, and depleted in Ti relative to the metasomatic fluid composition described at nearby Foster Crater. Oxygen fugacity (fO₂) of the Antarctic shallow mantle has been measured from xenoliths collected from Mt. Morning, where fO₂ was demonstrated to be strongly dependant upon spinel Fe�⁺ content that was measured using Mössbauer spectroscopy, and calculated from the olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel oxybarometer. fO₂ in the rifted Antarctic mantle varies between 0.1 and -1 log units relative to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer and is coupled to melt depletion, with increasing degrees of melt extraction resulting in a more oxidised mantle. This range of upper mantle fO₂ is commonly observed in continental rift settings worldwide. The mantle beneath Mt. Morning is composed of, in increasing degree of fertility, dunite, harzburgite, and lherzolite. Xenoliths representing discrete samples of this mantle have mostly crystallised in the spinel stability field of the mantle at pressures of approximately 15 kb and temperatures between 950 - 970 �C. Symplectites of spinel and pyroxene have been interpreted as petrographic evidence that some of the spinel peridotite originated in the garnet stability field of the mantle. Rare plagioclase-bearing spinel lherzolite (plagioclase lherzolite) is also present in the mantle beneath Mt. Morning, which crystallised at temperatures of between 885 and 935 �C at 5 kb. The Mt. Morning peridotite xenoliths plot along the pre-defined geotherm for the Erebus Volcanic Province, strongly supporting it as the appropriate choice of geothermal gradient for south-west McMurdo Sound. Mineral and bulk rock compositions are nearly identical between the plagioclase lherzolite xenoliths and spinel lherzolite xenoliths. Mineral and bulk rock chemistry suggest it is unlikely that the plagioclase is due to metasomatism. Petrographic evidence and mass balance calculations suggest that the plagioclase lherzolite has crystallised via a sub-solidus (metamorphic) transition from spinel lherzolite upon decompression and upwelling of the mantle. The occurrence of plagioclase lherzolite beneath Mt. Morning could be explained by lithospheric scale uplift along faults that define the western margin of the West Antarctic Rift System. Plagioclase lherzolite has also been collected and described from White Island. White Island is also interpreted to straddle lithospheric scale faults. Rifting and buoyant uplift is sufficient to explain the presence of plagioclase lherzolite in the Erebus Volcanic Province. Plagioclase lherzolite has also been described from Mt Melbourne, an eruptive centre in Northern Victoria Land. Known occurrences of plagioclase lherzolite from the western shoulder of the Ross Sea now cover an area 430 km long and 80 km wide. This is one of the largest provinces of plagioclase peridotite worldwide so far reported.

<p>Title: Morning papers, evening papers or webb magazines? - a qualitative study about young adults attitudes about the different magazine types.Number of pages: 45Author: Antonella MarinoTutor: Göran SvenssonCourse: Media and communication studiesPeriod: Autumn term 2009University: Division of Media and communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University.Purpose/aim: The aim of this essay is to find out how young adults of the age of 20-30 discusses about the different types of news papers: morning papers, evening papers and Webb magazines. I have chosen four needs for my essay which are surveillance, emotional release/ entertainment, personal identity and interactivity. The purpose is to find out the differences between morning papers, evening papers and webb magazines. Which magazine type satisfies my four chosen needs in a best way? Which other conditions influence the young adults choices of magazine type? I will also try to find out if the new idea interactivity can be equivalent to the other three needs.Material/Method: I have used three groups for discussion for my essay. The three groups contained 4-5 people. Everyone was in the age of 20-30. I brought some friends of mine to the groups, who instead brought there friends. So everyone in the group knew someone, but not everybody.Main results: There were bigger differences between the attitudes towards morning- and evening papers than between them and the webb magazines. The young adults had positive attitudes towards morning papers, but very negative attitudes towards evening papers. The webb magazines depended on which type of magazine it was. If it was a morning paper in a webb version the attitudes were positive. So the morning papers and their versions in the webb satisfied the needs of the young adults in a best way. But of course the results were different, some of the young adults preferred the evening papers for entertainment and webb maqazines for surveillance and interactivity. The other conditions that influence the choices of the young adults for reading different types of papers were for example their personal attributes, their social situation but even occasions. I found interactivity equivalent to the other needs.Key words: morning papers, evening papers, webb magazines, young adults, surveillance, personal release/entertainment, personal identity and interactivity.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Purpose/Aim: The purpose is to compare morning television in the swedish public service chanel SVT and the public service/comercial chanel TV4 in Sweden to find out what the difference is between them.</p><p>Material/Method: This essay focuses on one week of recorded morning television from SVT´s Gomorron Sverige and TV4´s Nyhetsmorgon. The method used is quantitative analysis.</p><p>Main results: This study has shown that morning television differs between public service television and comercial television in three aspects. It differs in content, flow and the presenters role to frame the program.</p>

Title: Morning papers, evening papers or webb magazines? - a qualitative study about young adults attitudes about the different magazine types.Number of pages: 45Author: Antonella MarinoTutor: Göran SvenssonCourse: Media and communication studiesPeriod: Autumn term 2009University: Division of Media and communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University.Purpose/aim: The aim of this essay is to find out how young adults of the age of 20-30 discusses about the different types of news papers: morning papers, evening papers and Webb magazines. I have chosen four needs for my essay which are surveillance, emotional release/ entertainment, personal identity and interactivity. The purpose is to find out the differences between morning papers, evening papers and webb magazines. Which magazine type satisfies my four chosen needs in a best way? Which other conditions influence the young adults choices of magazine type? I will also try to find out if the new idea interactivity can be equivalent to the other three needs.Material/Method: I have used three groups for discussion for my essay. The three groups contained 4-5 people. Everyone was in the age of 20-30. I brought some friends of mine to the groups, who instead brought there friends. So everyone in the group knew someone, but not everybody.Main results: There were bigger differences between the attitudes towards morning- and evening papers than between them and the webb magazines. The young adults had positive attitudes towards morning papers, but very negative attitudes towards evening papers. The webb magazines depended on which type of magazine it was. If it was a morning paper in a webb version the attitudes were positive. So the morning papers and their versions in the webb satisfied the needs of the young adults in a best way. But of course the results were different, some of the young adults preferred the evening papers for entertainment and webb maqazines for surveillance and interactivity. The other conditions that influence the choices of the young adults for reading different types of papers were for example their personal attributes, their social situation but even occasions. I found interactivity equivalent to the other needs.Key words: morning papers, evening papers, webb magazines, young adults, surveillance, personal release/entertainment, personal identity and interactivity.