Lorsque des particules actives, des particules pouvant se mouvoir par elles-mêmes, sont mises en suspension dans un fluide, celles-ci peuvent avoir un comportement collectif. Dans ce document, nous présentons des travaux expérimentaux utilisant des Escherichia Coli, une particule biologique, des techniques microfluidiques, ainsi que des simulations numériques. Ceux-ci nous ont permis de caractériser les comportements collectifs de ces nageurs, leur modification en présence d'un cisaillement extérieur ainsi que l'impact de ces comportements microscopiques sur sa viscosité. Nous avons ainsi mis au jour le caractère progressif de l'apparition des mouvements collectifs avec la concentration, l'existence d'un taux de cisaillement critique commun pour les comportements individuels et collectifs des nageurs, ainsi qu'une rhéologie non-newtonienne de ces suspensions. / If we put active particles, ie. motile particles, in suspension into a _uid, collective behaviors can occur. In this document, we present experimental works using Escherichia Coli, a biological particle, micro_uidic devices, and numerical simulations. By these ways, we caracterized these swimmers, their collective motions, the impact of an external shear on their behavior, and rheological behavior of this kind of suspensions. We show that the typical size of these collective motions increases smoothly with the volume fraction, and that a critical shear rate exist and is the same for individual and collective motion under shear. We also show for that bacterial suspensions have a non-newtonian viscosity and describe their rheological behavior.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15367号 / 工博第3246号 / 新制||工||1488(附属図書館) / 27845 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 正愛, 教授 林 康裕, 教授 吹田 啓一郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Chez les plantes, la croissance est essentielle à la régulation de la forme de tout organe en développement. A l'échelle de la cellule, la croissance résulte de la compétition entre la pression interne de la cellule et la rigidité de sa paroi. Des hétérogénéités de ces grandeurs à l'échelle du tissu mènent alors à une croissance différentielle puis à des mouvements à l'échelle de l'organe entier. Ces mouvements macroscopiques peuvent être interprétés comme une manifestation des processus de croissance microscopiques. Nous proposons de mettre à profit ce lien entre croissance et mouvements afin d'approcher la croissance d'une nouvelle manière : de l'organe à la cellule. Nos travaux portent sur les feuilles composées d'Averrhoa carambola qui montrent deux mouvements typiques des feuilles en croissance,le déroulement et la nutation. Nous montrons dans un premier temps que la forme de la feuille en croissance est régulée de manière active. Nous étudions ensuite la cinématique du déroulement et de la nutation. Ce faisant, nous mettons en évidence une relation particulière entre croissance et croissance différentielle à partir de laquelle nous construisons un modèle cinématique de nutation. Conformément à de précédents résultats, ce modèle suggère que la croissance peut s'accompagner de contractions locales. Enfin, à l'échelle du tissu, la mécanique des parois cellulaires et leur composition sont étudiées. Nos résultats révèlent des hétérogénéités spatiales de ces deux paramètres au sein de la feuille, potentiellement cohérents avec la direction du mouvement de nutation. / In plants, growth is essential to the shape regulation of developing organs. It is also the key for every plant to adapt to its environment. At the cell level, growth relies on a competition between the inner pressure of the cell and the rigidity of its cell wall. Heterogeneities of these quantities across the tissue can result in differential growth and lead to motions of the whole organ. These macroscopic motions can thus be read as an outward signal of the cellular mechanisms underlying shape regulation and growth itself. Here, we propose to take benefit from this link between growth and motions to gain a new insight on growth through a multiscale approach, from the organ to the cell wall. We focus on the compound leaves of Averrhoa carambola which display two marked motions, unfurling and nutation, widespread among developing leaves. First, we show that the shape of the leaf results from an active regulation of its macroscopic mechanical properties. The kinematics of the two latter motions are then compared to the associated growth. Doing so, we put forward the specific patterns of growth and differential growth underlying the development of the leaf. Based on these results, we build a kinematic model for nutation which, accordingly with previous findings, suggests the occurrence of local contractions during growth. At the cell wall level, our results reveal spatial heterogeneities of both its rigidity and biochemical status within the leaf. These heterogeneities might be consistent with the direction of the nutation.

This paper looks at the motions sent into the Swedish government’s Committee on Environment and Agriculture between 2018-2022 to see if gender impacts the environmental content. Much research has been done on the environmental attitudes of representatives; however, little research has been done on environmental legislative behaviour. When it’s been done, there have been varying results Some find that women engage in more pro-environmental legislative behaviour than men, and some find that there is no difference (e.g. Fredriksson & Wang, 2011; Jones, 1997). The hypothesis for this study was that women would show more pro-environmental behaviour in their motions. However, the result from this study shows that there was no significant difference in number of environmental motions sent in by women and men. Nevertheless, the results showed that there is a significant connection between parties and pro- environmental motions, where the more right a party was on the left-right scale, the less pro-environmental motions were sent in. In addition, the results show that right wing parties handed in more anti-environmental motions. These findings could strengthen the research on environmental attitudes and environmental behaviour amongst legislators.

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Origami-based mechanisms have unique characteristics that make them attractive for engineering applications. However, origami-based design is still a developing area of design. Continued work to increase general understanding of key design parameters specific to origami-based mechanisms will increase the ability of designers to capture the potential benefits of origami-based mechanisms. This thesis presents a fundamental study of origami to assist designers in gaining a stronger understanding of the key parameters and capabilities of origami-based mechanisms. As a starting point a study of fundamental motions in action origami models (those that exhibit motions in their folded state) is presented to explore fundamental motions and actuation in origami-based mechanisms. Eleven fundamental motions are outlined and defined with the associated actuation forces that drive them. Additionally, considerations for ensuring necessary performance and force transfer characteristics in origami mechanisms are presented. This is done by exploring the effect of surrogate hinge selections, fold pattern modification, and actuation inputs on the final mechanism. A model of mechanical advantage in origami models consisting of N, degree-4, vertices (where N = 1,2,3,...) is developed and explored. From the exploration of the parameters of the mechanical advantage model it is shown that hinge selection can greatly affect the performance of an origami mechanism by determining its range of motion, precision, and mechanical advantage. Therefore, in order to better understand this important design decision, specific considerations for surrogate hinge selection are presented. These considerations discuss methods to increase performance and reduce hinge imprint, as well as develop surrogate hinges in metals. The key design parameters and considerations presented herein as well as study of origami motions serve to lay the groundwork toward the development of analysis tools and design guidelines specifically suited to origami based design.

This thesis reviews the parameters required to perform linear response history analysis according to Chapter 16 of the American Standard ASCE 7-10. A careful analysis is presented about the selection of ground motions using real records and using artificial records generated such that their response spectrum matches with a defined target spectrum; three different techniques are studied for the generation of these artificial records. Also, this document revises the scaling of ground motion techniques in the American Standard ASCE-7 as well as in other seismic codes. It presents a detailed analysis of the variables influencing the scaling of ground motions, and it suggests a new scaling technique for linear response history analysis. The assumptions made establishing the flexibility of the diaphragms are also analyzed as well as dynamic methods to include accidental torsion when doing a linear response history analysis. Other modeling issues such as the orientation of the ground motion axis, scaling of element forces and displacements, orthogonal loading, solution techniques, P-Delta effects, modeling of the basement, and calculation of drifts are also studied in the context of linear response history analysis. The thesis concludes with suggested code language for linear response history analysis intended to be considered in future editions of the American Standard ASCE 7. / Master of Science

Biological motion constitutes a key and indispensable element of all biomolecules, as dynamics tightly link spatial architecture with function. Several computational and experimental techniques have been developed to study biomolecular dynamics. Nevertheless, few label-free and atomic or sub-atomic resolution techniques are able to capture biological motions at close to native conditions. Indeed, the only label-free technique giving atomic level access to dynamics from picoseconds down to seconds is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In this dissertation, I identify the imperfections and inaccuracies accompanying the routine and well-accepted methods of probing protein dynamics via 15N spin relaxation NMR measurements. Subsequently, I propose and develop solutions and experimental approaches to overcome the limitations and eliminate artefacts. The routine procedures applying heavy water as an internal locking standard lead to artifacts in every type of relaxation rate of 15N amides due to reaction with exchangeable deuterons. The deviations from correct values are most pronounced for highly dynamic and exposed protein fragments. I introduce a novel set of directly detected 15N spin relaxation experiments yielding an unprecedent resolution resolving the signal overlap, although of lower sensitivity. I propose a more accurate. Finally, I present how the 15N spin relaxation techniques and improved routines can be applied to understand biological processes that cannot be described without monitoring molecular motions. Using the example of human BTB domains, which are directly linked to human cancer, I demonstrate the ability to detect cryptic binding sites on the surfaces of proteins. The cryptic binding site was verified by a comprehensive NMR-monitored fragment-based screening that revealed a hit-rate only for MIZ1BTB, which was the only protein displaying slow segmental motions. I also managed to track subtle and biologically-relevant dynamic modulations of an exposed H3 histone tail affected by H1 histones or other histone variants. Enhancement of H3 tail dynamics led to increased H3K36 methylation, while restriction of motions resulted in the opposite effect. These observed correlations unequivocally support the essential role of molecular mobility in biological functions.

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No description available.