Motivational Interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based practice that focuses on working through client ambivalence and increasing clients' motivation to change. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect that a unique student-based training in MI had on counselor trainees' ability to perform MI, and on client outcomes. This training program consisted of one initial four-hour training session, two hours of follow-up supervision, and formal feedback via MITI 3.0 scores. Counselor-trainee skill was assessed via the MI Knowledge Questionnaire, the Helping Responses questionnaire, and the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code 3.0. In addition, the following instruments were used to assess client outcomes ; attendance via observation assessments, the Session Summary, the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2, and the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire. The sample consisted of 43 graduate-level counselor trainees in their first or second semesters of practicum and 81 adult clients being seen in a university-based graduate student-training counseling clinic. Participants were purposefully assigned to either a treatment or control group. The counselor trainees in the treatment group received the unique training program, follow-up supervision, and feedback whereas the participants in the control group received a four-hour orientation to the student-training counseling clinic. There were four primary hypotheses proposed for analysis within this study (a) How does a brief training in Motivational Interviewing given to counselor trainees affect their ability to accurately perform MI?, (b) How does a brief training in Motivational Interviewing given to counselor trainees affect client functioning?, (c) How does a brief training in Motivational Interviewing given to counselor trainees affect client adherence?, and (d) How does a brief training in Motivational Interviewing given to counselor trainees affect client satisfaction with treatment? The statistical analysis of these variables yielded significant findings. Specifically, counselor-trainee skill in MI significantly improved in the treatment group as compared to the control group as assessed by the MITI with regard to the following variables: evocation, collaboration, autonomy/support, empathy, direction, MI non-adherent giving information, closed questions, simple reflections, complex reflections, total reflections, global scores, ratio of open questions, ratio of reflections, and ratio of MI adherent behavior. In addition, analysis revealed significant between group differences with client attendance. Specifically, between group-differences suggested that clients in the MI treatment group attended more sessions, missed fewer sessions, and completed therapy more frequently than clients in the control group. Detailed procedures and results as well as implications for the counseling profession and future research are explored within this study.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing condition associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. Patients suffering from OUD have an increased risk of death from suicide, HIV, infectious disease, and trauma, among other causes. Patients suffering from OUD often manage various comorbid psychiatric illnesses and homelessness. From 1999 to 2017, an estimated 400,000 people died from prescription opioid related overdoses. In 2014, there were 28,647 opioid related overdose deaths in the United States. The current standard of care for treatment of OUD is an opioid receptor agonist methadone or buprenorphine combined with a psychosocial intervention, like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management (CM), or motivational interviewing (MI). MI has proven to be effective in treating OUD when combined with methadone and buprenorphine. Other studies have found increased rates of opioid abstinence when study subjects were provided recovery housing contingent on urine that was free of opioids and other substances (CM). Among patients with a history of incarceration and co-morbid OUD, stable housing in some form -- private residence or living with a friend or family -- has been found to be effective in reducing opioid use when compared to homelessness as a control, suggesting homelessness confers a higher risk of opioid use. This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the effect of stable housing on opioid use disorder treatment and recovery. Study subjects will be Boston area residents who are prescribed methadone. Investigators will follow study subjects over six months while they attend weekly motivational interviewing sessions as part of their treatment regime and attend methadone clinics as usual. Once per week, study subjects will submit urine samples to study affiliated Medical Assistants (MA). Urine samples will be sent to LabCorp for toxicology analysis. At the conclusion of the study, investigators will examine which patients had longer time to relapse based on their housing status. We hypothesize that subjects with stable housing will have longer abstinence, as measured by urine toxicology, than subjects without stable housing. Positive findings could be used to help influence policy makers and federal and state legislation to promote stable housing for patients recovering from OUD.

We examined the effects of deliberate practice (DP) in teaching motivational interviewing (MI) helping skills to 45 upper-level undergraduate students in a semester-long course using an experimental crossover waitlist design. Students participated in a three-hour MI skills workshop focused on open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries (OARS) and engaged in ongoing practice throughout the semester. Students video-recorded four skill demonstrations involving real-life changes with a volunteer client, addressing behavioral change. Pre- and post-workshop video recordings were analyzed to evaluate changes in reflective listening skills and the overall consistency of using MI OARS skills. The results revealed significant increases in reflections-to-questions ratio, consistency in using MI OARS skills, and decreased use of statements that were inconsistent with MI. Additionally, students reported increased learning and self-efficacy in using MI skills. These findings suggest that integrating DP into undergraduate courses enhances the frequency and proficiency of MI-helping skills among undergraduate students preparing for the helping professions. The practical implications extend to preparing students for graduate programs or careers in the helping professions. Public Significance: This study highlights the potential benefits of incorporating DP with MI in undergraduate courses. By using experiential methods to introduce students to MI and its principles, this approach may lay the foundation for developing greater confidence and a solid foundation for building advanced helping skills as novices prepare to enter graduate programs in the helping professions.

Background: Diabetes mellitus type-2 is a public health disease that’s increased and worsened by our lifestyles. The patients' motivation to make lifestyle changes is promoted by the nurses' support, where communication has an important role in the nursing work. Motivational interviewing [MI] is aconversation method used in healthcare to motivate and support patients to carry out the lifestyle changes that are relevant for the patients. Aim: The aim was to describe patients' experiences of motivational interviewing about lifestyle changes at diabetes mellitus type-2. Method: This study’s a general literature review with structured searches in the databases CINAHL and PubMed with eleven articles, which were analyzed according to the integrated analysis. Results: This study found two main headings: Patients’ motivation for lifestyle changes and MI promotes autonomy. The subheadings are the meaning of the nurse's support, the patients' experience of community, the patients' knowledge of their illness and treatment, autonomy and MI prevents the feeling of guilt and shame. Conclusion: MI increased the patients' sense of self-determination and motivated them to self-care. Through nurses increased knowledge about MI and its impact, they can support patients to make lifestyle changes.

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