Mozambique academic libraries are quite vulnerable in hybrid collection development for various reasons. In the process of collection development, physical collections have dominated the Mozambican libraries’ scene because they can acquire printed materials relatively easily. Digital materials, on the other hand, have caused difficulties due to the costs of subscribing to databases and poor technological infrastructure generated by insufficient resources. This work aims to understand the strategies followed by the libraries of Mozambican higher education institutions for the development of their hybrid collections, and to highlight the acquisition patterns, trends of integration of the collections and general challenges they face in this area. To answer the research questions, we have conducted the literature review and collected empirical data from university library documents and through semi-structured interviews with librarians responsible for collection development in three universities. The research adopted a qualitative study method and investigated three university libraries in Mozambique. As a result, we have identified collection development strategies used for the development of hybrid collections. These are partly overlapping as they must help to solve similar problems, and some strategies are specific to a university, because of different conditions and opportunities. It was also realized that, despite the efforts of those university libraries, there is a general weakness in state funding. The influence of external investment proved to be a great positive differential in the working areas of the affected libraries. It was also found out that university libraries participate and use the potential of the Mozambican library consortium AMOBAP unequally and the integration of institutional repositories is not on the same stage among the libraries.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the species composition of ticks that infest domestic animals in Maputo Province and their geographic distributions. To this end a total of 145 cattle, 129 goats, 132 dogs and 63 drag­samples of the vegetation were examined at 30 localities distributed throughout the province, at each of which the geographic coordinates were recorded and later plotted. A total of 15187 ixodid ticks belonging to 15 species were recovered. These were Amblyomma hebraeum, Haemaphysalis elliptica, Haemaphysalis sp., Hyalomma rufipes, Ixodes cavipalpus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus kochi, Rhipicephalus longus, Rhipicephalus pravus group, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus tricuspis and Rhipicephalus turanicus. R. (B.) microplus and A. hebraeum were most abundant on cattle, while H. elliptica was most abundant on dogs. H. elliptica, I. cavipalpus, R. longus and R. turanicus can now be added to the lists of ixodid tick species previously published for Mozambique. The geographic distributions of nine of the 15 tick species were mapped, and A. hebraeum, H. elliptica and R. evertsi evertsi were present throughout the province. No indigenous Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus were recovered, whereas the introduced Asian tick, R. (B.) microplus was present in all districts. It would seem that R. (B.) decoloratus has been completely displaced by R. (B.) microplus in Maputo Province. Although R. appendiculatus was recovered at 24 of the 30 localities, it was present at only two of the seven localities in the south of the province. R. sanguineus was present on dogs in the districts of Boane, Naamacha and Manhiça, where the collections were made at the dog owners’ homes. R. simus was present at 27 localities and R. turanicus was collected in the districts of Magude, Boane, Namaacha and Matutuine, in the north, centre and south of the province. Future surveys in Mozambique should focus on determining the extent to which R. (B.) microplus has displaced R. (B.) decoloratus. A further objective of the study was to compare the prevalence of the five major tick species, namely A. hebraeum, R. (B.) microplus, R. appendiculatus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. simus on cattle and goats. It was possible to do this at 21 of the sampling sites, at each of which five cattle and five goats had been examined. These five ticks infested both cattle and goats, but the goats harboured larger numbers of immature ticks and fewer adults of some species, while large numbers of both adult and immature ticks were recovered from cattle. Furthermore, more cattle than goats at more localities were infested with adult ticks of each of the five species. Consideration should be given to including goats in future tick control programmes applied to cattle on the same properties. A total of ten ixodid tick species were recovered from dogs in Maputo Province. Of these H. elliptica, R. sanguineus, R. simus and R. turanicus can be considered major parasites of dogs, while large numbers of immature A. hebraeum and smaller numbers of immature R. appendiculatus infested these animals opportunistically. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

The Maputo Corridor is the most significant development project undertaken by the South African government since 1994. The Corridor is an extremely complex project, bringing together a variety of actors from South Africa, Mozambique, and beyond. The project includes the rehabilitation and upgrading of major transport and communications infrastructure between Witbank and Maputo, institutional reform to expedite border-crossing, and incentives for labour-intensive investment in the areas adjacent to the Corridor. The Maputo Corridor is also the first build-operate- transfer highway in the region. The Maputo Corridor is a valid and fascinating subject for political inquiry because it provides insight into the new South African government's priorities and ideological stance. Research on the Corridor also contributes to our understanding of political power structures in the region. The primary goal of this dissertation was to come to an understanding of why and how the Maputo Corridor developed. Research was designed to test popular hypotheses from the South African media. These hypotheses were (1) that the Corridor was designed to isolate Gauteng from potential transport-based blackmail by the IFP and (2) that the Corridor was sponsored and directed by the leaders of Mpumalanga Province. This dissertation is composed of four main sections. First, the historical context of the Corridor starting in the 19th century is investigated. Repetitive historical themes with relevance for the present are identified. Second, the leaders and managers of the corridor project are pinpointed. Third, strategic motivations for the corridor in the current political environment are studied. The fourth part consists of an investigation of the means used to implement the Corridor. Several sources of information were used. These sources included indepth interviews with the Corridor's stakeholders, primary documentation, and secondary published sources.

Antecedentes: La visión es fundamental para la integración del individuo en el medio externo, para la realización de las actividades cotidianas y para que tenga una vida social funcional. La aparición de patologías o alteraciones oculares puede ocasionar discapacidad visual (DV), que a su vez repercute negativamente en la calidad de vida del individuo, su familia y la sociedad en general, pudiendo ocasionar enormes pérdidas económicas. Objetivo general: Analizar el panorama de la salud ocular en Nampula, Mozambique. Objetivos específicos (OE): OE1: Determinar la prevalencia de la DV, sus causas y factores asociados en niños (<18 años) y adultos (≥18 años) en Nampula; OE2: Identificar las barreras para acceder a los servicios de salud ocular en Nampula y los factores asociados; OE3: Evaluar la distribución y disponibilidad de recursos humanos y materiales para la salud ocular en Nampula; OE4: Evaluar los resultados de las cirugías de catarata realizadas en el Hospital Central de Nampula y su impacto en la función visual (FV) y calidad de vida (QV) de los pacientes. Resultados: OE1. En los niños, se encontró que la prevalencia de discapacidad visual sin corrección (DVSC), presente (DVP) y con la mejor corrección (DVCC) de 18.3 %, 10.8 % y 5.0 %, respectivamente. Las principales causas de discapacidad visual fueron errores refractivos y ambliopía. El error refractivo tuvo una prevalencia del 24.7%, y los grupos de edad entre 15-17 años y 18-20 años se asociaron significativamente con la miopía (con OR: 4.9 y OR: 8.8, respectivamente), así como el 11° y 12° año escolar (OR: 8.1 y OR: 10.7, respectivamente), y el distrito de Malema se asoció con miopía (ORa: 0.4) e hipermetropía (ORa: 0.4 y OR: 0.3) como factor protector. En adultos, la DVP de cerca y lejos tuvo una prevalencia de 16.3% y 21.1%, respectivamente, y se asoció estadísticamente con los grupos de edad entre 45-65 años (OR: 4.9) y >65 años (OR: 29.1), analfabetos (OR: 13.8), nivel escolar primario (OR: 4.8) y secundario (aOR: 37.5), ocupación de agricultor (OR: 32.8) y jubilado (OR: 14.3) y presencia de enfermedades sistémicas (OR: 3.3). Las principales causas de discapacidad visual presente fueron el error refractivo no corregido y la catarata. OE2. Entre los participantes, 49.4% tenían síntomas oculares y 41.7% no tenían sus exámenes oftalmológicos al día. Las barreras para acceder a los servicios de atención oftalmológica más citadas fueron el hacinamiento en los hospitales (40.7%), las dificultades financieras (30.0%), la automedicación (20.5%), el tratamiento tradicional (17.8%) y la compra de gafas en la calle (11.6%). Los niveles más bajos de educación e ingreso familiar mensual, y la ocupación de agricultor se asociaron estadísticamente con la mayoría de las barreras como factores de riesgo. OE3. La provincia de Nampula no ha alcanzado la proporción recomendada de profesionales de la salud ocular por población en las diferentes categorías (técnicos oftálmicos con 0.8 por 100 mil habitantes; optometristas y oftalmólogos con 0.4 y 0.2 por 250 mil habitantes, respectivamente). También hubo una distribución desigual de los profesionales de la salud ocular en toda la provincia, con una mayor concentración de profesionales en la capital provincial (Ciudad de Nampula), por lo que la mayoría de los distritos no alcanzaron la proporción recomendada, presentando un balance negativo. Las unidades de salud de nivel primario y secundario carecían de algunos equipos para ofrecer servicios de salud ocular a su nivel. Todas las unidades de salud cuentan con tablas de medición de la agudeza visual, juegos de lentes de prueba y gafas de prueba. Sin embargo, existe falta de equipos para ofrecer servicios de refracción como retinoscopios, autorefractómetros y frontofocómetro en unidades de salud primarias y secundarias. El Hospital Central de Nampula es la única unidad con equipamiento para ofrecer servicios quirúrgicos en Nampula. OE4. Las versiones adaptadas al contexto mozambiqueño de los cuestionarios FV y QV mostraron buenas propiedades psicométricas. La diferencia entre AV, FV y QV antes y después de la cirugía fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.001), hubo una mejoría significativa después de la cirugía, y el tamaño del efecto fue mayor en las sub-escalas “percepción” y “mental”, respectivamente. Después de la cirugía, el 74.3% de los pacientes tenían buena AV, el 23.5% limite y el 2.2% mala AV. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de DV en niños y adultos es relativamente alta y se debe principalmente a causas prevenibles o tratables. La población ha enfrentado varias barreras para acceder a los servicios de salud ocular, en particular el hacinamiento en los hospitales y las dificultades económicas, por lo cual, la utilización de los servicios de salud ocular en la periferia urbana de la capital provincial ha sido menor a lo esperado y se supone que sea aún peor en los otros distritos fuera de la capital, ya que la disponibilidad de recursos humanos y materiales de salud ocular es más limitada. Los servicios de cirugía están centralizados a nivel del HCN (en la capital), lo que compromete la cobertura de los servicios de cirugía de catarata en la provincia de Nampula. Los pacientes se someten a cirugía de cataratas cuando algunos aspectos de su FV y QV ya están gravemente comprometidos, y los resultados de las cirugías realizadas en HCN aún no han alcanzado las recomendaciones de la OMS con respecto a AV, pero tienen un gran impacto en la FV y QV de los pacientes. Existe la necesidad de una mayor intervención con respecto a salud ocular en Nampula, especialmente para que los servicios de salud ocular estén disponibles para los más vulnerables, como las personas de bajos ingresos, las personas analfabetas, los jubilados y los agricultores.

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In the past 40 years, floods have become a bane of Mozambique’s inhabitants and economy. The latest of them, caused by the cyclone Idai, has devastated the area resulting in loss of life and property. It was estimated that around 715 000 hectares of farmland was destroyed as a result of the cyclone. The main goal of this thesis was to assess the extent of the flooding and to determine the types of land cover that were affected. This was done in Google Earth Engine, using SAR change detection on Sentinel 1 data to create a mask for the flooded areas, followed by a supervised image classification on Sentinel 2 data to identify the types of land cover that were flooded. Two classifications were done, using imagery from early periods of the country’s plant growing season and later periods of the same season, respectively. The results of both classifications were below standard, with the main problems stemming from difficulties with differentiating between agriculture and roads along with agriculture and vegetation. Multiple ways to improve the results and avoid the errors in future similar projects were discussed, including using multi temporal data and utilizing a road map for the area to create a large amount of training points for the classification. In conclusion, while the results were not as good as was envisioned, the thesis provided ample opportunity to analyze errors and to theorize methods for improving future work.

The concept of ‘empowerment’ has been widely used among development practitioners since the early 1990s. This thesis aims to contribute to the literature on empowerment by developing an analytical framework that incorporates: (a) the dialectical nature of power, (b) multiple levels of analysis, and (c) the subjectivities of power that different actors have and that affect the way they respond to policies. The model is applied to the analysis of Mozambique’s transition to peace and the study of a national initiative called District Development Fund, known as the ‘7 Million’, which aims to promote empowerment by reducing poverty and promoting local participation in the rural districts. The analysis focuses, on the one hand, on the ‘7 million’ policy formulation, stressing the power struggles that shaped its final outcome and, on the other hand, the policy implementation in the district of Angoche, where I conducted extensive fieldwork. I argue that, even though the ‘7 million’ had some positive aspects – including providing a discourse that underlines the relevance of the districts and the local community in matters of governance – its effects in promoting local empowerment have been far below its potential. One of the reasons for this is to be found in the dynamics of power-to and power-over that take place at the local level and that partly reflect structural aspects linked to the Mozambique state formation and peacebuilding process. More generally, the case illustrates the limitations and contradictions of policies that aim promoting ‘bottom-up’ empowerment from the ‘top-down’.

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The non-profit organization Project Vita has recently built a maternity clinic in Linga Linga, where the medical instruments to be sterilized are boiled in water for an hour. The fuel needed to boil the water is wood, which is a scarce resource. This is why, according to the healthcare worker that was interviewed in Mozambique, it is desirable to have an electric-powered solution to sterilise the medical instruments. After research on the different sterilization techniques that exist, the conclusion was drawn that the safest way to sterilise is by the use of an autoclave. However, it would be difficult to implement and maintain an autoclave in Linga Linga. Therefore, it was proposed to build an autoclave using a pressure cooker. Through experimentation, different programs, times and pressures were tested to find out if a pressure cooker could sterilise a common object. It could be concluded that theoretically, it seems that the pressure cooker reached a temperature of over 121 degrees Celsius. However, the pressure could not be measured nor was a biological indicator, that could indicate if an autoclave or pressure cooker does sterile, used.  This project was to be done in Mozambique, but because of COVID-19, a travel ban was set in motion and universities and laboratories had limited access, thus limiting the project. As a result, it is still unclear if a pressure cooker can be used to sterilize medical instruments. / Detta arbete ingår som en del av Project Vitas arbete med en förlossningsklinik i Linga Linga, Moçambique.

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