Cette thèse analyse la circulation et la matérialisation du discours qui promeut l’augmentation de la production agricole et l’investissement privé en Afrique afin d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire et le Développement. Elle est fondée sur l’étude de la constellation agropolitique à l’œuvre au Nord du Mozambique, ensemble d’acteurs en interaction autour des enjeux de production agricole. Cette thèse explore à la fois la transformation d’espaces investis et d’espaces gris, laissés pour compte par la politique agricole et les projets de Développement et d’investissement. Cette thèse mobilise la géographie, la political agronomy, et l’étude des sciences et sociétés afin d’étudier les mécanismes de savoir, de pouvoir, d’ignorance, de violence, et de ruse, à plusieurs échelles et dans différents espaces. Ce travail repose sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle les objectifs productifs de sécurité alimentaire et de Développement s’accompagnent de stratégies de gouvernement de populations, de conquêtes de territoires ou encore de capture de ressources portées par une diversité d’acteurs. Cette recherche explore alors la façon dont les représentations de l’agriculture sont articulées pour servir divers enjeux, comment elles participent à des asymétries de pouvoir et de savoir, ainsi que la manière dont elles contribuent à reconfigurer les espaces ruraux. Cette thèse se penche sur la circulation des représentations de l’agriculture au sein de la politique agricole et de projets de développement et d’investissement ciblant le corridor de Nacala. Elle explore l’écart entre ces représentations et celles des sociétés Makhuwa qui l’habitent, ainsi que les mécanismes permettant aux représentations de coexister et de se matérialiser. L’analyse ancrée d’espaces investis et gris montre que les interactions entre les discours sur l’agriculture, leur matérialisation, et le contexte économique et politique Nord mozambicain, alimente des mécanismes de violence structurelle et une politisation des habitants. Cette recherche inductive se fonde sur des méthodes de recherche qualitative : observations, entretiens semi-structurés, immersions dans les sociétés Makhuwa et étude de la littérature grise. Elle est le fruit d'un travail de terrain totalisant un an au Nord du Mozambique. / This thesis analyzes the circulation and the materialization of the discourse promoting the intensification of agricultural production and private investments in Africa to achieve food security and Development. It is based on the study of the agropolitical constellation, i.e. the set of actors interacting around the issue of agricultural production, in northern Mozambique. This thesis explores the transformation of spaces targeted by investments and of grey spaces, neglected by the agricultural policy, Development, as well as investment projects. Theoretical concepts from Geography, Political Agronomy, and Science and Technology Studies, are arrayed to analyze the knowledge and power relations, the ignorance, the manipulations, and the mechanisms of violence interacting over multiple scales and across different spaces. This work relies on the assumption that the productive logic of food security and Development is accompanied with various strategies aiming at the government of populations, the conquest of territories or the capture of resources. This thesis explores the manner in which the representations of agriculture are articulated to serve multiple stakes, the manner they contribute to power and knowledge asymmetries, as well as the processes by which they reshape rural spaces. This thesis investigates the circulation of agricultural representations in the agricultural policy and in several Development and investment projects targeting the Nacala corridor. It documents the gap separating these representations from those of the Makhuwa societies inhabiting the corridor. It sheds light on the mechanisms enabling their coexistence and their materialization. The grounded analysis of grey spaces and spaces targeted by investments reveals the manner the interactions between the discourse on agriculture, its materialization, and the economic and political context of northern Mozambique generate mechanisms of structural violence and a politicization of inhabitants. This inductive research is based on qualitative research methods: observations, semi-structured interviews, immersions in Makhuwa societies, and analysis of grey literature. It is based on field work totaling one year in northern Mozambique.

M.Comm. / The fundamental purpose of the dissertation was a descriptive analysis and a theoretical evaluation of the petroleum industry and its functions in South Africa, as well as the relevance of toll roads in South Africa. Toll roads provide the opportunity whereby an urgently needed road can be built at an earlier date than would be the case normally. The strategic management of businesses under normal market conditions has been studied extensively. Less importance has been given to the strategic management of businesses affected by external market forces such as quotas, import tariffs, restricted licenses and toll roads. South Africa has more than 200 000 kilometers of roads and more than seven million cars. Therefore demand for petrol has grown substantially over the last few years. There are ten different petroleum companies in South Africa; namely Afric Oil, BP, Caltex, Engen, Exel, Sasol, Shell, Tepco, Total and Zenex and there is no discernible difference between the fuels from the different oil companies. In May 1996, the governments of South Africa and Mozambique announced their vision and their objectives for the Maputo Development Corridor. In particular they expressed their belief that the corridor initiative held substantial opportunities for both the public and private sectors. The Trans African Concession (TRAC) was awarded the concession to develop the corridor. Concession grants the private sector a right to collect tollfees, which are used to service the loans incurred for: designing, construction, operations and maintenance of toll roads in the Maputo Development. The concessioning right usually extends for a period of 30 years after which the road is handed back to the South African National Road Agency. The first of five toll roads opened on the 8 December 1998 between Witbank and Middelburg. Tollfees are collected (R20,60 per car) by Plaza operators, and tariffs are adjusted annually. Toll Roads affect businesses, such as petrol stations, restaurants etc., due to high tollfees. Thereby some motorists use alternative routes. The study focuses on the petroleum industry, and more particularly on the retail of fuel and related products in the Maputo Development Corridor. An external market force in the form of the N3 toll road is affecting this market and industry. Consequently the strategic management of Shell Ultra City Middelburg and other affected businesses have to adapt from the task model to allow for the influence of the toll road. The toll road functions and annually toll tariff adjustments, formed the crux of this study. General strategic considerations are developed in the study to counter the effect of the toll road. Furthermore, a specific action plan is formulated to practically implement these general strategic considerations.

Ces dernières années les États du Sud aussi bien que du Nord, se sont engagés dans une succession de réformes des administrations qui semblent suivre les mêmes modèles. La plupart des lectures de ces réformes, dans le contexte des pays du Sud, notamment africains, ne cessent d’invoquer leur caractère imposé, auquel les soumettent les bailleurs de fonds. Sans une vraie analyse au niveau local et sans une étude approfondie, ces réformes sont, grosso modo, présentées comme des échecs successifs. Cette thèse se veut donc une contribution à une lecture critique de ces réformes, de leur mise en oeuvre et des pratiques résultant de leur apprentissage, comme modes d’exercice de pouvoir.À partir d’une restitution empirique de la mise en oeuvre des réformes de décentralisation,notamment à travers le fonctionnement des municipalités, pour la ville de Beira et les bourgs de Mueda et Quissico au Mozambique, la thèse montre que l’apprentissage d’une réforme est influencé par les trajectoires spécifiques des rapports entre État et Sociétés, dans les espaces de mise en oeuvre.En combinant diverses approches de sociologie historique pour l’étude de l’administration à travers ces réformes successives, de sociologie de construction de l’État et de sociologie de l’action publique, ce travail défend la thèse que la réforme de l’administration, notamment décentralisatrice, en permettant une modification des modes d’articulation entre administration et citoyens, participe au redéploiement de l’État. En effet, les observations empiriques du fonctionnement quotidien des municipalités permettent de les voir comme de nouvelles arènes de diffusion et d’apprentissage entre État et administrés. C’est un processus qui doit forcément être resitué à l’intersection des enjeux spécifiques des lieux de mise en oeuvre et des cadres sous-jacents des réformes. / Over the last few years, States in the South and in the North have engaged in a series of government reforms that appear to have been created out of the same model. Most studies of these reforms insist on the idea that these reforms were imposed by donors, particularly in the context of developing countries, and especially for Africa. However, these analyses do not take into account local specificities and they therefore tend to present the reforms as successive failures. This thesis contributes to a critical reading of these reforms, their implementation and the practices resulting from their execution, demonstrating that they are means for exercising power. Indeed, starting from an empirical restitution of the implementation of decentralization reforms, notably through the proceedings of the municipalities for the city of Beira and the boroughs of Muedaand Quissico in Mozambique, the thesis shows that the learning curve of integrating reforms is influenced by the specific trajectory of the relationship between the State and society in the areas ofimplementation. By combining various approaches to historical sociology to the study of administration through these successive reforms, coupled with theories of sociology of state building and public action, this thesis argues that allowing changes in the relation between government and citizens through administrative reforms, especially decentralization, contributes to and participates in the redeploymentof the state.In fact, empirically observing the daily functioning of municipalities undergoing reformsenables to look at them as new arenas for propagation and learning in the linkage between States and their citizens. This process must necessarily be resituated into the intersection of the specific issues facing the locations of implementation and the underlying frameworks of reforms.

La multiplication des mouvements d’exportation et d’importation des modèles de gestion sociale, politique et économique a récemment trouvé un foyer privilégié et peu exploré : celui de l’échange entre acteurs du « Sud ». L’expérience brésilienne de modernisation agricole ou de politiques sociales a attiré l’attention de la communauté internationale dans les années 2000, en manque de réponses politiques face aux défis mondiaux de « lutte contre la pauvreté ». Cet intérêt s’est accru eu égard aux efforts diplomatiques brésiliens pour intensifier la coopération, le commerce et les investissements avec les pays en développement, notamment sur le continent africain. C’est dans le but de saisir le contenu, les processus et les implications politiques de l’internationalisation des instruments des politiques publiques brésiliennes pour le secteur rural que nous réalisons cette étude. Il nous intéresse également d’appréhender de manière plus large les dynamiques de distribution de pouvoir à l’échelle internationale face à l’insertion de nouveaux acteurs et de nouveaux référentiels d’action publique, en tenant compte de la particularité historico-politique des échanges sud-sud. Nous montrerons que l’influence des acteurs brésiliens dans la production et la circulation de normes internationales en matière de développement rural a été plus effective dans le changement organisationnel et normatif au sein des institutions multilatérales telles que la FAO que dans la réorientation des instruments politiques au sein des institutions publiques des pays du Sud, dans notre cas le Mozambique. Cette conclusion repose sur l’idée selon laquelle l’internationalisation d’instruments d’action publique fait l’objet d’un processus politique impliquant des réseaux d’acteurs à de multiples niveaux. Nous identifions trois ordres de facteurs influençant les résultats des interactions entre les acteurs brésiliens et les « récepteurs » des normes au niveau multilatéral aussi bien que national : i) les stratégies d’acteurs impliquant la redistribution des ressources politiques ; ii) le changement du cadre cognitif de la coalition dominante ; et/ou iii) l’altération du contexte intérieur ou extérieur au système politique (structure d’opportunité). Ces étapes devraient nous permettre de mieux saisir les enjeux de la transformation de l’État dans un contexte de mondialisation et de consolidation de nouvelles recettes mondiales de solutions publiques. / The proliferation of export and import of social, economic and policy management models has recently found a new arena: that of South-South relations. Brazil gained wide international recognition during the 2000s for its agricultural modernisation and social policies. The country’s domestic moves were especially significant in a context of weak political responses to the worldwide challenges of « fight against poverty ». Global interest in Brazil has strengthened in view of its diplomatic efforts to intensify cooperation, trade and investment with developing countries, especially in Africa. This study aims to understand the content, the process and the political implications of the internationalization of Brazil’s rural public policy instruments. The study also intends to broadly analyse the dynamics of power distribution at the international level resulting from the emergence of new actors and new public policy frameworks, taking into account the historical and political distinctiveness of South-South exchanges. We show that the influence of Brazilian actors in the production and the circulation of international norms of rural development has been more effective in producing organisational and normative change within multilateral institutions, such as the FAO, than in the reorientation of policy instruments and institutions in the Global South, and in particular in Mozambique which is our case study. This assumption is grounded in the idea that internationalization of policy instruments is subject to a political process involving actors’ networks at multiple levels. For our study, we identify three factors influencing the interactions between Brazilian players and the “receivers” of norms at multilateral and national levels: i) strategies of the actors involved in the redistribution of political resources; ii) changes in the cognitive frame of the ruling coalition; and/or iii) changes to the internal or external context of the political system (opportunity structure). This analysis should enable a clearer understanding of the drivers of state transformation in a context of globalisation and the consolidation of new global policy solutions. / A multiplicação de movimentos de exportação e importação de modelos de gestão social, política e econômica tem se intensificado a partir de um novo eixo: o das relações entre países do “Sul”. A experiência brasileira de modernização agrícola e de implementação de políticas sociais foi reconhecida pela comunidade internacional nos anos 2000, principalmente num contexto de fragilidade das respostas políticas face aos desafios mundiais de “luta contra a pobreza”. Tal interesse internacional tem se aprofundado diante dos esforços da diplomacia brasileira em intensificar a cooperação, o comércio e os investimentos nos países em desenvolvimento, em particular no continente africano. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o conteúdo, os processos e as implicações políticas da internacionalização de instrumentos brasileiros de políticas públicas para o setor rural. Ele busca ainda examinar de maneira mais ampla as dinâmicas de distribuição de poder na esfera internacional, como resultado da emergência de novos atores e de novos marcos de políticas públicas, levando-se em conta as particularidades histórico-políticas das relações Sul-Sul. Nós mostraremos que a influência de atores brasileiros na produção e na circulação de normas internacionais em matéria de desenvolvimento rural se mostrou mais efetiva na mudança organizacional e normativa no âmbito das instituições multilaterais, como a FAO, do que na reorientação de instrumentos políticos nas instituições públicas dos países do Sul, em particular em Moçambique que representa no nosso estudo de caso. Tal conclusão baseia-se na ideia de que a internacionalização de instrumentos de políticas públicas representa um processo político envolvendo redes de atores em múltiplos níveis de ação. Três principais fatores influenciam os resultados das interações entre atores brasileiros e os “receptores” das normas no âmbito multilateral e nacional: i) as estratégias dos atores levando à redistribuição de recursos políticos; ii) a mudança da estrutura cognitiva da coalizão dominante; e/ou iii) a alteração do contexto interno ou externo ao sistema político (estrutura de oportunidade). Esta análise deverá proporcionar uma melhor compreensão do processo de transformação do Estado num contexto de globalização e de consolidação de novas soluções globais de políticas públicas.

The genesis of the informal sector in Mozambique is similar to the way it emerged in many other countries in the world, starting mainly with small businesses performed by unemployed people, peasent families, street vendors among others as their self employment. The informal sector offers a striking illustration of the strengths and weakness of enterprises in Mozambique. A simple and transparent legal framework, properly enforced is indispensable for the long term success of the informal sector to turn to formal sector. Taxation is controversary in the informal sector. The existing tax system in Mozambique is distorced and naturally contribute to a host of economic and social problems. The needed for the reform of taxation system has been acknowledged for instance the recent implementation of VAT system in Mozambique still on process of implementation. Taxes generated by the informal sector could contribute to the budget of the State. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

The South African agricultural sector is of great economic importance; not only does it contribute to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), it is also a significant provider of employment. On average, a South African producer feeds approximately 1 600 people compared to the average in Africa of only 26 people and, therefore, the South African agricultural sector is key in providing food security in South Africa. Over the last number of years, South African producers have experienced mounting pressure when it comes to producing profitably. A recent announcement of a 51% increase in agricultural minimum wages resulted in retrenchments by producers in an attempt to reduce production costs. Furthermore, rising production costs, including the cost of labour, have left producers considering alternatives such as mechanisation and/or diversifying into other sectors. Other more drastic measures include relocating or diversifying agricultural activities to other African countries in search of more profitable investments and other benefits such as affordable labour. However, when considering relocating, the cost of labour in the host country will be a determining factor. The main objective of this study was to determine the financial viability of producing in South Africa compared to Mozambique focusing on labour cost. In-depth, structured interviews with experts in this study field were conducted in order to determine the stability of the labour market in South Africa and Mozambique and also to examine the possibility of a link between higher wages and the level of development or mechanisation in the grain sector. The findings include that cheap labour is available in Mozambique and can possibly add value to the grain-producing value chain cycle. However, other factors including the lack of a properly developed market and insufficient infrastructure may counter the possible cost advantages that could be gained through cheaper labour costs. A decision matrix was developed for grain producers as decision-making tool when considering relocating or diversifying agricultural activities to another African country. / MCom (Management Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The South African agricultural sector is of great economic importance; not only does it contribute to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), it is also a significant provider of employment. On average, a South African producer feeds approximately 1 600 people compared to the average in Africa of only 26 people and, therefore, the South African agricultural sector is key in providing food security in South Africa. Over the last number of years, South African producers have experienced mounting pressure when it comes to producing profitably. A recent announcement of a 51% increase in agricultural minimum wages resulted in retrenchments by producers in an attempt to reduce production costs. Furthermore, rising production costs, including the cost of labour, have left producers considering alternatives such as mechanisation and/or diversifying into other sectors. Other more drastic measures include relocating or diversifying agricultural activities to other African countries in search of more profitable investments and other benefits such as affordable labour. However, when considering relocating, the cost of labour in the host country will be a determining factor. The main objective of this study was to determine the financial viability of producing in South Africa compared to Mozambique focusing on labour cost. In-depth, structured interviews with experts in this study field were conducted in order to determine the stability of the labour market in South Africa and Mozambique and also to examine the possibility of a link between higher wages and the level of development or mechanisation in the grain sector. The findings include that cheap labour is available in Mozambique and can possibly add value to the grain-producing value chain cycle. However, other factors including the lack of a properly developed market and insufficient infrastructure may counter the possible cost advantages that could be gained through cheaper labour costs. A decision matrix was developed for grain producers as decision-making tool when considering relocating or diversifying agricultural activities to another African country. / MCom (Management Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Rural water supply and sanitation in low and middle income countries face the same challenges now as in the 1970s. Despite massive efforts in providing communal “borehole with handpump” and “improved latrines” to improve the lives of millions of people, this traditional approach to development is failing to deliver long lasting improved services - even if for the last 40 years many attempts have been made to solve problems in the approach. The main research question is “Can low-income rural families pay for rural water supply and sanitation?” This thesis has analysed household poverty and costs on water and sanitation services in Mozambique and Ghana based on 3,049 surveys collected between 2009-2010 by the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre WASHCost project. Evidence shows that even extreme poor households can and do pay for improved water and sanitation services. However, households prefer to pay for more expensive services to reduce the distance required to collect water instead of paying for the cheaper maintenance of communal (further away) sources. For sanitation, without targeted support towards the poorest, improved latrines might be unaffordable. Also, without follow up support, behaviour change and health impact will not be sustained. Small increases in the wealth of the poorest have a large impact on the services demanded in terms of quantity, distance and time spend as well as an increase in the level of capital and maintenance expenditure. Ultimately, the world now is not the same as in the 1970s and for achieving universal sustainable coverage for water and sanitation we need to rethink the failed traditional approach to development in low income countries with a deeper understanding of the market segmentation in the lowest quintile of the population and their real aspirations and demand.

Despite the impressive progress over the last two decades in which millions of people worldwide have gained first time access to improved water and sanitation infrastructure, the reality for many is that shortly after infrastructure construction the actual service received by users slips back to unacceptably low levels. However, due to inadequate research and inconsistencies with how data and cost data has been collected and reported, very little is known of the necessary levels of expenditure required to sustain an acceptable (so called “basic”) water and sanitation service and this inhibits effective financial planning for households, communities, governments and donors alike. This thesis sought to provide a better understanding of what has historically been spent to provide different levels of water and sanitation services as a means to better understand the necessary expenditure required. Empirical findings are based on a large data sample of nearly 2,000 water points, over 4,000 latrines, and over 12,000 household surveys, which have been collected as part of three research projects (WASHCost, Triple-S, and WASHCost Sierra Leone), across five country research areas (Andhra Pradesh (India), Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone). Findings for water supply systems show that the combination of high capital investments of: $19 and $69 per person for community point sources and $33 – $216 per person for piped systems; and low recurrent expenditures of: $0.06 - $0.37 per person per year for point sources and $0.58 - $7.87 per person per year for piped systems; results in less than half of users receiving a “basic” level of service. Evidence based estimates of the required expenditure for acceptable services are found to be far greater than the “effective demand” expressed in terms of the willingness to pay of service users and national government for these services. Findings for sanitation show that constructing a household latrine that achieves “basic” service standards requires a financial investment of at least $40 that is likely to be an unaffordable barrier for many households in lower income countries. In addition the costs and affordability of periodic pit emptying remains a concern. Ultimately this research suggests that if international standard of improved water and sanitation services are to be sustained in rural areas, the international sector will likely have to provide additional investments to meet a significant proportion of the recurrent costs of delivering these services.

The purpose of this thesis is to report on issues concerning the continuous spread of HIV/AIDS in Mozambique in spite of the HIV/AIDS prevention interventions that are in place. This research was conducted in Dondo and Maringue districts, both situated in the Sofala Province. Sofala Province had higher prevalence that was 25 percent higher than the national average of 16.2 percent. An ethnographic research methodology was used in order to understand the reasons behind the continuous escalation of HIV/AIDS. It was significant for one to get to know the people that live in Dondo and Maringue, especially their daily lives, including their cultural practices as the driving force in people’s behaviour and the manner in which people make sense of their daily lives. It was important to understand their cultural practices, because of their relevance to the issue of HIV/AIDS in terms of the manner in which cultural practices influence people in decision-making about their social life, which escalate to the issue of health practices. Although the concept of HIV/AIDS is acknowledged in Dondo and Maringue, xirombo and phiringaniso were continuously used as local concepts in health issues and practiced as indigenous knowledge together with kupitakufa, kupitamabzwade, and kupitamoto rituals, and these practices were extended in dealing with HIV/AIDS. The acceptance of the Western medical interpretation of HIV/AIDS was low among the people in Dondo and Maringue. This reality is due to the preservation of local cultural knowledge in dealing with diseases. As a result, local medical concept and rituals becomes a challenge to the Western medical interpretation of HIV/AIDS and its health prevention and intervention strategies. In the context of Western medical interpretation of diseases the above local cultural practices are used as '" " resistance against the western medical interpretations HIV/AIDS concepts. These cultural practices have preferences among local people in dealing with, and promoting HIV/AIDS health prevention interventions when compared with the public biomedical HIV/AIDS concept and the general biomedical practices. In conclusion this thesis suggests that there is a need for integration of these cultural practices within the Western medical interpretation, prevention and intervention strategies in dealing with the HIV/AIDS pandemic and its concerns at a local level.