La formation et l’intensification des précipitations sont le résultat de différents processus microphysiques menant au grossissement des hydrométéores nuageux. Les caractéristiques macrophysiques de formation et de développement des nuages convectifs fournissent un cadre environnemental qui influence et contraint ces processus microphysiques. L’observation de l’évolution des nuages à haute résolution temporelle permet de mettre en évidence ces processus microphysiques dont la compréhension est indispensable à la prévision à courte échéance des fortes précipitations. Dans ce travail, nous avons mis au point une méthode originale de suivi à haute résolution temporelle (cinq minutes) de systèmes convectifs isolés et associés à de fortes précipitations à partir de l’instrument SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) embarqué sur le satellite géostationnaire MSG (Météosat Seconde Génération). À partir de plusieurs cas d’étude, une analyse combinée de l’évolution temporelle des propriétés microphysiques (phase thermodynamique, rayons effectifs des hydrométéores), optiques (épaisseur optique) et macrophysiques (ratio périmètre/surface, température moyenne) au sommet des nuages ainsi que l’observation de l’évolution des précipitations au sol ont permis d’identifier sur une période d’intensification des précipitations allant de 30 minutes à 2h, un comportement typique des propriétés au sommet des nuages. Ce résultat fournit une base d'analyse pour la détermination future d’indicateurs précurseurs des fortes précipitations. / Formation of precipitation and its intensity are the result of the microphysical processes that contribute to the growth of precipitating hydrometeors. Macrophysical features of cloud formation and growth provide a framework of environmental conditions constraining microphysical processes. Cloud observations at high temporal resolution can highlight microphysical processes to better understand them which is essential for short-term prediction of heavy rainfall events within the context of nowcasting. A new methodology to track convective cloud systems with a time resolution of five minutes was developed from SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) on board Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite. A temporal analysis of cloud top microphysical properties (cloud top phase, cloud effective radius), cloud optical properties (cloud optical thickness), cloud top macrophysical properties (perimeter to area ratio, mean temperature) and ground based precipitation estimation was conducted. Particular temporal trends of cloud top properties was observed over a 30 minutes to 2h rainfall enhancement period. This result provides an analytical basis to determine future precursors of heavy rainfall events.

Obesidade envolve redução da expressão do transportador de glicose GLUT4 e do gene codificador SLC2A4 em tecido adiposo, junto com aumento na produção de TNFA, que regula negativamente o SLC2A4. Objetivo: avaliar regulação de Slc2a4/GLUT4 em tecido adiposo perigonadal de camundongos controles (C-tratados com salina) e obesos (MSG-tratados com MSG), submetidos a dieta normolipídica (DN) ou hiperlipídica (DH) por 4, 8, 12 e 16 semanas. Em 4 semanas MSG-DN apresentaram aumento na na sensibilidade insulínica e no GLUT4. A partir de 8 semanas, esse quadro se inverteu, com redução de Slc2a4/GLUT4 e aumento de Tnfa, resistência à insulina, hiperinsulinemia e hiperglicemia. A DH acelerou/exacerbou essa evolução. Em síntese, a evolução da obesidade levou a um quadro de diabetes tipo 2, no qual redução do GLUT4 desempenha um importante papel. / Obesity involves reduction of the glucose transporter GLUT4 expression and the encoding gene SLC2A4 in adipose tissue along with increased production of TNFA that negatively regulates the SLC2A4. Objective: To evaluate regulation of SLC2A4/GLUT4 in perigonadal adipose tissue controls mice (C treated with saline) and obese (MSG treated with MSG) undergoing normolipidic diet (ND) or hyperlipidic diet (HD) for 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. In 4 weeks MSG-ND showed increased insulin sensitivity and GLUT4. From 8 weeks, this situation was reversed, with a reduction of SLC2A4/ GLUT4 and increased Tnfa, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. The HD accelerated/exacerbated this trend. In summary, the development of obesity led to type 2 diabetes above in which reduction of GLUT4 plays an important role.

La thèse aborde le problème de l’évolution de la forme à travers l’exemple d’une différence de forme de branches ventrales mâles liée à l’isolement reproducteur chez deux espèces soeurs : Drosophila yakuba et Drosophila santomea. L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier les gènes impliqués dans l’évolution de cette différence de forme ainsi que les causes évolutives de cette différence entre espèces. Dans une première partie, la thèse interroge la notion de “gène” et sa recherche. Puis sont caractérisées, dans un cadre formel, les questions de type "comment" et "pourquoi" et leur lien avec la distinction causes prochaines/causes ultimes ou évolutives. Ces réflexions philosophiques sont ensuite reliées à l’Evo-Devo et au projet expérimental. Dans la deuxième partie, par morphométrie géométrique et une nouvelle méthode de génotypage à haut débit, le MSG, nous identifions un locus de 2.7 méga-bases situé sur le chromosome 3L comme étant impliqué dans l’évolution de la forme des branches ventrales entre D. yakuba et D. santomea. Ces résultats sont mis en perspective avec notre analyse quantitative de la variation de forme dans plusieurs souches naturelles, souches de laboratoire et souches élevées à différentes températures qui apportent des indices sur les causes évolutives de cette différence de forme / The thesis tackles the problem of the evolution of shape through the example of a shape difference in the male ventral branches linked to reproductive isolation in two sister species: Drosophila yakuba and Drosophila santomea. The goal is to identify the genes involved in the evolution of this shape difference and the evolutionary causes of such difference. In a first part, the thesis interrogates the concept of “gene” and its search. Then are scientifically characterized the “how” and “why” questions and their link with the distinction of proximal/ultimate, or evolutionary, causes; these philosophical grounds are then linked to Evo-Devo and the experimental work presented in the thesis. In a second part, through geometric morphometrics and a new high-throughput genotyping method, MSG, we identify a loci of 2.7 mega-bases located on chromosome 3L as involved in the evolution of the shape of ventral branches between D. yakuba and D. santomea. These results are linked to our quantitative analysis of shape variation in multiple natural and laboratory strains and strains reared at different temperatures which bring light into the evolutionary causes of this shape difference

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:57:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karine _Figueredo da Costa.pdf: 1477303 bytes, checksum: 428fe0d7f49e8f5828d70fa92f05b2f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Background and Objective: Periodontal disease is a chronic disease that affects a major population part and has been associated with systemic changes. As a result, its relationship with obesity and atherosclerosis, it is a matter of concern for the health system.The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of periodontal tissues and abdominal aorta artery in rats with hypothalamic obesity associated with experimental periodontitis. Material and Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided , initially, into 2 groups that were subjected to intradermal injections of 4G/kg of solution of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 1,25G/kg/day of saline solution (group CTL)in the cervical region, in the first 5 days of life. At 70 days, the groups were subdivided into 2 another groups, where was induced periodontitis with the ligation placing in 1s lower molars; creating in this way 4 groups: control group without ligation (CTL); control group with ligation (CTL Lig); group MSG without ligation (MSG); group MSG with ligation (MSG Lig). After 100 days the rats were weighed and the naso-anal lenght was measured, so the index of Lee was determined and, then, the animals were sacrificed. Gingival tissue and abdominal aorta samples, as well as the hemi-jaws were withdrawn for immunological, morphological and radiographic analysis. Results: The interleukin-6 concentration in gingival tissue was significant in CTL Lig group, being that the Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha concentration in the abdominal aorta is higher in groups with experimental periodontitis (p< 0.05). Both the x-ray analysis as the histology showed a lower alveolar bone loss in the MSG Lig, group when compared to the CTL Lig group (p< 0.05). In the abdominal aorta morphometric analysis there was statistically significant 48 difference in the measurement of the artery wall diameter, being the largest diameter observed in the MSG Lig group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, this study suggests that the periodontitis in association with the hypothalamic obesity may contribute to the increase of the width of the abdominal aorta walls, as well as the hypothalamic obesity may exert a protective effect on alveolar bone loss. / Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de tecidos periodontais e da artéria aorta abdominal em ratos com obesidade hipotalâmica associada a periodontite experimental. A doença periodontal é uma doença crônica que afeta grande parte da população e tem sido associada a alterações sistêmicas. Sendo assim, sua relação com a obesidade e a aterosclerose, é motivo de preocupação para o sistema de saúde. Metodologia: Vinte e oito ratos Wistar foram divididos, inicialmente, em 2 grupos que foram submetidos a injeções intradérmicas na região cervical de 4g/kg/dia de solução de Glutamato Monossódico (grupo MSG) e 1,25g/kg/dia de solução salina (grupo CTL), nos primeiros 5 dias de vida. Aos 70 dias, esse grupos foram subdivididos em outros 2 grupos, onde foi induzida a periodontite com a colocação de ligadura nos 1ºs molares inferiores; originando-se assim 4 grupos: grupo controle sem ligadura (CTL); grupo controle com ligadura (CTL Lig); grupo MSG sem ligadura (MSG); grupo MSG com ligadura (MSG Lig). Aos 100 dias os ratos foram pesados e mensurados o comprimento naso-anal, assim o índice de Lee foi determinado e, então, os animais foram sacrificados. Amostras de tecido gengival e da aorta abdominal, bem como as hemi-mandíbulas foram retiradas para análises imunológicas, morfológicas e radiográficas. Resultados: A concentração de interleucina-6 no tecido gengival foi significante no grupo CTL Lig, sendo a concentração do Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa na aorta abdominal maior nos grupos com periodontite induzida (p<0.05). Tanto a análise radiográfica quanto a histológica demonstrou uma menor perda óssea alveolar no grupo MSG Lig, quando comparado ao grupo CTL Lig (p<0.05). Na análise morfométrica da aorta abdominal houve diferença estatisticamente significante na mensuração do diâmetro das paredes da artéria, sendo o maior diâmetro observado no grupo MSG Lig (p<0.05). Conclusion: Logo, este estudo sugere que a periodontite em associação com a obesidade hipotalâmica pode contribuir para o aumento da largura das paredes da aorta abdominal, bem como a obesidade hipotalâmica pode exercer um efeito protetor sobre a perda óssea alveolar.

Obesidade envolve redução da expressão do transportador de glicose GLUT4 e do gene codificador SLC2A4 em tecido adiposo, junto com aumento na produção de TNFA, que regula negativamente o SLC2A4. Objetivo: avaliar regulação de Slc2a4/GLUT4 em tecido adiposo perigonadal de camundongos controles (C-tratados com salina) e obesos (MSG-tratados com MSG), submetidos a dieta normolipídica (DN) ou hiperlipídica (DH) por 4, 8, 12 e 16 semanas. Em 4 semanas MSG-DN apresentaram aumento na na sensibilidade insulínica e no GLUT4. A partir de 8 semanas, esse quadro se inverteu, com redução de Slc2a4/GLUT4 e aumento de Tnfa, resistência à insulina, hiperinsulinemia e hiperglicemia. A DH acelerou/exacerbou essa evolução. Em síntese, a evolução da obesidade levou a um quadro de diabetes tipo 2, no qual redução do GLUT4 desempenha um importante papel. / Obesity involves reduction of the glucose transporter GLUT4 expression and the encoding gene SLC2A4 in adipose tissue along with increased production of TNFA that negatively regulates the SLC2A4. Objective: To evaluate regulation of SLC2A4/GLUT4 in perigonadal adipose tissue controls mice (C treated with saline) and obese (MSG treated with MSG) undergoing normolipidic diet (ND) or hyperlipidic diet (HD) for 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. In 4 weeks MSG-ND showed increased insulin sensitivity and GLUT4. From 8 weeks, this situation was reversed, with a reduction of SLC2A4/ GLUT4 and increased Tnfa, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. The HD accelerated/exacerbated this trend. In summary, the development of obesity led to type 2 diabetes above in which reduction of GLUT4 plays an important role.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of class type, coeducational or same-sex, on the self-efficacy of middle school girls in a unit of volleyball. Four intact certified physical education specialists from two Middle Schools were used in the study. All of the teachers were female. In two of the classes, students were split out according to gender with males being taught by one instructor and the females being taught by the other instructor. For the coeducational classes, the students were randomly assigned to either of the teachers, with boys and girls evenly divided between the two classes. Essentially two new classes were created at each school. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used for the study. Two questionnaires were administered to the students. Analysis of data from the questionnaire showed the student variables that were measured quantitatively for determining girls' self-efficacy for learning volleyball were found to be significant at the 05 level, favoring girls in single-sex environments. Data from the post-intervention questionnaire and student and teacher interviews were analyzed to provide insight into student preferences for these contexts. It is concluded from the qualitative data that single-sex classes have a more supportive learning environment, and have better conduct than coeducational classes. / Ed. D.

An algorithm has been developed for snow recognition (SR) over mountainous areas of Europe from satellite imagery. The algorithm uses Meteosat Second Generations (MSG) instrument Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) data that are acquired in every 15 minutes through whole day. Although SEVIRI has low spatial resolution, its high temporal resolution provides a better discrimination capacity between ice clouds and snow. Discrimination of snow and clouds is the most challenging part of snow recognition algorithm development. The proposed algorithm relies on Satellite Application Facility to support Nowcasting and Very Short Range Forecastings (SAFNWC) cloud products. A final thematic map has been produced which is consisting of 3 different classes: snow, cloud and land. Validation of the SEVIRI SR product was held in three stages.The obtained high performance of the SR product is presented with the analysis results.

Les chaperonines sont des machines moléculaires impliquées dans la protection des protéines contre le mauvais repliement et l’agrégation. Ces macromolécules de tailleimportante (environ 1 MDa) sont présentes dans tous les domaines du vivant et sontorganisées en deux anneaux concentriques et empilés l’un sur l’autre, possèdent chacun une cavité en leur centre. Les chaperonines sont particulièrement intéressantes car peu caractérisées par rapport aux autres chaperones, notamment dû à leur grande taille et à leur complexité intrinsèque. Leur mécanisme d’action reste donc assez flou.Ce travail de thèse est centré sur l’étude de PhCPN, la chaperonine de Pyrococcushorikoshii, et son interaction avec différentes protéines substrats, grâce à une combinaison d’outils biochimiques et biophysiques tels que la RMN. En effet, la spectroscopie RMN est un outil particulièrement adapté à l’étude des interactions moléculaires transitoires à l’échelle atomique. L’utilisation dans ce cadre du marquage isotopique spécifique des groupements méthyles permet d’étudier des ensembles protéiques de taille importante tels que PhCPN, tandis que la RMN plus classique reste limitée à des poidsmoléculaires inférieurs à 30 kDa. Afin d’étudier le repliement des protéines à l’intérieur des cavités de PhCPN, deux protéines substrats de taille hétérogène et d’activité différentes ont été sélectionnées.En particulier, l’un de ces deux substrats (laMalate Synthase G ou MSG), formedes agrégats amorphes lorsqu’elle elle chauffée tandis que la seconde (l’Amyline) est capable de s’auto associer de manière plus organisée, créant des fibres amyloïdes de haut poids moléculaire. J’ai observé lors de cette étude que PhCPN est capable d’empêcher l’agrégation de ces deux substrats.En effet, la Chaperonine PhCPN est capable de se lier de manière irreversible à laproteine MSG, dépliée par une augmentation de la temperature, dans un ratio stoechiométrique 1/1. Le complexMSG/PhCPN a été isolé et characterisé. En particulier, la surface d’interaction entre PhCPN et cette large protéine substrat a été déterminée grâce à la RMN et la mciroscopie électronique.De plus, l’inhibition de la formation de fibres amyloïdes issues de l’Amyline parla Chaperonine a été étudiée par RMN et fluorescence de la ThT. Il a été notammentmontré que la Chaperonine retarde l’apparition des fibres amyloïdes, quelque soit l’état oligomerique de PhCPN. Le rôle de la Chaperonine sur les méchanismes de nucléation et d’élongation des fibres amyloïdes de l’Amylin a également été étudié. / Chaperonins are molecular machineries involved in the prevention of protein misfolding. These large macromolecules (approximately 1 MDa) are present in all domains of life and globally organized in two stacked rings on top of one another, hosting a cavity in their respective centers. By hydrolyzing ATP within their cavities, these rings can switch between twomajor structural states, an open and a closed conformation, to trap and refold misfolded proteins. Among the different types of molecular chaperones, chaperonins are of particular interest because their mechanism of action is not yet totally understood.This thesis focused on the study of PhCPN, the Chaperonin fromPyrococcus horikoshii,and its interaction with substrate proteins by various biochemical and biophysical techniques including NMR. In fact, NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool to probe transient interactions in solution, at atomic resolution. Especially, specific isotope labeling of methyl groups is a technique of choice to study huge protein assemblies such as PhCPN chaperonin because they overcome the liquid-state NMR size limitation. To study the protein folding within the cavities of PhCPN, two different model substrate of various sizes and biological functions were selected. Particularly, one of these substrates (Malate Synthase G /MSG) forms amorphous aggregates when submitted to heat while the other (Amylin) is able to self-associate into amyloid fibrils. During this thesis, I have demonstrated that the Chaperonin PhCPN can prevent the aggregation of the chosen substrates.In fact, the PhCPN Chaperonin is able to irreversibly bind thermally unfoldedMSGin a 1/1 ratio. TheMSG/PhCPN complex was isolated and characterized. Especially, theinteraction surface between PhCPN and this large substrate protein was investigated using a combination of NMR and EM.In addition, the inhibition of the Amylin fibrillation by the Chaperonin was investigated using NMR and ThT fluorescence assays. It was shown that the Chaperonin delays the fibrils formation, no matter its oligomeric state. The role of the Chaperonin on the Amylin nucleation and fibril elongation mechanisms was investigated.

One major challenge in representing the state of the atmosphere through weather forecast models, is the parametrization of sub-grid clouds. At every vertical column of grid cells within a weather forecast model, the fractional cloud cover is assumed to overlap according to a prescribed Cloud Overlap Assumption (COA). Since the total cloud cover is used in radiation schemes, the choice of COA affects e.g. radiative fluxes. High-quality weather forecasts is important for many aspects of the society, thus, the analysis of cloud parametrizations is significant. In this study, COAs for the HIRLAM ALADIN Research on mesoscale Modelling for NWP In Euromed (HARMONIE) - Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME) model were investigated for two time-periods. Moreover, validation methods of cloud cover for HARMONIE-AROME were analyzed due to uncertainties in cloud observations. Both satellite data derived from geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite and synoptic ground based observations were used to validate cloud cover in this project. It was found that HARMONIE-AROME underestimates the cloud cover during summer. Therefore, the random (RAN) COA is the preferred COA to use during time periods of mainly convective cloud processes. During the tested winter period, which is assumed to have most clouds of the stratiform type, the results regarding optimal COA were not certain. However, it was concluded that HARMONIE-AROME overestimates the cloud cover during winter, for in which case the maximum-random (MRN) COA is recommended to use. The comparative analysis of cloud cover as obtained from the COAs against observed cloud cover, was shown sensitive to the methods used to the observational data. Using a model grid of 25 km instead of 2.5 km when comparing synoptic observations to modelled cloud cover, the errors were reduced. When using binary satellite data, it was concluded that a 5x5 smoothing algorithm was the most appropriate to use since this averaging of several pixels are sufficient to represent sub-grid clouds.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la détermination de l’émissivité des surfaces terrestres (LSE) à partir de données dans les domaines des micro-ondes et de l’infrarouge thermique. (1) Ce travail a permis de fournir une méthode de détermination du LSE à partir des données AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System) et de développer un modèle de transfert radiatif sol-atmosphère (SARTM) utilisé pour simuler les températures de brillance au niveau du capteur. Le modèle SARTM est construit à partir du modèle MonoRTM (MONOchromatic Radiative Transfer Model) et du modèle AIEM (Advanced Integral Equation Model). Dans cette étude les émissivités micro-ondes sur toute la Chine pour l’année 2006 ont été estimées. (2) Cette thèse présente également les améliorations apportées à un algorithme de détermination des émissivités à partir du capteur SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) à bord du satellite MSG-2. Cet algorithme perfectionné est appliqué à plusieurs images MSG-2/SEVIRI sur une région d’étude de la péninsule ibérique. Il est démontré sur des cas détaillés que les améliorations portées sur la méthode originale de détermination du LSE et de la température de surface étaient réelles et cohérentes. / This thesis focused on the retrievals of Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) from microwave data and thermal infrared data. (1) This thesis provides a method to retrieval LSE from the AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System) and develops a Soil-Atmosphere Radiative Transfer Model (SARTM) to simulated brightness temperatures at satellite level. SARTM model is built from MonoRTM (MONOchromaticRadiative Transfer Model) and from AIEM (Advanced Integral Equation Model) models. In this study, the LSEs over whole China of year 2006 are estimated. (2) This thesis also presents an improved algorithm to retrieve LSE from SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) data onboardthe MSG-2 satellite. Finally, this improved algorithm is applied to several MSG-2/SEVIRI datasets over a study area withinthe Iberian Peninsula region. It is demonstrated with some detailed cases that these improvements on the original LSE/land surface temperature (LST) retrieval methods are effective and reasonable.