Après l’indépendance proclamée en 1821 et les premières décennies d'anarchie politique, les gouvernants péruviens se fixèrent comme objectif la construction d'un État moderne. Cette démarche passait par la construction d'infrastructures, la diversification des moyens de communication et surtout l’adoption des nouvelles technologies de la Révolution industrielle (chemin de fer et navigation à vapeur) devenues financièrement accessibles par l’exploitation des gisements de guano. Outre son sous-sol riche en matières premières sur lesquelles reposait l’économie coloniale, le Pérou possède une topographie moins clémente de par ses contrastes géographiques cumulant déserts, montagnes et forets. Cette étude propose une lecture historique des moyens de transport dans le Pérou républicain, en examinant les différents mécanismes mis en place par les autorités politiques pour sortir le pays de son enclavement. Elle dresse un état des lieux quant au réseau de communications existant à l’époque coloniale. La thèse définit non seulement les types de métiers et des moyens de transport développés dans différentes régions du Pérou, mais examine aussi la transition entre les moyens traditionnels de transport (marche, mules, cheval et calèches) et la modernité représentée par la traction à vapeur. La question des interactions de ces nouvelles technologies avec l’économie artisanale et paysanne traditionnelle est posée, en confrontant plusieurs catégories de sources de nature administrative ou issues des récits de voyage. / After the country independence proclaimed in 1821 and the first decades of political anarchy and instability, Peruvian governing leaders set themselves to building a modern state. Through this process, they aimed at building public facilities, diversifying means of communication and especially in adopting and implementing the new technologies created by the Industrial Revolution (railroads and steam engines) now affordable to exploit the guano deposits. Besides its rich subsoil raw material that underpinned the colonial economy, Peru has a less lenient topography because of its geographical contrasts combining deserts, mountains, and forests. This study suggests doing a historical review of the Republican Peru transportation means by examining the various mechanisms set up by political authorities to connect the country to the world, and by examining the existing situation of the communication networks back in the colonial era. The thesis defines not only the types of trades and transportation developed in different regions of Peru, but also examines the transition from traditional means of transportation (walking, mules, horses, and carriages) and modernity represented by steam engines traction. The interaction issue of these new technologies along with artisanal and traditional peasant economy is raised by comparing several administrative sets or those derived from travelogues.

This thesis emphasizes on investigating the relationship between the quality attributes and service oriented architecture (SOA). Due to quality attributes requirements drive the design of software architecture, it is necessary to maintain the positive quality of SOA and improve the negative quality of SOA. This thesis gives an introduction to SOA, Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) and MULE. Then, it covers information on quality of systems and tactics for achieving each quality attribute. Finally, we discuss the quality of SOA in detail, and illustrate how to set up a SOA and how to improve its quality using a case of an order for supermarket. / Order system

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are an iconic species of wildlife, and populations of mule deer across much of the western U.S. have experienced recent fluctuations in size. Factors that affect the survival and subsequent recruitment of juveniles may be the preeminent cause of population fluctuations for mule deer in many areas. Many factors, including habitat loss, extreme weather, intense predation, timing and synchrony of parturition, and competition with other species may be influencing these changes. We studied two potential factors that can influence the survival of neonate mule deer in southern Utah. To better understand how predation affects mule deer, we first implemented a study of the response of mule deer to removal of coyotes in southern Utah. We monitored survival and cause-specific mortality of neonate mule deer in areas where coyotes were removed and where they were not removed. We used multi-model inference within Program MARK and a known-fate model to estimate survival of neonate mule deer in both treatments (removal and non-removal), and to investigate factors potentially influencing survival. Our results indicated that coyote control can decrease mortality and increase survival of neonate mule deer in some situations. Removal of coyotes was most effective when removal efforts occurred for multiple consecutive years, and when control efforts occurred in or near fawning habitat. Second, we examined how synchrony of parturition affects the survival and cause-specific mortality of neonate mule deer. Reproductive synchrony is a strategy that influences the survival of juveniles and the growth of populations. Our objective was to test three possible explanations for the synchrony of parturition in mule deer; 1) pressure of predation on newborns, 2) a hybrid of predation and environmental effects, and 3) weather and food availability. To determine the effects of the timing of parturition on the survival and predator-related mortality of neonate mule deer, we used multi-model inference within Program MARK and a known-fate model. Our results indicated that the timing of parturition influenced survival and predator-related mortality of neonate mule deer. There was a lag between the onset of parturition of mule deer and predation of mule deer by fawns; individuals born close to the onset of parturition had higher survival and lower predator-related mortality than those whose births were delayed relative to the onset of parturition. Since predators selected for neonate mule deer that were born late, predator learning may partially explain reproductive synchrony in mule deer. Environmental factors may have a greater effect than predation on the survival of early-born individuals.

Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgt erstmals eine vergleichende Studie hinsichtlich der endometrialen Funktionsmorphologie unter Einbezug klinisch-gynäkologischer Befunde und endokrinologischer Parameter bei zyklischen und nicht zyklischen Maultierstuten über den Zeitraum einer physiologischen Zuchtsaison. Dazu wurden beim Pferd etablierte Untersuchungsverfahren eingesetzt, was neben einer klinisch-gynäkologischen Untersuchung einschließlich Palpatio per rectum, Ultraschall der inneren Geschlechtsorgane und Vaginoskopie sowie die pathohistologische Auswertung von Endometriumpioptaten beinhaltete. Parallel dazu wurde zur Sicherung der Zyklusansprache und zur Erstellung eines endokrinologischen Verlaufsprofiles Blut zur Bestimmung der Sexualsteroide entnommen. Hierzu wurden sechs allgemein- und geschlechtsgesunde Maultierstuten über einen Zeitraum von Mitte April bis Mitte November in Abständen von zwei bis zehn Tagen untersucht. Die bei der Pferdestute etablierten Untersuchungsverfahren konnten auch bei den Maultierstuten wiederholt, aussagekräftig und komplikationslos eingesetzt werden. Besonders die Technik der Endometriumbiopsie mit Spreizspekulum, Zervixfasszange und Entnahmegerät zeigte sich als praktikabel und sicher bezüglich der Vermeidung von Verletzungen oder Kontamination der inneren Geschlechtsorgane mit lokaler Infektion. Es erfolgte eine Einteilung der Tiere in eine „azyklische“ Gruppe 1 und eine „zyklische“ Gruppe 2. Alle azyklischen Maultierstuten der Gruppe 1 zeigten während des Untersuchungszeitraumes sowohl klinisch als auch pathohistologisch eine vollständige Azyklie. Die bei den Blutproben gewonnenen Serumhormonwerte lagen bei der Gruppe 1 konstant im basalen Bereich. Histologisch wurde ein inaktives, irregulär differenziertes Endometrium vorgefunden. Die zyklischen Maultierstuten der Gruppe 2 wiesen eine variable endometriale Funktionsmorphologie mit teilweise ausgeprägter Fehldifferenzierung auf. Die Serumhormonwerte der Gruppe 2 zeigten starke Schwankungen und es konnte dabei keine Korrelation zwischen den klinisch-endokrinologischen Parametern und der endometrialen Funktionsmorphologie beobachtet werden. Weiterhin zeigten alle Tiere der Gruppe 1 und 2 eine Endometrose. Die endometrialen Gefäße wurden von jeder Maultierstute untersucht und der Gefäßschädigungsindex in Relation zum Alter dargestellt, wobei sich eine Altersassoziation hinsichtlich der Intensität der Gefäßalterationen ergab. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse der Endometriumbioptate jeder Maultierstute für sich gesehen, waren qualitativ und quantitativ über den langen Untersuchungszeitraum immer identisch und wiesen eine ausgeprägte Konstanz und Homogenität auf. Dies lässt den Rückschluss zu, dass die Ergebnisse repräsentativ für das ganze Endometrium der jeweiligen Maultierstute sind. Die Infertilität des Maultiers ist sicher durch genetische Ursachen, wie den ungeraden Chromosomensatz 2n=63 (WODSEDALEK 1916) begründet, aber auch Folgeerscheinungen wie eine reduzierte ovarielle Aktivität, eine Störung der Hypothalmus-Hypophysen-Ovarien-Uterus-Achse und eine daraus resultierende oder schon bestehende endometriale Fehldifferenzierung sind anhand der Ergebnisse dieser Studie als Ursachen der Infertilität zu berücksichtigen. Die eigenen Ergebnisse sprechen nicht dafür, dass Maultierstuten mit spontanem Zyklusgeschehen ohne exogene Unterstützung als Rezipienten für einen Embryotransfer geeignet sein dürften.

Increasing productivity, reducing cost, reducing soil damage, reducing the impact of harvesting on standing tree and regeneration are all very important objectives in ground skidding system in the management of the Hyrcanian forest. The research carried out to obtain these objectives included four logging methods, tree length method (TLM), long length method (LLM), short length method (SLM), and wood extraction by mule (mule) in northern Iran. In order to determine the cost per unit, time study techniques were used for each harvesting method, time study data are shifted to logarithmic data based on 10. On the basis of the developed models simulated, 11 skidding turns are simulated and the unit cost are estimated depending on the diameter of the log (DL), skidding distance (SD), and the winching distance (WD) for 11 different cycles with TLM, LLM and SLM. The results showed that on average, the net costs per extraction of one cubic meter of wood were 3.06, 5.69, 6.81 and 34.36 €/m3 in TLM, LLM, SLM and mule. The costs depending on diameter of log (DL), skidding distance (SD) and winching distance (WD) showed that the most economical alternative for Northern Iran is TLM. In the cut-to-length system, the costs of both alternatives LLM, SLM were significantly dependent on DL. , thus the result of this study suggests that as long as the diameter of the felled trees is less than 40 cm, the cut-to-length system is not an economical alternative, whilst the cut-to-length method can be applied for trees with a diameter more than 40 cm. Where diameters are more than 40 cm TLM it is more economical than SLM, however it was not significantly different. Depending on SD in short skidding distance SLM is preferable to LLM but in cases of long skidding distance LLM is more economical than SLM. The winching distance affect was not a factor on cost. To assess the damage on seedlings and standing trees a 100% inventory method was employed in pre-hauling and post-hauling, alongside of skidding trails, winching strips and mule hauling with a 12m width. To chose the best alternative depending on standing damage the Analysis of multiple criterial approval (MA) was applied. The amount of trees damaged by winching operation were 11.89% in TLM, 14.44% in LLM 27.59%, SLM and 0 stem and by skidding operation were 16.73%, 3.13% and 8.78% of total trees in TLM, LLM and SLM. In the winching area about 14%, 20%, 21% and 6 % of the total regeneration was damaged by TLM, LLM, SLM and mule and the skidding operation damaged 7.5% in TLM, 7.4 % LLM and 9.4% in SLM. The friendliest alternative to residual standing was mule but in manual method (where the wood extraction is done by skidder) MA showed that the best alternative depending on residual damage is LLM. To determine the degree of soil compaction a core sampling technique of bulk density was used. Soil samples collected from the horizontal face of a soil pit at 10 cm depth soil core, at 50m intervals on skid trials, in winching strips and control are (no vehicles pass) a soil sample was taken at 10m intervals in the hauling direction of the mule. In order to determine the post-harvesting extent of disturbance on skidding trails by skidding operations, the disturbed widths were measured at 50 m intervals along the skid trails. In the winching area, where the winched logs created a streak of displaced soil, the width of the displaced streak was measured at 5 m interval along the winching strip. In mule hauling operations the width of a streak created by a mule foot track was measured at 10 m intervals. To compare increased average bulk density between alternatives one way The ANOVA, Duncan test and Dunnett t-test with a 95 % confidence level were used. A General linear model was applied to relate the increasing bulk density and the slope gradient. To realize the correlation between the increment of soil bulk density and the slope gradient and the correlation between the soil compaction and soil moisture content (%) The Pearson correlation test was applied. To choose the best alternative (in manual method) a MA test was applied again. The bulk density on the skidding trail increased 51 % for 30 skidding turn, 35 % for 31 skidding turn (one unloaded and one loaded pass) and 46% for 41 skidding turn. Results of ANOVA (p < 0.05) show significant differences of bulk density between alternatives. Duncan test and the Dunnett t-test indicated that the increasing soil bulk density was not significant between control samples and winching strip of TLM and extraction by mule samples. The general linear modeling and Pearson correlation test results indicated that the slope gradient had an insignificant effect on soil compaction, whilst the Pearson test indicates a medium negative correlation between soil compaction and percentage of soil moisture. By ground-based winching operation 0.07%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.002% of the total area and by ground based skidding operation 1.21%, 1.67%, 0.81% and 0.00% of total area was disturbed and compacted in TLM, LLM, SLM and mule. The Pearson correlation results show that the width of disturbed area was significantly influenced by the diameter of logs and length of logs (p ˂ 0.05), but there is no significant correlation between soil disturbance width and slope. The results of analysis of MA showed that soil compaction was not related to logging method but sensitivity analysis of MA shows that LLM and TLM are both preferable to SLM.

The capture of neonate ungulates has played an integral role in studies of habitat selection, phenology, survival, and other topics of ecological interest. However, neonates can be difficult for researchers to locate and capture. Neonate ungulates are born in habitats with reduced visibility, frequently spend time in a concealed, prone position, and may display cryptic coloration. In an attempt to improve researchers' likelihood of locating and capturing neonate ungulates, multiple capture methods have been developed. Much remains unknown about biases associated with capture methods and how to further improve capture methods once biases are understood. Our objectives were to determine if opportunistic captures of neonate mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) bias estimates of litter size (Chapter 1) and to determine when searches for neonate elk (Cervus canadensis) should begin following parturition to maximize likelihood of capture while minimizing disturbance (Chapter 2). To complete our objectives, we analyzed data from 161 litters of mule deer and 55 attempted captures of neonate elk during 2019-2021 in Utah, USA. Estimates of litter size derived from opportunistic captures of mule deer were smaller than estimates derived from movement-based captures or captures completed with the aid of vaginal implant transmitters (VITs). The time elapsed between parturition and when searches were initiated for neonate mule deer did not influence estimates of litter size, but we could only analyze this relationship for VIT-aided captures within approximately 2 days of parturition. Until more data are available, we recommend that estimates of litter size for neonate mule deer be completed using movement-based or VIT-aided captures within approximately 2 days of parturition. When attempting to capture neonate elk, reducing the time elapsed between parturition and when searches were initiated resulted in a decreased search length, decreased distance traveled by the neonate, and increased likelihood of capture. We initiated searches as early as 3.6 hours post-parturition with no evidence of maternal abandonment and probability of capture was near or above 90% when searches were initiated within 10 hours of parturition. We recommend that searches for neonate elk be initiated 3.6-10 hours post-parturition. Future researchers can use utilize our results to perform captures of neonate ungulates that minimize bias, decrease disturbance, increase efficiency, and maximize the likelihood of capture success.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of History, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], ii, 89 p. : maps. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-89).

The vadose zone is the unsaturated zone between the ground surface and water table. This zone is of much importance as it acts as a link between surface water and ground water. Knowledge of soil moisture in this zone is very much essential to understand the meteorologic, hydrologic and agronomic process. Flow and transport in the unsaturated zone are more complex compared to saturated medium, as the pores in unsaturated zone are partly filled by air and partly by water. Most of vadose zone studies are done on agricultural plots where anthropogenic activities govern the vadose zone flows. Vadose zone studies in natural pristine conditions such as in forested areas where no anthropogenic activities are present are very limited that too in Indian conditions are rare. The present research work deals with understanding of the flow behavior in the vadose zone in a small experimental forested watershed called Mule Hole. Mule Hole watershed is 4.5 km2 and located in Bandipur National Park in Chamrajnagar District of Karnataka state, in the southern part of India. The forest is of deciduous type with 3 to 4 months of leafless dry period. The watershed has mean annual 25 years rainfall of 1120 mm and mean yearly temperature is 27o. The rainfall pattern is bimodal i.e. it receives rainfall during South West Monsoon (June -September) and North East Monsoon (October – December) with dominant rainfall occurring during South West Monsoon. Human activity is minimal as watershed is a part of Bandipur National Park, dedicated to wildlife and biodiversity preservation. The watershed consists of around 80 % of red soils, and black soil and saprolite covering the rest. The first part of the study involves soil moisture measurements by neutron probe and electrical resistivity measurements by geophysical method and their linking, i.e. developing volumetric soil moisture vs electrical resistivity relationship. The second part of the study involves application of neutron probe soil moisture measurement in identifying relationship between soil and erosion in the watershed. The third part involves development of two dimensional (2D) vadose zone model for watershed and validating it with measured data. The last part involves development of three dimensional model of watershed and validating it with observed data. Vadose zone is briefly described in chapter 1 along with its governing equations. Different soil moisture measurement techniques including invasive and non – invasive ones are also discussed. Different vadose zone modeling software which are public domain as well as commercial ones are also discussed. The chapter ends with organization of this thesis. Chapter 2 reviews relevant literature related to this study with focus on soil moisture measurement techniques and vadose zone flow modeling. Different soil moisture measurement techniques, their applications and limitations are reviewed. In the soil moisture measurement techniques, invasive and non – invasive types are reviewed. In the modeling part, different vadose zone models for 2D and 3D flow along with its applications and limitations are reviewed. Also a brief review about application of HYDRUS 2D/3D model is done which is used for the vadose zone modeling in this thesis. Chapter 3 introduces study area Mule Hole watershed, which is a forested watershed located in Bandipur National Park, Karnataka. India. The watershed has mean annual 25 years rainfall of 1120 mm and mean yearly temperature is 27o. The watershed has average regolith thickness or vadose zone of 17 m with roots of the trees able to penetrate up to groundwater. A toposequence T1 is identified in the watershed which has red soil – black soil confluence where soil moisture measurements and electrical resistivity measurements are carried out. The toposequence consists of 8 layers with organic layer forming the top layer followed by 3 red soil layer with 2 black soil layers intruding from stream into red soil layers and sandy weathered horizon at base of red and black soil. Also a sandy horizon at the top of black soil. Soil moisture measurements with neutron probe and electrical resistivity measurements with electrical logging tool which are done on toposequence periodically for two years are explained and the data are presented in this chapter. These data are used for validation of vadose zone models. Chapter 4 discusses in detail about comparison of electrical resistivity by geophysical method and neutron probe logging for soil moisture monitoring in a forested watershed. The electrical resistivity data and soil moisture data are compared for different soils and existence of relationship between them are studied and discussed in this chapter. For the red soil, existence of relationship between volumetric soil moisture content and electrical resistivity is found. Chapter 5 discusses soil moisture measurements as a tool to study erosion processes in forested watershed. Hydrodynamic behavior of the red soil – black soil system at toposequence T1 is studied using neutron probe soil moisture measurements. Two distinctive types of erosional landforms have been identified at T1 viz, rotational slips (Type 1); seepage erosion (Type 2),which are highlighted by neutron probe soil moisture measurements. Based on the observations relative chronology of formulation of different soil horizons are studied, which guided in developing four-stage model showing the relative chronology in the recent formation of the soil cover at downslope. Chapter 6 discusses application of 2D vadose zone modeling using HYDRUS – 2D model at two experimental sites in forested watershed where soil moisture monitoring and groundwater monitoring have been conducted. At the first site, which is toposequence T1 in the forested watershed, where soil moisture measurements are done, three case studies for comparison of daily scale data with hourly scale data and effects of internal layering by clubbing red soil layers and black soil layers to equivalent red soil and black soil layers respectively are performed. The model is run for two years. In that, first year results are used for calibrating the model where measured soil moisture content data are used to get soil hydraulic parameters for all the three cases by inverse modeling using Marquardt – Levenberg algorithm which is a part of HYDRUS 2D. The parameters thus obtained fall under particular soil range and performed efficiently in predicting soil moisture content. The second year results of model run is used for validation of the model in all the three cases where simulated soil moisture content is compared with measured soil moisture content. It is found that model is performing well and match between measured and simulated soil moisture contents is good in all the three cases. It can be said that having hourly scale data with detailed layering information is always advantageous in modeling soil moisture content. But, in absence of hourly scale data or finer scale data and absence of detailed layering information, the soil moisture model can also perform well. The scale of data and detailed layering information has minimal effect on soil moisture modeling. At the second site ERT profile near the watershed outlet has five monitoring wells are available and all layering information regarding regolith and hard rock layer distribution profiles. The soil hydraulic parameters obtained at toposequence T1 for soil and sandy weathered horizon are used and tested at this site to simulate the groundwater levels. The parameter for rock layer is estimated by testing different hydraulic parameters from HYDRUS database. The results are validated using observed groundwater levels at the site. The results show significant match between observed and simulated groundwater levels. Chapter 7 discusses 3D modeling of Mule Hole forested watershed using HYDRUS – 3D model. A three layer model of Mule Hole along with its topographic details is modeled. The layering information is derived from geophysical study done at 12 Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles distributed in the watershed. The three layers considered are top soil layer followed by sandy weathered layer and bottom rock layer. Anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity, root water uptake and sloping water table are introduced to make the model more realistic. Soil hydraulic parameters obtained during 2D vadose zone modeling of toposequence T1 are used initially for soil and sandy weathered layers and are subsequently tuned to make model more efficient. Different scenarios are considered to test flux as well as constant head boundary conditions and effect of different porosities for rock layer. The model is run for 7 years and model simulations are validated with observed groundwater levels from monitoring wells across the watershed. The result shows good fit between simulated and observed groundwater levels especially for monitoring well which has shallow groundwater level. It is found that porosity in the rock layer is not uniform and there exist different porosities for the rock layer across the watershed. Also the distribution of sandy weathered zone requires improvement. The model is also able to predict ET closer to ET predicted by COMFORT model which was developed earlier. Also the model shows rise in groundwater fluxes as groundwater starts replenishing. Over all, the 3D model of Mule Hole watershed in HYDRUS – 3D worked well with satisfactory results and HYDRUS – 3D can be used for modeling small forested watersheds. Chapter 8 concludes the study and discusses the further scope of the work.