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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Investigation of the Role of Muller Glia-Derived Dickkopf3 (Dkk3) during Retinal Degeneration

Nakamura, Rei 18 November 2009 (has links)
Retinal degeneration is characterized by the irreversible loss of photoreceptors. A key research question is the identification and characterization of photoreceptor protective factors that prevent or delay vision loss. The Wnt pathway is a critical cellular communication pathway involved in development and diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, we discovered that multiple components of the Wnt pathway were differentially expressed in the rd1 mouse model of retinal degeneration. One of the most highly upregulated genes was Dickkopf3 (Dkk3), a secreted Wnt pathway protein of unknown function. Additionally, we demonstrated that Wnt signaling is neuroprotective in primary retinal culture (Yi et al., 2007). These data led to the hypothesis that Dkk3 is a regulator of Wnt-mediated neuroprotection during retinal degeneration. The role of Dkk3 in the retina and its activity in the Wnt pathway was identified in this dissertation project using a series of biochemical, molecular and cell biology methodologies. First, Dkk3 was shown to be expressed and secreted from Muller glia in mouse retinal tissue and primary Muller glia culture. I then demonstrated that Muller glia are a Wnt-responsive cell type and that Dkk3 potentiates Wnt3a-mediated signaling. Interestingly, the latter effect was not observed in other cell types in the retina such as retinal ganglion cells and retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Thus, Dkk3 may act on Muller glia to positively modulate Wnt signaling during retinal degeneration, which could potentially amplify the neuroprotective activity of the Wnt pathway. Next, the role of Dkk3 in cellular viability was explored. HEK293 cells stably expressing Dkk3 were shown to be significantly protected from staurosporine-induced apoptosis compared with vector control. This result suggests that Dkk3 may mediate a direct pro-survival effect onto photoreceptors during retinal degeneration. Protein interaction experiments demonstrated that Dkk3 formed a complex with the single pass transmembrane proteins Krm1 and Krm2 in the membrane, potentially in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Furthermore, Wnt signaling luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that Krm2, but not Krm1, abolished Dkk3-mediated Wnt3a potentiation. These data suggest that Dkk3 modulates Wnt signaling by antagonizing Dkk1-Krm dependent Wnt inhibition. Further studies will determine whether this activity is sufficient for the potentiation of Wnt signaling by Dkk3. Lastly, co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify a novel interacting protein of Dkk3. Dkk3 was shown to interact with glucose response protein 78 (GRP78), an ER-resident chaperone. This suggested that Dkk3 protein is part of the unfolded protein response through GRP78 in the ER. In conclusion, these studies identified two novel functions of Dkk3 in regulating Wnt signaling pathway and cellular viability and suggest a physiological role for Dkk3 and Wnt signaling during retinal degeneration. Future studies will explore the significance of Dkk3-Krm and Dkk3-GRP78 interactions in the retina. Further, elucidation of the regulation of Dkk3 and other Wnt ligands in the ER and the consequence of ER stress on the biological activity of Wnt signaling will provide a better understanding of the role of the Wnt pathway during retinal degeneration.
12

On Reed-Muller and related quaternary codes

Fernández Córdoba, Cristina 04 October 2004 (has links)
No description available.
13

A constelação do zenite : imaginação utopica e historica em Heiner Muller (anos setenta e oitenta)

Galisi Filho, Jose 13 December 1995 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto Schwarz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T22:59:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GalisiFilho_Jose_M.pdf: 94940734 bytes, checksum: dcff865f559707eb80f3894b2271e66a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995 / Resumo: O dramaturgo alemão Heiner Müller (Eppendorf, 1929 -) compreende o teatro como o "laboratório da imaginação social". Essa assertiva implica uma consideração e crítica de seus pressupostos materiais, do aparelho teatral como instituição e seus limites, avançando gradualmente até o Espírito da Época ("Zeitgeist"). Nesse sentido, a experiência dramatúrgica alude ao conjunto da experiência social como seu "órgão" de autoreflexividade democrática, não apenas como decalque do existente, mas como um instrumento de descoberta e extensão de suas possibilidades e do seu vir-a-ser, de suas reservas imaginárias. Em meio ao turbilhão de meios tecnológicos, o anacronismo da forma teatral permanece como uma das últimas formas de relação imediata de nossa espécie. A reflexão sobre o "texto" da História é, portanto, a matriz de seu projeto dramatúrgico e a maneira pela qual se tece representa a produção da própria subjetividade como uma consciência de si e dos estratos que compõe sua temporal idade impura; mas é também a produção de seu "inconsciente", de seus recalques e do esquecimento. O relógio da História, para Müller, corre em sentido inverso do presente até atingir a estrutura mitológica que "fecunda", por assim dizer, este texto. Equilibrando-se entre a reflexão histórica, saturada de presente e articulada numa complexa noção de material artístico como "fragmento sintético" - um trabalho sobre as fraturas, descontinuidades e imprecisões das obras do passado, sobre a "inércia" que se revela em sua traditio -, e a necessidade em "olhar no branco dos olhos da Historia", como entende a capacidade política em seu sentido pleno, além da gravitação das ideologias e da política como esfera da instrumentalidade e engenharia socialmente eficaz, o olhar de Müller para o zênite da História é a ruptura de sua continuidade, a primazia da visão epifânica que transfigura e intensifica seus significados. Para Müller, este instante não é produto do acaso mas, incorporando a noção de Carl Schmitt de' seu ensaio Hamlet ou Hécuba: a irrupção do tempo no jogo, a formação de uma constelação trágica pela irrupção do tempo empírico na cena. Essa intrusão implode a moldura formal, colocando em movimento camadas profundas da experiência histórica sob o chão do presente. A afirmação de um sujeito histórico universal nos ensaios produzidos por Heiner Müller durante os anos setenta e oitenta é também correlata de um conceito de experiência genuína ("autentische Erfahrung") no campo da arte. Entretanto, a ênfase na substancial idade desse sujeito não resiste muitas vezes ao próprio paradigma intelectual em que se move e à maneira pela qual se articula, desfazendo-se como fantasmagoria. Os anos Honecker (1971-1989) caracterizam-se por uma deslegitimação progressiva da RDA nos planos interno e externo. Essa perda de horizonte utópico ("Utopieverlust") traduziu-se, em parcela considerável da inteligência leal da RDA, por uma conversão de paradigma conceitual ("Paradigmawechsel"). O foco da crítica desvia-se do campo do socialismo real para o âmbito civilizatório. Como parte desse complexo, pode-se pensar a dramaturgia de Heiner Müller como um instante privilegiado da apropriação da Dialética do Esclarecimento (1947) na RDA, cujo impacto, embora tardio, foi decisivo nessa conversão. Antes de representar a recepção pontual de um livro. A Dialética do Esclarecimento parece oferecer anacronicamente as categorias práticas de uma experiência de secularização intelectual a toda uma geração, através da desilusão ("Enttãuschung") com um espaço político cada vez mais restrito e suplantado pelo gerenciamento tecnocrático da economia, depois do fechamento da fronteira em 1961. De modo mais atento, seria possível perceber na terminologia crítica de Müller a restauração de figuras típicas do pensamento vitalista alemão de fins do XIX, tangenciando muitas vezes um diagnóstico conservador de crítica à modernidade. Se a derrocada do socialismo não deixava outra alternativa senão o avanço civilizatório, o teatro tardio de Müller e sua reflexão invocam poderes elementares e um culto dionisíaco para conjurar o presente. Esse investimento semântico anacrônico é incompatível com o próprio caráter descontínuo de sua escrita, de sua fragmentação. Contabilizando também para si a vantagem de estar à margem do debate ideológico, a noção de experiência em Heiner Müller transita em um "jargão de autenticidade" (Adorno) que extropola do campo da crítica estética para implicar o conjunto da cultura como "corretivo" de suas reservas utópicas. Essa incongruência é o foco de minha análise / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Teoria Literaria
14

The Signaling Pathways that Regulate the Proliferative and Neurogenic Capacity of Muller glia

Todd, Levi, Todd January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
15

Movement of the inner retina complex during the development of primary full-thickness macular holes: implications for hypotheses of pathogenesis

Woon, W.H., Greig, D., Savage, M.D., Wilson, M.C.T., Grant, Colin A., Mokete, B., Bishop, F. January 2015 (has links)
No / The inner retinal complex is a well-defined layer in spectral-domain OCT scans of the retina. The central edge of this layer at the fovea provides anatomical landmarks that can be observed in serial OCT scans of developing full-thickness macular holes (FTMH). Measurement of the movement of these points may clarify the mechanism of FTMH formation. This is a retrospective study of primary FTMH that had a sequence of two OCT scans showing progression of the hole. Measurements were made of the dimensions of the hole, including measurements using the central edge of the inner retinal complex (CEIRC) as markers. The inner retinal separation (distance between the CEIRC across the centre of the fovea) and the Height-IRS (average height of CEIRC above the retinal pigment epithelium) were measured. Eighteen cases were identified in 17 patients. The average increase in the base diameter (368 microns) and the average increase in minimum linear dimension (187 microns) were much larger than the average increase in the inner retinal separation (73 microns). The average increase in Height-IRS was 103 microns. The tangential separation of the outer retina to produce the macular hole is much larger than the tangential separation of the inner retinal layers. A model based on the histology of the Muller cells at the fovea is proposed to explain the findings of this study.
16

Heteromorfismo cromossômico em populações de Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Teleostei: Cichlidae) da bacia do Rio Doce, Brasil / Charomosome heteromorphism in Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Teleostei: Cichlidae) population from Doce River basin, Brazil

Silva, Ana Paula Alves 23 July 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3965956 bytes, checksum: 7ee9799f71d65ccd8dd579d596629d39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Karyological analysis of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) was performed on 81 specimens from six localities, three geologically recent lakes and three stream collection sites. Techniques included conventional staining with Giemsa, NOR banding, C-banding and in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S rDNA and 18s rDNA probes. The diploid number was 2n = 48 chromosomes, and fundamental number varied between 50-52. We observed four different karyotypes, based on heteromorphisms presented by the first chromosome pair and were not related to sex, NOR location or collection site. This heteromorphism is related to differences in the ratio arms, which led to variations in the karyotypic formulae (3sm +18 st +26 t; 2sm +20 st +26 t; 4sm +18 st +26 t). This heteromorphism may be related to chromosome rearrangements, such as pericentromeric inversions, deletions, and unequal crossing-over, which together with other processes, such as Muller s ratchet, background selection and dosage compensation caused size alterations in some chromosomes. The number of NORs varied within and between specimens, however most individuals had NOR bands in more than one chromosome pair, a distinctive feature of the Doce River populations. The 18S rDNA probe confirmed the presence of NORs in more than two chromosomes. The location of the 5S rDNA probe remained conserved in all samples, marking a pair of chromosomes. The heterochromatin blocks occurred predominantly in the centromeric / pericentromeric chromosomes, and this a characteristic of the Cichlidae family. Heterochromatin blocks in interstitial regions were observed in two pairs of chromosomes. The presence of two subtelocentric chromosomes, with fully heterochromatic small arms is a diagnostic feature of the populations of the Doce River Basin. We conclude that the populations of G. brasiliensis of the Rio Doce Basin present unique characteristics, as evidenced by four configurations of the first pair of chromosomes and different results obtained by banding techniques. Results suggest differential viability of the chromosomal variations described in this study. / A análise cariotípica de Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) foi realizada em 81 espécimes de seis localidades da bacia do rio Doce. Foram usadas as técnicas de coloração convencional com Giemsa, bandeamento NORs, bandeamento C e hibridização in situ (FISH) com sondas rDNA 18s e rDNA 5S. O número diplóide foi de 2n=48 cromossomos, com variação do número fundamental entre 50-52. Foram observados quatro diferentes cariótipos, com base em heteromorfismos apresentados pelo primeiro par cromossômico e não foram associados ao sexo, à NOR nem ao local de coleta. Esse heteromorfismo está relacionado com diferenças de razão de braços, o que acarretou variações nas fórmulas cariotípicas encontradas (3sm+18st+26t; 2sm+20st+26t; 4sm+18st+26t). Este heteromorfismo pode estar relacionado com rearranjos cromossômicos, como inversões pericentroméricas, deleções, e crossing-over desiguais, as quais, associadas a outros processos, como catraca de Muller, seleção de fundo e compensação de dosagem, determinaram a alteração do tamanho de alguns cromossomos. O número de NORs observadas teve variações intra e inter-individuais, contudo a maioria dos indivíduos apresentou marcações em mais de um par cromossômico, uma característica única das populações de G. brasiliensis da bacia do rio Doce. A sonda de rDNA 18S confirmou a presença de NORs em mais de dois cromossomos. A localização da sonda de rDNA 5S manteve-se conservada em todas as amostras, marcando par de cromossomos telocêntricos. Os blocos de heterocromatina ocorreram predominantemente nas regiões centroméricas/pericentromérica, sendo essa uma característica da família Cichlidae. Blocos de heterocromatina em regiões intersticiais foram observados em dois pares de cromossomos. A presença de dois subtelocêntricos apresentando seus braços menores totalmente heterocromáticos é uma característica diagnóstica das populações da bacia do rio Doce. Conclui-se que as populações de G. brasiliensis da bacia do rio Doce apresentam A análise cariotípica de Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) foi realizada em 81 espécimes de seis localidades da bacia do rio Doce. Foram usadas as técnicas de coloração convencional com Giemsa, bandeamento NORs, bandeamento C e hibridização in situ (FISH) com sondas rDNA 18s e rDNA 5S. O número diplóide foi de 2n=48 cromossomos, com variação do número fundamental entre 50-52. Foram observados quatro diferentes cariótipos, com base em heteromorfismos apresentados pelo primeiro par cromossômico e não foram associados ao sexo, à NOR nem ao local de coleta. Esse heteromorfismo está relacionado com diferenças de razão de braços, o que acarretou variações nas fórmulas cariotípicas encontradas (3sm+18st+26t; 2sm+20st+26t; 4sm+18st+26t). Este heteromorfismo pode estar relacionado com rearranjos cromossômicos, como inversões pericentroméricas, deleções, e crossing-over desiguais, as quais, associadas a outros processos, como catraca de Muller, seleção de fundo e compensação de dosagem, determinaram a alteração do tamanho de alguns cromossomos. O número de NORs observadas teve variações intra e inter-individuais, contudo a maioria dos indivíduos apresentou marcações em mais de um par cromossômico, uma característica única das populações de G. brasiliensis da bacia do rio Doce. A sonda de rDNA 18S confirmou a presença de NORs em mais de dois cromossomos. A localização da sonda de rDNA 5S manteve-se conservada em todas as amostras, marcando par de cromossomos telocêntricos. Os blocos de heterocromatina ocorreram predominantemente nas regiões centroméricas / pericentromérica, sendo essa uma característica da família Cichlidae. Blocos de heterocromatina em regiões intersticiais foram observados em dois pares de cromossomos. A presença de dois subtelocêntricos apresentando seus braços menores totalmente heterocromáticos é uma característica diagnóstica das populações da bacia do rio Doce. Conclui-se que as populações de G. brasiliensis da bacia do rio Doce apresentam características únicas, associadas à existência de quatro configurações do primeiro par cromossômico e aos diferentes resultados obtidas nas técnicas de bandeamento realizadas. Os resultados também sugerem uma viabilidade diferenciada das variáveis cromossômicas descritas nesse trabalho.
17

Distribution de la non-linéarité des fonctions booléennes / Distribution of Boolean functions Nonlinearity

Dib, Stephanie 11 December 2013 (has links)
Parmi les différents critères qu'une fonction booléenne doit satisfaire en cryptographie, on s'intéresse à la non-linéarité. Pour une fonction booléenne donnée, cette notion mesure la distance de Hamming qui la sépare des fonctions de degré au plus 1. C'est un critère naturel pour évaluer la complexité d'une fonction cryptographique, celle-ci ne devant pas admettreune approximation qui soit simple, comme par une fonction de degré 1, ou plus généralement une fonction de bas degré. Ainsi, il est important de considérer plus généralement, la non-linéarité d'ordre supérieur, qui pour un ordre donné r, mesure la distance d'une fonction donnée à l'ensemble des fonctions de degré au plus r. Cette notion est également importante pour les fonctions vectorielles, i.e., celles à plusieurs sorties. Quand le nombre de variables est grand, presque toutes les fonctions ont une non-linéarité (d'ordre 1) voisine d'une certaine valeur, assez élevée. Dans un premier travail, on étend ce résultat à l'ordre 2. Cette méthode qui consiste à observer comment les boules de Hamming recouvrent l'hypercube des fonctions booléennes, nous conduit naturellement vers une borne de décodage théorique des codes de Reed-Muller d'ordre 1, coïncidant au même endroit où se concentre la non-linéarité de presque toutes les fonctions ; une approche nouvelle pour un résultat pas entièrement nouveau. On étudie aussi la non-linéarité des fonctions vectorielles. On montre avec une approche différente, que le comportement asymptotique est le même que celui des fonctions booléennes: une concentration de la non-linéarité autour d'une valeur assez élevée. / Among the different criteria that a Boolean function must satisfy in symmetric cryptography, we focus on the nonlinearity of these. This notion measures the Hamming distance between a given function and the set of functions with degree at most 1. It is a natural criterion to evaluate the complexity of a cryptographic function that must not have a simple approximation as by a function of degree 1, or more generally, a function of low degree. Hence, it is important to consider the higher order nonlinearity, which for a given order r, measures the distance between a given function and the set of all functions of degree at most r. This notion is equally important for multi-output Boolean functions. When the number of variables is large enough, almost all Boolean functions have nonlinearities lying in a small neighbourhood of a certain high value. We prove that this fact holds when considering the second-order nonlinearity. Our method which consists in observing how the Hamming balls pack the hypercube of Boolean functions led quite naturally to a theoretical decoding bound for the first-order Reed-Muller code, coinciding with the concentration point of the nonlinearity of almost all functions. This was a new approach for a result which is not entirely new. We also studied the nonlinearity of multi-output functions. We proved with a different approach, that the asymptotic behaviour of multi-output functions is the same as the single-output ones: a concentration of the nonlinearity around a certain large value.
18

Coding and Decoding of Reed-Muller Codes / Kodning och avkodning av Reed-Muller koder

Meyer, Linda January 2021 (has links)
In this thesis some families of linear error correcting codes are presented. The reader will find a general description of binary codes and more specific details about linear codes such as Hamming, repetition codes, Reed-Muller codes, etc. To fully immerse ourselves in the methods of coding and decoding, we will introduce examples in order to contribute to the understanding of the theories.   In these times of much communication through computer technology, our daily lives involve a substantial amount of data transmission. It is essential that these data are transmitted without errors through the communication channels. Therefore, the scientific field of error-correcting codes holds a significant importance in many aspects of todays society.   The main goal of this thesis is to study linear block codes which belong to the class of binary codes. In this case we will attribute a more prominent role to first order Reed-Muller codes. / I den här uppsatsen kommer flera varianter av linjära felrättande koder att presenteras. Läsaren får ta del av en allmän beskrivning av binära koder och en mer detaljerad framställning av linjära koder så som Hamming, repetitionskod, Reed-Muller kod m.m. Tillsammans med en fördjupning i ämnet, avseende metoder för kodning och avkodning, kommer vi att ge exempel för att bidra till förståelsen.   Den digitala eran, som vi lever i, innefattar att datatransmission är en del av vår vardag. Vår frekventa användning av mobila enheter visar på hur viktigt det är att data överförs korrekt via kommunikationskanalerna. Av den anledningen är vetenskapen om felrättande koder högaktuell i dagens samhälle.   Det huvudsakliga syftet med uppsatsen är att studera linjära block-koder som tillhör klassen binära koder. I det här fallet kommer vi att fokusera lite extra på Reed-Muller koder av första ordningen.
19

Wolbachia's role in classical speciation theory

Hilgenböcker, Kirsten 21 October 2009 (has links)
Wolbachien sind intrazeklluläre Bakterien die zahlreiche Arthropodenarten infizieren. Sie induzieren häufig eine zytoplasmatische Paarungsinkompatibilität die postzygotische Isolation zwischen unterschiedlich infizierten Individuen der gleichen Wirtsart verursacht, weswegen Wolbachien Beachtung als mögliche Katalysatoren von Artbildungsprozessen gefunden haben. Vorherige Arbeiten zur Artbildung untersuchten meist entweder Wolbachia-induzierte oder die klassischen, genetischen postzygotischen Isolationsmechanismen. Normalerweise sollte es aber der Fall sein dass beide Mechanism gleichzeitig auftreten. In dieser Arbeit führen wir Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Wolbachien in der Artbildung fort indem wir die Interaktionen von Wolbachia-induzierten und genetischen Inkompatibilitäten analysieren. Wir werden zeigen dass Wolbachien einen starken Einfluss auf genetisch-basierte Artbildungsprozesse haben. Insbesondere können sich die Mechanism bei gleichzeitigem Auftreten katalysieren. Außerdem werden wir zeigen dass Wolbachia Artbildungsprozesse unter allgemeineren Bedingungen beeinflussen kann als vorherige Studien suggerierten. Da die Rolle der Wolbachien in der Artbildung stark von deren Verbreitung abhängt, werden wir desweiteren eine statistische Metaanalyse von bestehenden Daten zu Infektionsfrequenzen präsentieren. Aufgrund der Methoden der Datenerhebung ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass der wirkliche Anteil der infizierten Arten mit 20% deutlich unterschätzt wird. Unsere Analyse bestätigt dies und zeigt dass viel wahrscheinlicher circa zwei Drittel aller Arten infiziert sind. Unsere Resultate der klassischen Artbildungstheorie kombiniert mit denen der statistischen Analyse zu Infektionsfrequenzen von Wolbachia implizieren dass Wolbachien als allgemeine Faktoren in der Evolution von Arthropoden anzusehen sind. / Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that commonly infect arthropod species. Since they often induce a cytoplasmic mating incompatibility (CI) in their hosts that acts as a postzygotic isolating mechanism between differently infected individuals of one species, Wolbachia have received attention as a potential promoter of arthropod speciation processes. Previous studies on speciation focused on either Wolbachia-induced or the classical nuclear-based postzygotic isolating mechanism. However, it should usually be the case that both co-occur. This thesis continues investigations on Wolbachia''s role in speciation by analyzing interactions of Wolbachia-induced CI and nuclear incompatibility (NI) caused by genetic differentiation. We will show that Wolbachia have strong impact on nuclear-based speciation processes. In particular, synergy effects can occur when both isolating mechanisms act simultaneously. Furthermore, we show that Wolbachia can influence speciation processes under more general conditions than previous studies on Wolbachia''s role in speciation suggested. Since the actual role of Wolbachia in arthropod speciation will strongly depend on their abundance, we present a statistical meta-analysis of published data on Wolbachia infection frequencies. Due to the sampling methods applied in studies on Wolbachia infection frequencies, it is likely that current estimates of 20% infected species are underestimates. This is supported by our analysis and we show that more likely about two-thirds of species are infected. Combining both results, this thesis provides strong evidence for Wolbachia being a very general factor in arthropod speciation processes.
20

A theoretical model on the role of lateral gene transfer in the evolution of endosymbiotic genomes

Munoz, Víctor Hugo Anaya 05 January 2012 (has links)
Laterale Gentransfer wurde zuerst von Schwartz und Dayhoff (1978) entdeckt, die es aber als eine Exzentrizität werteten und als solche ignorierten. Später, als mehrere DNS- und Eiweißsequenzen sequenziert und raffiniertere Phylogenien rekonstruiert wurden, hat die Rolle an Relevanz gewonnen, die der laterale (oder horizontale) Gentransfer in der evolutionären Geschichte von lebendigen Organismen gespielt hat. Außerdem existiert auch zwischen Endosymbionten und Zellkernen statt. Ich habe ein theoretisches Modell entwickelt, das den lateralen Gentransfer zwischen Endosymbionten und dem Zellkern repräsentiert. Das Modell erforscht die Bedeutung des Fehlens von Rekombination in den Organellen (Muller’s Ratchet) sowie Abweichungen von Muller’s Ratchet in Form der non-symmetrical homologous recombination in Gentransfermechanismen. Ich habe zum einen Zellkern-Inkompatibilitäten, die aus der Übertragung eines Gens resultieren, und zum anderen Zyto- und Zellkern-Inkompatibilitäten zwischen den mutierten endosymbiotischen Genomen und dem modifizierten Zellenkern untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unter bestimmten Bedingungen die Existenz oder Nicht-Existenz von Rekombination die gleiche Wirkung haben können. Es zeigte sich auch, dass Rekombination, wenn sie vorkommt und wenn sie nicht symmetrisch ist, starke Auswirkungen auf die Allelenfrequenz einer Population haben kann. Es wurde auch klar, dass es eine starke Beziehung zwischen dem Zellkern und endosymbiotischen Genomen gibt, und dass das evolutionäre Schicksal des einen größtenteils von den evolutionären Kräften abhängig ist, die das andere beeinflussen. Wenn man Zellkern- und Cyto-Zellkerninkompatibilitäten in das Modell einführt, dann zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Inkompatibilitäten, die der laterale Gentransfer produziert hat, möglicherweise eine ähnliche Rolle im Speziationsmechanismus spielen könnten wie die Inkompatibilitäten zwischen Mitochondrien und Zellkernen in verschiedenen Nasonia-Arten. / Lateral gene transfer has played a key role in the evolution of living beings. This process was first acknowledged in 1978 by Schwartz and Dayhoff but considered a relatively infrequent eccentricity and ignored. Later on, as DNA and protein sequences accumulated and more refined phylogenies were reconstructed, the contribution of lateral (or horizontal) gene transfer to the evolutionary history of living organisms gained relevance. Besides, gene transfer is known to occur not only between independent organisms but also, and more frequently between endosymbionts including eukaryotic organelles. I developed a theoretical model to study the lateral gene transfer process between cell organelles (but extendible to other endosymbionts) and the cell nucleus. The model explores the role of the lack of recombination in the organelles (Muller''s ratchet) as well as deviations from Muller''s ratchet in the form of non-symmetrical homologous recombination in relation with the gene transfer process. Also, nuclear incompatibilities resulting from the inclusion of a transferred gene, and cyto-nuclear incompatibilities between the mutant endosymbiotic genomes and the modified nuclear genome are investigated. The results obtained show that under certain circumstances the existence recombination or its non-existence produce the same results, and that deviations from symmetry in the recombination process might have important effects on the frequency of different alleles. It is also clear that there is a strong relation between nuclear and endosymbiotic genomes, and that the evolutionary fate of one largely depends on the forces affecting the other. When nuclear and cyto-nuclear incompatibilities are introduced in the model, the results show that lateral gene transfer-induced incompatibilities could potentially play a role in the speciation process similar to the one produced by mitochondria in the Nasonia species.

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