Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ivan Roberto Santana Casella / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2016. / Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de antenas planares multibanda de baixo custo para aplicações em sistemas de comunicações sem fio. As antenas propostas, baseadas nas topologias Quasi-Yagi e Vivaldi para sistemas SISO (Single Input Single Output) e Meandered Loop para sistemas MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), foram otimizadas para operar nas faixas de frequência das redes LTE (Long Term Evolution), WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) e WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access). Após os estudos preliminares de simulação e otimização para a definição final das topologias propostas, foram montados alguns protótipos para a realização de testes de medida e comprovação experimental das funcionalidades das antenas. / This work is aimed at developing low-cost multiband planar antennas for applications in wireless communications systems. Antennas proposals based on Quasi-Yagi topologies and Vivaldi for SISO systems (Single Input Single Output) and meandered Loop for MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) were optimized to operate in the frequency bands of the LTE (Long Term Evolution), WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) and WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access). After the preliminary studies simulation and optimization for the final definition of the proposed topologies, some prototypes were assembled to perform measurement tests and experimental verification of the functionalities of antennas.

The thesis deals with numerical modeling of planar Sierpinski monopole and modified Sierpinski monopole, outgoing from Sierpinski structure. Next, it focuses on modeling of the conical modified monopole and conical Sierpinski monopole created by transferring of modified structure to conical surface. The properties of these multi-band antennas are verified by simulations in CST Microwave Studio 2009 and compared with the results published in available literature. The conical Sierpinski monopole is then optimized according to specified criteria. The optimized antenna is designed and its properties are experimentally verified.

In this thesis we study the edge currents and the multi-band superconductivity in the unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4. Numerous measurements have given strong support for a topologically non-trivial time-reversal symmetry breaking chiral p-wave state in this material. However, the spontaneous edge current expected for this order has eluded experimental detection. In this thesis, we present a general theoretical description of the edge currents in chiral superconductors. Our results elucidate the connection between the edge currents and the topological property of the chiral pairing. On this basis, we argue that superconducting gap anisotropy, combined with surface disorder, may provide an explanation for the absence of observable edge currents in Sr2RuO4. In addition, contrary to intuitive expectations, the integrated edge current is found to identically vanish for any non-p-wave chiral superconductor in the continuum limit-- a result which may be connected with the orbital angular momentum problem in chiral superfluids, such as the A phase of He-3. In lattice models, the integrated edge current may not vanish in non-p-wave superconductors but, in general, is substantially smaller compared to that of a simple chiral p-wave. In a separate study, we investigate the multi-band nature of the superconductivity in Sr2RuO4, via explicit microscopic calculations of the multi-band interactions. Our results indicate comparable pairing correlations on all of the bands and the existence of soft collective phase fluctuations--a Leggett mode. We also examine the possibility of alternative time-reversal symmetry breaking multi-band superconductivity which does not necessarily require chiral p-wave pairing. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse à deux problèmes de conception de réseaux, utilisant la technologie OFDM multi-bandes. Le premier problème concerne la conception d'un réseau mono-couche avec contraintes spécifiques. Nous donnons une formulation en PLNE pour ce problème et étudions le polyèdre associé à sa restriction sur un arc. Nous introduisons deux familles d'inégalités valides définissant des facettes et développons un algorithme de coupes et branchements pour le problème. Nous étudions la variante multicouche du problème précédent et proposons plusieurs PLNE pour le modéliser. Nous identifions plusieurs familles de facettes et discutons des problèmes de séparation associés. Nous développons un algorithme de coupes et branchements utilisant l'ensemble des contraintes identifiées. Enfin, une formulation compacte et deux formulations basées sur des chemins sont proposées pour le problème. Nous présentons deux algorithmes de génération de colonnes et branchements pour le problème. / In this thesis we consider two capacitated network design (CND) problems, using OFDM multi-band technology. The first problem is related to single-layer network design with specific requirements. We give an ILP formulation for this problem and study the polyhedra associated with its arc-set restriction. We describe two families of facet defining inequalities. We devise a Branch-and-Cut algorithm for the problem. Next, we investigate the multilayer version of CND using OFDM technology. We propose several ILP formulations and study the polyhedron associated with the first (cut) formulation. We identify several classes of facets and discuss the related separation problem. We devise a Branch-and-Cut algorithm embedding valid inequalities of both single-layer and multilayer problems. The second formulation is compact, and holds a polynomial number of constraints and variables. Two further path formulations are given which yield two efficient Branch-and-Price algorithms for the problem.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le projet FUI-2011 BELOCOPA (Bouée Éjectable pour la LOcalisation et la COllecte des Paramètres de vol d'un Aéronef abîmé en mer). Il s'agissait de concevoir et de développer un équipement embarqué, extractible et autonome pour localiser rapidement et avec précision un aéronef abîmé en mer et récupérer par liaisons radio les principales données de vol à partir d'un patrouilleur maritime. Le but de cette thèse, au sein de l'Institut Fresnel, concernait l'étude et la réalisation de l'antenne principale de la balise. Cette antenne devait être très flexible et de petites dimensions pour être pliée et insérée dans un espace réduit de la balise et résistante lors son déploiement après son éjection de l'avion. La première partie du travail a eu pour objectif de caractériser en terme de permittivité les différents matériaux diélectriques entrant dans la constitution de la balise, à savoir les substrats sur lesquels sont fixées les antennes et le radôme. La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur la conception d'antennes multi-bandes fonctionnant en modes dipolaires sur le plan de fréquences du cahier des charges du projet. Ces antennes ont la particularité d'être extrêmement souples. Cette souplesse a été obtenue en réalisant des motifs métalliques rayonnants sur une toile polyamide. Plusieurs motifs ont été étudiés et testés pour converger vers une antenne méandre fonctionnant à trois fréquences distinctes. A l'issue de cette étude, un prototype de l'antenne finale positionnée dans son radôme constitue le dernier maillon du prototype de la balise de détresse du projet BELOCOPA. / This thesis is part of the BELOCOPA project FUI-2011 (BELOCOPA means Ejected Buoy to LOcalize and COllect the data of a crashed plane in sea). It was about designing and developing an on-board, removable and autonomous, equipment to localize quickly and precisely an aircraft crashed in the sea, and to collect by telecommunication the main flight data from a patrol boat. The aim of this thesis, in the Fresnel Institute, was the study and the realization of the main antenna of the beacon. This antenna had to be very flexible with small dimensions to be folded and integrated in a reduced space of the beacon, and had to be strong during its deployment after the ejection of the plane. The aim of the first part of the work was to characterize in term of permittivity the different dielectric materials included in the composition of the beacon, namely the substrates of the antennas and the radome. The second part of the thesis was on the design of multi-band antennas working in dipolar modes on the frequency plan of the specification of the project. The characteristic of these antennas is to be very flexible. This flexibility was obtained realizing metal radiating pattern on a polyamide material. Several patterns have been studied and tested to get the final antenna with meander working at three different resonance frequencies. Following this study, a prototype of the final antenna integrated in the radome is the last link of the prototype of the distress beacon BELOCOPA.

Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas antenas planares de micro-ondas multibandas para aplicação em terminais móveis de sistemas de comunicação sem fio. Foi realizado um estudo sobre antenas planares de micro-ondas, com ênfase em técnicas de projeto que possibilitam a operação das mesmas em bandas largas e em múltiplas bandas. A partir dos conhecimentos adquiridos com esse estudo, foram propostas configurações de antenas para terminais móveis de sistemas atuais de telefonia móvel, de WLAN e de WPAN, sistemas esses que têm experimentado nos últimos anos uma grande popularização mundial. Por meio de um procedimento de projeto auxiliado por simulação eletromagnética computacional, as configurações propostas de antenas foram analisadas e otimizadas, visando atender às especificações de projeto estabelecidas para operação nos sistemas mencionados. O desempenho que pode ser obtido com essas configurações de antenas depende de diversos parâmetros geométricos das mesmas, resultando em flexibilidade de projeto para obtenção das bandas de operação desejadas. Protótipos das antenas projetadas foram construídos e caracterizados para validar as configurações propostas de antenas e o procedimento de projeto empregado. Foram desenvolvidas quatro antenas para operação em sistemas de telefonia móvel, de WLAN e de WPAN empregados no Brasil, na Europa e nos EUA: uma antena planar em F-invertido tri-band com configuração original para operação nas bandas dos padrões GSM, DCS e PCS; uma antena planar em F-invertido penta-band com configuração original para operação nas bandas dos padrões GSM, DCS, PCS e UMTS e na banda ISM de 2.400 MHz; duas antenas quad-band, uma delas planar em F-invertido e a outra monopolo impresso com configuração original, para operação nas bandas ISM de 2.400 MHz e de 5.800 MHz e nas bandas de 5.200 MHz e de 5.600 MHz. Os resultados experimentais dos protótipos construídos apresentaram, de modo geral, boa concordância com os resultados fornecidos por simulação e mostraram que as antenas desenvolvidas atenderam às especificações de projeto para elas estabelecidas. Por meio de ambos os resultados experimentais e de simulação, o desempenho das antenas desenvolvidas pôde ser verificado, e demonstrou-se a efetividade do procedimento de projeto adotado. / In this work, multi-band microwave planar antennas for application in mobile terminals of wireless communication systems were developed. A study on microwave planar antennas was performed with emphasis on design techniques that enable their operation in wide bands and multiple bands. From the knowledge gained from this study, antenna configurations for mobile terminals of current mobile telephony, WLAN and WPAN systems, which have experienced in recent years great popularity worldwide, were proposed. By means of a design procedure aided by computer electromagnetic simulation, the proposed antenna configurations were analyzed and optimized in order to meet the design specifications established for operation in the afore mentioned systems. The performance that can be obtained with these antenna configurations depends on their several geometric parameters, resulting in design flexibility for obtaining the desired operation bands. Prototypes of the designed antennas were fabricated and characterized to validate the proposed antenna configurations and the design procedure employed. Four antennas were developed for operation in mobile telephony, WLAN and WPAN systems employed in Brazil, Europe and USA: a tri-band planar inverted-F antenna with novel configuration for operation in GSM, DCS and PCS standard bands; a penta-band planar inverted-F antenna with novel configuration for operation in GSM, DCS, PCS and UMTS standard bands and 2,400 MHz ISM band; two quad-band antennas, one of them planar inverted-F and the other printed monopole with novel configuration, for operation in 2,400 MHz and 5,800 MHz ISM bands and 5,200 MHz and 5,600 MHz bands. The experimental results from the fabricated prototypes exhibited, in general, good agreement with the results provided by simulation and showed that the developed antennas met the specifications established for them. By means of both simulation and experimental results, the performance of the developed antennas could be verified, and the effectiveness of the design procedure adopted was demonstrated.

This dissertation is focused on the design, fabrication, and characterization of novel metamaterials in microwave and terahertz regions with the following outcomes: A planar &micro / -negative metamaterial structure, called double-sided SRR (DSRR), is proposed in the first part of this study. DSRR combines the features of a conventional split ring resonator (SRR) and a broadside-coupled SRR (BC-SRR) to obtain much better miniaturization at microwave frequencies for a given physical cell size. In addition to DSRR, double-sided multiple SRR (DMSRR), double-sided spiral resonator (DSR), and double-sided U-spiral resonator (DUSR) have been shown to provide smaller electrical sizes than their single-sided versions under magnetic excitation. In the second part of this dissertation, a novel multi-band tunable metamaterial topology, called micro-split SRR (MSSRR), is proposed. In addition to that, a novel magnetic resonator structure named single loop resonator (SLR) is suggested to provide two separate magnetic resonance frequencies in addition to an electric resonance in microwave region. In the third part, two different frequency tunable metamaterial topologies called BC-SRR and gap-to-gap SRR are designed, fabricated and characterized at terahertz frequencies with electrical excitation for the first time. In those designs, frequency tuning based on variations in near field coupling is obtained by in-plane horizontal or vertical displacements of the two SRR layers. The values of frequency shifts obtained for these tunable metamaterial structures are reported to be the highest values obtained in literature so far. Finally, in the last part of this dissertation, novel double-sided metamaterial based sensor topologies are suggested and their feasibility studies are presented.

This thesis analyzes charge properties of (undoped) cuprate compounds from a theoretical point of view. The central question considered here is: How does the dimensionality of the CU-O sub-structure influence its charge degrees of freedom? The model used to describe the Cu-O sub-structure is the three- (or multi-) band Hubbard model. Analytical approaches are employed (ground-state formalism for strongly correlated systems, Mori-Zwanzig projection technique) as well as numerical simulations (Projector Quantum Monte Carlo, exact diagonalization). Several results are compared to experimental data. The following materials have been chosen as candidates to represent different Cu-O sub-structures: Bi2CuO4 (isolated CuO4 plaquettes), Li2CuO2 (chains of edge-sharing plaquettes), Sr2CuO3 (chains of corner-sharing plaquettes), and Sr2CuO2Cl2 (planes of plaquettes). Several results presented in this thesis are valid for other cuprates as well. Two different aspects of charge properties are analyzed: 1) Charge properties of the ground state 2) Charge excitations. (gekürzte Fassung)

Os requisitos de linearidade e ruído em aplicações multi-banda e multi-protocolo fazem que o projeto de misturadores RF seja uma tarefa muito desafiadora. Nesta dissertação dois misturadores com base na topologia célula de Gilbert são propostas. Linearidade e ruído foram as principais figuras de mérito consideradas para o misturadores propostos. Para aumento linearidade, foi utilizada uma técnica de cancelamento de harmônicas pós-distorção (PDHC). E, para redução de ruído, foi utilizado um circuito de redução dinâmica de corrente combinada com um filtro LC sintonizado na frequência do LO e cancelamento de ruído térmico. A análise por séries Volterra do estágio transcondutância do misturador proposto é reportada para mostrar a eficácia da técnica de cancelamento de harmônicos com pósdistorção. O circuito de linearização adicionado não aumenta o tamanho do misturador, nem degrada ganho de conversão, figura de ruído, ou consumo de potência. Simulações elétricas foram realizadas em nível de pós-layout para a primeira topologia e nível esquemático para a segunda topologia, usando processo CMOS de 0.13 mm da IBM. As melhorias em IIP2 e IIP3 são apresentadas em comparação com o misturador do tipo célula de Gilbert convencional. Para a primeira topologia, foi obtido um ganho de conversão de 10.2 dB com uma NF de 12 dB para o misturador projetado funcionando a 2 GHz, com uma frequência intermediária de 500 kHz. E um IIP2 e IIP3 de 55 dBm e 10.9 dBm, respectivamente, consumindo apenas 5.3 mW de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Para a segunda topologia, foram obtidos um ganho de conversão de [13.8 ~11] dB, um coeficiente de reflexão na entrada (S11) de [-18 ~-9.5] dB e um NF de [8.5 ~11] dB no intervalo de 1 a 6 GHz. Para as especificações de linearidade, um valor médio de IIP3 de 0 dBm foi alcançado para toda a faixa de frequência, consumindo 19.3 mW a partir de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Especificações adequadas para operação multi-banda e multi-protocolo. / The linearity and noise requirements in multi-band multi-standard applications make the design of RF CMOS mixers a very challenging task. In this dissertation two downconversion mixers based on the Gilbert-cell topology are proposed. Linearity and noise were the principal figures of merit for the proposed mixers. For linearity improvement, post distortion harmonic cancellation (PDHC) was employed. And, for noise reduction, dynamic current injection combined with an LC filter tuned at the LO frequency and thermal-noise cancellation were used. A Volterra series analysis of the transconductance stage is reported to show the effectiveness of the post-distortion harmonic cancellation technique. The added linearization circuitry does not increase the size of the mixer, nor does it degrade conversion gain, noise figure, or power consumption. Electrical simulations were performed on extracted layout level from the first topology and schematic level from the second topology. Using an IBM 0.13 mm CMOS process improvements on IIP3 and IIP2 in comparison to the conventional Gilbert-cell mixer are demonstrated. For the first topology, we achieved a conversion gain of 10.2 dB with a NF of 12 dB for the designed mixer working at 2 GHz, with a low-IF of 500 kHz and an IIP2 and IIP3 of 55 dBm and 10.9 dBm, respectively, while consuming only 5.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply. For the second topology, we achieved a conversion gain range of [13.8 ~11] dB, an input reflection coefficient (S11) of [-18 ~-9.5] dB and a NF of [8.5 ~11] dB in the frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz. For the linearity specs, an IIP3 of 0 dBm was achieved for the whole frequency range, while consuming 19.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply, making the second topology well suited for multi-band and multi-standard operation.

Récemment, la convergence des techniques radio à 60 GHz sur fibre optique (radio over fiber - RoF) et des réseaux d’accès optiques passifs à multiplexage en longueurs d’ondes (wavelength division multiplexing-WDM) a suscité un très grand intérêt dans la communauté scientifique. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les solutions pour faire converger les systèmes RoF à 60 GHZ et les réseaux passifs optiques (passive optical network – PON) utilisant le WDM, appelés dans la suite PON-WDM. Les résultats principaux de cette thèse axée sur la technologie des systèmes RoF et l’intégration des systèmes RoF avec les réseaux d’accès PON-WDM sont les suivants : Un système RoF utilisant un démultiplexeur WDM, compatible avec les réseaux d’accès PON-WDM, est proposé dans cette thèse. Nous avons mené une étude théorique complète du bruit de phase. Elle inclut la contribution des bruits de phase des générateurs de signaux électriques et celle de la conversion de bruit de phase optique en bruit d’intensité. Cette dernière conversion est due à la détection de deux signaux cohérents, retardés l’un par rapport à l’autre si les longueurs optiques entre les deux canaux optiques se recombinant sont différentes. La densité spectrale de puissance du signal millimétrique généré optiquement est analysée théoriquement et démontrée expérimentalement. Son étude donne une méthode pour compenser un éventuel délai optique │τd│. L’amplitude du vecteur d’erreur (error vector magnitude –EVM) est théoriquement calculée et expérimentalement démontrée, en fonction du rapport │τd│/τcOP où τcOP est la durée de cohérence de la source optique utilisée. Cela donne une règle de conception pour insérer le démultiplexeur optique dans le système d’hétérodynage optique.  Nous avons validé expérimentalement la technique d’hétérodynage optique qui utilise un démultiplexeur pour générer un signal millimétrique respectant le standard ECMA 387. Nous avons proposé un système combinant une partie RoF et un réseau PON-WDM, permettant la génération simultanée d’un signal millimétrique respectant le standard ECMA 387 et la transmission d’un signal en bande de base à plusieurs gigabits par seconde. Nous avons réalisé expérimentalement avec succès la transmission simultanée d’un signal à 60 GHZ, modulé avec une modulation BPSK par un signal à 1588 Mbit/s et celle d’un signal en bande de base à 10 Gbit/s.  Nous avons proposé une nouvelle technique de modulation multi-bandes : la modulation de phase parallèle utilisant un unique modulateur de Mach-Zehnder. Cette technique présente des avantages significatifs comparée à n’importe quelle autre technique de modulation multi-bandes. Il n’y a aucun impact de la modulation en bande de base sur la génération millimétrique. L’impact de la modulation RF sur la transmission en bande de base (impact dû à la non-linéarité de la modulation de phase) est limité. Le taux d’erreurs binaires du signal en bande de base intégrant l’effet du signal RF a été théoriquement calculé et expérimentalement validé. Cela donne des règles de conception pour la technique de modulation de phase parallèle avec un unique modulateur de Mach-Zehnder. Nous avons proposé une architecture et réalisé un démonstrateur d’un système bas-coût bidirectionnel pour la transmission RoF. Ce système utilise le mélange optoélectronique et la technique d’hétérodynage optique. Nous avons prouvé que :  Des signaux à 60 GHz modulés à 397 Mbit/s et 794 Mbit/s avec une modulation BPSK sont convertis vers la bande basse de fréquence en utilisant la technique de mélange optoélectronique : les contraintes du standard ECMA 387 sont respectées.  Pour la liaison descendante utilisant la technique d’hétérodynage optique, aucune pénalité sur l’EVM n’est causée par le choix du régime non linéaire de la photodiode. / Recently, convergence of 60 GHz radio over fiber (RoF) technique with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) passive optical networks (PON) has raised great interests because it provides the possibility for simultaneous broadband 60 GHz signal generation and multi-gigabit per second wireline transmission. The objective of the thesis is to study the solutions for converged 60 GHz RoF and WDM-PON technique. In this thesis, we have made the following achievements for RoF technology and the integration of RoF technology with WDM-PON access networks: A RoF system using WDM DEMUX which is supposed to be compliant with WDM-PON access networks is proposed in this thesis. Phase noise including optical phase to intensity noise conversion contribution due to the delayed coherent detection induced by the different optical lengths between the two optical channels and the phase noise contribution due to the electrical generators has been theoretically studied. PSD of the optical mmW is theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated, which gives a solution to compensate different optical delay │τd│ EVM as function of │τd│/τcOP is theoretically derived and experimentally proved, which gives a design rule for optical heterodyning using WDM DEMUX The optical heterodyning technique using WDM DEMUX for mmW generation respecting ECMA 387 standard is validated by the experiment. We proposed a simple combination of RoF with WDM-PON supporting mmW generation respecting ECMA 387 standard and multi-gigabit per second baseband transmission. Simultaneous transmission of 1588 Mbps BPSK 60 GHz signal and 10 Gbps baseband signal is experimentally proved. A novel WDM-RoF-PON access networks with multi-band modulation technique is proposed in order to lower the cost of infrastructure. We propose a novel parallel phase modulation technique with a single MZM. This technique can offer several significant advantages compared to any other multi-band modulation technique. No impact from baseband modulation to mmW generation. Limited impact from RF modulation to baseband transmission due to the non-linearity of the phase modulation. BER of baseband signal with RF impact is theoretically studied and experimentally demonstrated, which gives a design rule for parallel phase modulation technique with a single MZM A low-cost bidirectional RoF transmission using optoelectronic mixing and optical heterodyning technique is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It has been proved that: 397 Mbps and 794 Mbps BPSK 60 GHz uplink signal is down-converted to IF band respecting the ECMA 387 standard by using the optoelectronic mixing technique. No EVM penalty is paid to the non-linearity biased PD for downlink transmission by optical heterodyning technique. 6 dB power penalty need to be paid for the non-linear biased PD, which can be compensated by using high gain LNA after the PD.