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Byggsektorn står för en stor del av den svenska ekonomin. I Sverige omsätter byggföretagen omkring 540 miljarder kronor på bygginvesteringar, vilka utgörs av ny-, om- och tillbyggnader av bostäder och lokaler. Majoriteten av Sveriges hushåll bor i flerbostadshus. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn är vidare uppmärksammad på grund av dess påverkan på omgivningen och miljön. Till följd av oron för byggsektorns klimatpåverkan har pressen ökat på byggherrar och deras arbetssätt. I samband med detta ställs det högre krav på att byggherrar bygger hållbart och implementerar det i sin verksamhet. Dessa krav medför att initialkostnader vid uppförandet av flerbostadshus påverkas. Byggherrar står alltså inför flera val vid investeringsbeslut som kan påverka det ekonomiska utfallet för flerbostadsprojekt, där de möter lång- och kortsiktiga utmaningar. Inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn är ekonomi och hållbarhet viktiga aspekter. Det förekommer därmed bekymmer bland byggherreföretagen att hållbart byggande medför extra kostnader, detta samtidigt som det råder en ökad efterfrågan från kunder. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur en byggherre kan bygga flerbostadshus både lönsamt och hållbart. Detta arbete grundar sig på ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt, vilket innefattar en studie av befintlig teori och forskning inom ämnesområdet samt semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data erhållen från samtliga intervjuer analyserades utifrån studiens litteraturöversikt och inkluderar därmed; lönsamhet, ekologiskt hållbart byggande, ekonomiskt hållbart byggande samt socialt hållbart byggande. Studien påvisar att vikten av ett välplanerade projekt från tidigt skede är en fundamental faktor för att en byggherre ska kunna bygga både lönsamt och hållbart. Hållbarhetstänket bör implementeras under hela processen för uppförandet av flerbostadshus, där samtliga beståndsdelar beaktas. Vidare framgår det i denna studie att byggherren bör utgå från ett långsiktigt perspektiv vid bedömningar samt val av olika lösningar och alternativ. Här betonas val av material samt energialternativ som kritiska faktorer, där hybrida lösningar visat sig vara essentiellt. Arbetet belyser att dessa bedömningar och val bör genomföras med hjälp av bland annat livscykelanalyser och klimatberäkningar. En ytterligare faktor som påvisats vara väsentligt för att bygga både lönsamt och hållbart är införandet av cirkulär ekonomi. I studien visar det även sig vara av stor vikt att arbeta strukturerat, standardiserat och vara enhetliga i företaget. Resultatet från studien betonar ytterligare vikten av forskningsprojekt. Införandet av pilotprojekt samt nya och förbättrade alternativ kan vara banbrytare som sätter spår för hur en byggherre kan bygga flerbostadshus både lönsamt och hållbart. / The construction sector accounts for a large part of the Swedish economy. Construction companies in Sweden have a turnover of around 540 billion SEK on construction investments, which consist of new constructions, reconstructions and extensions of homes and premises. The majority of Sweden's households live in multifamily housing. The construction and real estate sector is also receiving attention due to its impact on the surroundings and environment. As a result of concerns about the construction sector's climate impact, the pressure on developers and their working methods has increased. In connection with this, higher demands are thus placed on developers to work with sustainable construction and see it as a central part of their business. These requirements entail that initial costs for the construction of multifamily housing are affected. Developers thus face several choices in investment decisions that can affect the financial outcome of multifamily housing projects, where they face long-term and short-term challenges. In the construction and real estate sector, economy and sustainability are important aspects. There are thus concerns among the construction client companies that sustainable construction entails higher costs, at the same time as there is an increased demand for it from customers. The purpose of this study is to investigate how a developer can build multifamily housing both profitably and sustainably. This study is based on a qualitative approach, which includes a study of existing theory and research in the subject area as well as semi-structured interviews. Data obtained from all interviews were analyzed based on the study's literature review and are thus comprised of; profitability, ecologically sustainable construction, economically sustainable construction and socially sustainable construction. The study shows that the importance of a well-planned project from an early stage is a fundamental factor for a developer to be able to build both profitably and sustainably. The idea of sustainability should be implemented throughout the process for the construction of multifamily housing projects, where all components are taken into account. Furthermore, the study shows that the developer should proceed with a long-term perspective when assessing and choosing different solutions and alternatives. Here, the choice of materials and energy alternatives are emphasized as critical factors, where hybrid solutions have proven to be essential. The work highlights that these assessments and choices should be carried out with the help of life cycle analyzes and climate calculations. An additional factor that has been shown to be substantial for building both profitably and sustainably is the introduction of a circular economy. In the study, it is also shown to be of great importance to work in a structured and standardized manner in the company. The results presented further emphasize the importance of research projects. The introduction of pilot projects as well as new and improved alternatives can be pioneers that set the stage for how a developer can build multifamily housing both profitably and sustainably.

People age 55 and over will dramatically increase in the next 25 years, and will comprise approximately 30% of the total population. They may want to maintain their current lifestyle, and at the same time, they will experience changes of their lifecycle stage that could affect their housing choices. Even though single-family, detached housing is the most dominant housing type in the U.S., a significant number of older adults could choose to live in multifamily housing if their motivations and background are understood. The choice to live in multifamily housing by adults in their later life may be influenced by their past experiences living in multifamily housing, and by their current satisfaction with multifamily housing living. The purpose of this study was to investigate the past, current, and future housing behavior of residents 55 and older living in multifamily housing. The research framework for this study was developed based on Morris and Winter's (1975, 1978) theory of housing adjustment and Wiseman's (1980) model of elderly migration. The research framework was comprised of five major sections: (a) Current Demographic Characteristics, (b) Previous Demographic Characteristics, (c) Reasons for Moving into Current housing, (d) Residential Satisfaction, and (e) Intention to Move in the Future. Five major hypotheses were tested. This study was designed as a quantitative study, using a self-administered questionnaire administered by an online survey company. Between February 2, 2012 and February 4, 2012, a total of 431 usable surveys for this study were collected. Several statistical methods were employed: descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, crosstabs, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and structural equation model (SEM). From EFA, three major reasons for moving into current housing (the multifamily living reason, the nearby activities reason, and the financial reason), and three residential satisfaction factors (satisfaction with the unit design, the multifamily community, and the location) were derived. Multifamily living reason significantly positively influenced satisfaction with the unit design, the multifamily community, and the location. There was a significant influence of the nearby activities reason only on satisfaction with the location. Financial reason significantly negatively influenced satisfaction with the unit design, the multifamily community, and the location. Satisfaction with the unit design and the multifamily community significantly negatively related to the intention to move. The findings from this study can help older adults and their advisors to better understand the housing decision-making process in later life, and inform the housing industry about the perceived potential benefits and challenges in developing multifamily housing for older adults. / Ph. D.

Dado el contexto actual de bajo crecimiento e incertidumbre internacional se busca determinar qué variable es aquella determinante en la valorización de los inmuebles multifamiliares de Lima – Metropolitana, tomando como periodo de tiempo a los años 2002-2014, un periodo muy atractivo ya que nuestro país logró importantes picos en el crecimiento y desarrollo económico-social. Mientras que en los últimos años no se vio este mismo nivel de crecimiento, lo que ayudará a que el estudio sea preciso por las dimensiones del ciclo económico que se presentaron en ese periodo. El estudio de investigación se direcciona a los inmuebles multifamiliares debido a que en los últimos años gracias a la expansión económica este segmento de mercado fue el de mayor expansión, lo que generó el incremento de la demanda y oferta de éstos bienes en el país, dada la alta rotación del producto se puede determinar que su movimiento es fundamental por el efecto que representa para el sector inmobiliario. A fin de contrastar las hipótesis y lograr los objetivos propuestos en el trabajo de investigación. / Trabajo de investigación

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[pt] A aplicação de soluções e sistemas prediais sustentáveis em edificações, em especial em habitação, tem sido promovida pela adoção recente de leis pertinentes e pela maior consciência sobre o tema da sustentabilidade. Isto tem levado à iniciativas pontuais que visam redução de custos e de consumo de recursos como energia e água. Porém, é pouco comum verificar no mercado habitacional do Rio de Janeiro o surgimento de novos lançamentos imobiliários que já contemplem soluções sustentáveis em seus projetos, mostrando falta de atenção por parte dos incorporadores imobiliários e clientes compradores com relação à adoção de práticas sustentáveis e de gestão de recursos durante o desenvolvimento e operação da edificação. Este trabalho analisa parâmetros de incorporação e custos de operação de um empreendimento residencial hipotético, com oito pavimentos tipo, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no qual é avaliada a inclusão de quatro sistemas: geração de energia solar fotovoltaica, reuso de águas cinzas, captação de água de chuvas e uso de hidrômetros individualizados. A análise financeira é realizada através da montagem de seis cenários de avaliação, o primeiro considerando a edificação sem nenhuma solução sustentável, os quatro seguintes com cada uma das soluções aplicadas separadamente, e a última considerando todas as soluções implementadas simultaneamente. Os resultados financeiros são comparados para avaliar dados do interesse do agente incorporador, como custos de incorporação, necessidades de correção nos preços de venda e disposição a pagar do consumidor, e dados de interesse do cliente comprador, como economias geradas durante a operação e payback do investimento. / [en] The increase in the global population and the ever-increasing development of cities have given rise to various challenges to be overcome in environmental, social, cultural and economic terms. This situation makes it important to encourage the use of new technological solutions to build more sustainable cities and the real estate market has an important role in this process, because the incorporation of sustainable practices into buildings is decided upon during the design of real estate developments. With respect to the Brazilian market, the managers of developers currently bear the responsibility of being the decision-makers on the use of sustainable building systems and on the reduction of energy consumption over the lifespan of buildings. On the other hand, within the real estate market in the city of Rio de Janeiro, it is unusual to find multi-family housing developments that already feature such solutions integrated from the beginning into their designs, thereby demonstrating that real estate developers and buying customers overlook resource management during construction. Notably, financial considerations govern market relations and it is supposed that the implementation of sustainable solutions is still an unknown variable in terms of financial results, since the probable increase in the cost of initial construction still does not lead to visible, immediate gains for real estate developers. In addition, consumers do not have clarity on the gains tied to acquiring sustainable buildings. Information is lacking on the benefits in ecological terms and mainly, in financial terms, relating to the reduction in operating costs from the use of energy and natural resources during the lifespan of the building.

La presente investigación se desarrolla en torno a los numerosos problemas de calidad que se presentan en las nuevas viviendas multifamiliares en Lima Metropolitana; enfocado específicamente en las instalaciones sanitarias, que es la especialidad que presenta más inconvenientes. Se pretende que, mediante la evaluación de la post venta y el enfoque a procesos, se detecten las causas de los principales reclamos, para diagnosticar las fallas incidentes en las instalaciones sanitarias, y así, realizar una propuesta que mejore los procedimientos actualmente utilizados. El trabajo consta de cinco partes. En la primera, se evidencia que la problemática está presente en muchas partes de Latinoamérica, específicamente en nuestra capital. En la segunda, se definen los reglamentos, normas y bases teóricas en las cuales se fundamenta la investigación; asimismo, se explican cómo son las instalaciones sanitarias y los procedimientos utilizados actualmente en nuestro país. En la tercera, se presenta la información recopilada, los reportes de post venta, y se realizan los respectivos análisis con distintas herramientas de calidad. En la cuarta, se hace una discusión de los resultados del capítulo anterior y se definen las causas de las fallas más recurrentes en las instalaciones sanitarias. Por último, en la quinta, se desarrolla la propuesta de mejora de la investigación. Finalmente, cuando se aplican las propuestas de mejora, se obtiene un porcentaje de problemas solucionados del 65% de los reclamos hechos a post venta en el rubro de instalaciones sanitarias. / This research is developed around the numerous quality problems that arise in new multi-family homes in Metropolitan Lima; specifically focused on sanitary facilities, which is the specialty that presents the most drawbacks. It is intended that, by evaluating the after-sales and focusing on processes, the causes of the main complaints are detected, to diagnose the incident failures in the sanitary facilities, and thus, make a proposal that improves the procedures currently used. The work consists of five parts. In the first, it is evident that the problem is present in many parts of Latin America, specifically in our capital. In the second, the regulations, standards and theoretical bases on which the research is based are defined; Likewise, it explains what the sanitary facilities and procedures currently used in our country are like. In the third, the information collected is presented, the post-sale reports, and the respective analyzes are carried out with different quality tools. In the fourth, a discussion of the results of the previous chapter is made and the causes of the most recurrent failures in sanitary facilities are defined. Finally, in the fifth, the research improvement proposal is developed. Finally, when the improvement proposals are applied, a percentage of problems solved is obtained of 65% of the claims made after sales in the area of sanitary facilities. / Tesis

La filosofía actual del diseño estructural para edificios en Lima pone al sistema de concreto armado como el más eficiente y económico entre los sistemas existentes; pero hay un sistema capaz de igualar los beneficios del sistema de concreto armado e incluso mejorarlos, el cual es llamado sistema de concreto postensado. En la actualidad, Perú ha adoptado el sistema de concreto armado como el pionero a usarse en la construcción de edificios para vivienda familiar. Un estudio realizado por la INEI corroboro que Lima, ciudad que alberga la gran mayoría de habitantes del país y que ostenta la mayor cantidad de condominios multifamiliares, concentra la mayor parte de conjuntos habitacionales construidos en base a concreto armado en todo el país (47.9 %). Un método tradicional que no se quiere dejar de lado dado el tiempo de uso y el desconocimiento sobre otros métodos capaces de ser mejores a este. Pero el método de concreto postensado podría ser más efectivo y hasta ahorrativo al momento de pensar en la cantidad de materiales y tiempo a usar. Es así como se plantea una comparación de ambos métodos estructurales, con el fin de verificar y dar a conocer a la comunidad ingenieril los beneficios y desventajas de ambos, y que, de esta forma, se tenga información sobre qué sistema podría ser más efectivos a la hora del levantamiento de un edificio multifamiliar. / The current philosophy of structural design for buildings in Lima places the reinforced concrete system as the most efficient and economical among existing systems; but there is a system capable of equalizing the benefits of the reinforced concrete system and even improving them, which is called post-tensioned concrete system. Currently, Peru has adopted the reinforced concrete system as the pioneer to be used in the construction of buildings for family housing. A study carried out by the INEI bear out that Lima, the city that houses the great majority of the country's inhabitants and that boasts the largest number of multifamily condominiums, concentrates most of the housing assemblies built on the basis of reinforced concrete throughout the country (47.9%). A traditional method that no one wants to ignore given the time of use and ignorance about other methods capable of being better than this. But the post-tensioned concrete method could be more effective and even thrifty when thinking about the amount of materials and time to use. This is how a comparison of both structural methods is proposed, in order to verify and make known to the engineering community the benefits and disadvantages of both, and that, in this way, there is information on which system could be more effective at the time of the erecting of a multi-family building. / Tesis

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