Published Article / The South African Public Sector is based on democratic values and principles enshrined in the Constitution. One of those crucial principles is the promotion of efficiency and the economic and effective utilisation of resources. By implication, the achievement of this principle is only possible if people with the correct skills, qualifications and knowledge are selected to lead government projects and programmes. However, the country's unrepresentative labour force, as well as their disadvantage with regard to skills, poses a challenge within the Public Sector. The purpose of this paper is to assess the implementation of employment equity in a category C District Municipality. Focus-group discussions targeting the respective District Municipalities were conducted. The interview schedule demarcated three sections. The first focused on the respondents' awareness of legislative directives, the second on the implementation of a 2005 Employment Equity Plan, and the third on the importance of relevant legislation that was passed by the Government to address imbalances in employment equity. Results indicate that even though some progress was evident, the implementation of the 2005 Employment Equity Plan was slow and consequently the District Municipality under investigation was unable to reach its set targets. Although several reasons are given for this state of affairs, the biggest concern is the absence of the commitment of the Municipal Council in implementing the Plan.

The concept of community leadership as a field of study has attracted the attention of researchers for many years across the globe. The role of municipality councils is of great importance as an aspect of democratic governance. Councils have a significant role to play as partners to the central government in providing community services. This research attempts to explore community leadership in a new democracy focusing on the relationship between community members, community leadership and government organisations compared to the same of established democracies. The specific focus of the research investigation is community leaders and community members in the Kingdom of Bahrain as a new democracy. This thesis is an investigation of the success factors and barriers that influence the performance of municipal councils' members as community leaders. It also investigates how community leaders have practiced their roles and duties and assesses their performance and characteristics in new democracy compared to those of established democracies as exemplified in the UK, Canada, Australia, and the Philippines. The research objectives are: (1) to identify success factors that influence community leadership performance in a new democracy as perceived by community leaders; (2) to identify barriers that hinder community leadership performance in a new democracy as perceived by community leaders; (3) to identify the roles and duties practiced by community leadership in new democracies as perceived by community leaders and community members; (4) to assess community leadership performance in new democracy as perceived by community members; and (5) to identify characteristics practiced by community leadership in a new democracy as perceived by community members. Three sequential pilot studies were undertaken to gain better feedback from respondents and to build a strong foundation for the main survey. Two sets of questionnaires were developed for this study; the first set of questionnaires dealt with community leaders in new democracies, where they evaluated the success factors, barriers and roles and duties practiced by community leadership in established democracies. The second set of questionnaires dealt with community members in a new democracy, where they evaluated their community leaders through roles and duties, performances and characteristics practiced by community leadership in established democracies. The findings showed that municipal councils‘ members agreed on the importance of success factors and barriers that influence communities in established democracies and they were very positive about their own perceptions of their roles and duties in municipality work. On the other hand community members were negative about their own perception of their municipal leaders‘ roles and duties, performance and characteristics. The results also revealed an absence of clear demarcations of roles between government agencies and councils, and disproportionate demarcation of the constituents. The respondents agreed that awareness programs could be an important undertaking to improve and enhance the effectiveness of council leaders. This study may contribute to the literature by filling the gap related to success factors and barriers that influence community leadership performance in new democracies, focusing on problems facing community leadership and the solutions to overcome these problems. Furthermore, the governments of new democracies can use the empirical evidence to create and adopt new laws, policies and regulations that will redound to community improvement services, leadership enhancement and goal achievement.

Submitted by William de Andrade Funchal null (w.funchal@uol.com.br) on 2017-01-09T11:52:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Completa Revisada.pdf: 1652425 bytes, checksum: 0104633e66437332fbc7e6baf7772b97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-11T17:45:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 funchal_wa_me_fran.pdf: 1652425 bytes, checksum: 0104633e66437332fbc7e6baf7772b97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T17:45:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 funchal_wa_me_fran.pdf: 1652425 bytes, checksum: 0104633e66437332fbc7e6baf7772b97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A proposta deste estudo é investigar o funcionamento da câmara municipal de São Paulo no período no qual a capitania esteve politicamente subordinada ao governador do Rio de Janeiro e ao governador militar de Santos, entre 1748-1765. Com base na vasta literatura sobre a instituição camarária, a hipótese inicial deste trabalho era de que a governança local teria se posicionado a favor da decisão da Coroa portuguesa em suprimir o governador da capitania em virtude das reformas político-administrativas aplicadas no centro-sul que visavam otimizar a exploração dos sertões minerais. A pesquisa, contudo, revelou que a câmara foi contrária à supressão da autonomia, embora essa reação tenha ocorrido apenas nos anos iniciais e finais desse intervalo. Mas a mudança mais significativa foi o reordenamento da interlocução dos camaristas com o funcionalismo régio, o que assegurou as bases de sua governabilidade. A sobrevivência da instituição camarária e a manutenção de sua jurisdição em uma capitania sem governador contribuíram para comprovar seu vigor institucional. Por outro lado, a pesquisa demonstrou que essa supressão de governador pode ser melhor compreendida se vinculada às tensões entre as coroas ibéricas na definição de suas balizas geográficas na América. Para entender esse momento singular da história da câmara de São Paulo, de sede de uma capitania sem autonomia administrativa, foi feito um recuo ao período do governo de D. Luís Mascarenhas (1739-1748) para definir o comportamento político da câmara no período posterior, tendo como referência a relação com esse general. No que concerne à documentação foram utilizados acervos especialmente administrativos de âmbito municipal e ofícios trocados entre as autoridades régias. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the functioning of the São Paulo’s municipal council in the years 1748 to 1765, a period in which the captaincy was politically subordinate to the governor of Rio de Janeiro and the military governor of Santos. Based on the extensive literature on the subject, the initial hypothesis was that local governance would be positioned in favor of the Portuguese Crown decision to abolish the governor of the captaincy because of political and administrative reforms implemented in southcentral optimize the exploitation of mineral lands. The survey, however, revealed that the town council was against the suppression of autonomy, although this reaction has occurred only in the early years and end of that range. But the most significant change was the reorganization council’s dialogue with the royal bureaucracy, which ensured the basis of its governance. The survival of the city council institution and maintenance of its jurisdiction in a captaincy without governor contributed to prove its institutional force. On the other hand, research has shown that suppression governor can be better understood if linked to tensions between the Iberian crowns in defining their geographical beacons in America. To understand this unique moment in the history of the São Paulo’s city council, headquarters of a captaincy without administrative autonomy, it was made a retreat to the government for the period of D. Luís Mascarenhas (1739-1748) to define the political behavior of the council in the period with reference to this general relationship. As regarding the documentation were used especially administrative collections of municipal and letters exchanged between the royal authorities. / FAPESP: 2014/23905-1

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The transformation of local government in South Africa has established a complex model of multiple principals exercising municipal budget oversight on municipal managers. However, earlier research has not sufficiently focused on the phenomenon of the multiplicity of principals and its wider institutional architecture, relationship dynamics and effects in order to understand the institutional constellations of oversight principals, their behaviour and their interactions on the municipal budget process. Particularly, an empirical exploration focusing on understanding the experiences and perceptions of municipal managers and oversight principals on oversight through the multiple principal model remains elusive. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences and perceptions of municipal managers, municipal councillors and the Provincial Treasury on the multiple oversight principals’ model, its manifestations, dynamics and effects on municipal budget oversight. The study utilised principal-agent theory to develop a conceptual and theoretical framework, and utilised the interpretive qualitative case study of the Western Cape to guide the research process. A sample of respondents consisting five (5) municipal managers, one (1) Provincial Treasury representative and ten (10) municipal councillors from municipalities in the Western Cape were interviewed for the study. The transcribed data from the 16 interviews were analysed, using a qualitative analysis method. The study findings reaffirmed the existence of multiple principals bequeathed with authority to exercise of municipal budget oversight in the Western Cape Province. Strong evidence emerged that application of the multiple principal model manifests independent, conflicting and fragmented budget oversight relationships and behaviour between the Provincial Treasury and municipal councillors during different stages of the municipal budget process. While the study acknowledges that the model and its application generates both positive and negative effects resulting in too complex, onerous and conflict-prone oversight relationships, it also highlighted these effects as necessary intrinsic attributes that do not necessarily have to manifest adverse consequences on the municipal budget oversight. These findings contradict the common-sense advocates for a collective model that emphasises coordination to improve cohesiveness among oversight principals, especially between the Provincial Treasury and the municipal councillors. The findings confirm that the Municipal Finance Management Act has consciously established a responsive system that distributes oversight among autonomous political structures in order to comprehensively eclipse the discretion of the municipal manager with varied and complementary oversight expertise, energy and diversity.

This diploma thesis and its research deals with the preparedness of the population, pedagogues and representatives of municipal council, to participate in tasks of population protection during the leak of dangerous chemical substances. The work develops research from my Bachelor thesis from 2017, where was my task to verify preparedness of the integrated rescue system to deal with the leak of dangerous chemical substances. The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out, if is the selected area able to adequately respond to hazards arising from the leak of hazardous chemical substances. In order to assess preparedness, slightly different questionnaires were used, those questionnaires were answered by the residents of České Budějovice, teachers working at secondary schools in České Budějovice and representatives of the city and representatives of the South Bohemian Region. The results of the questionnaire survey are presented using descriptive statistics, interesting results are shown using graphs. A high degree of unpreparedness of respondents was found. According to the results of the questionnaire survey, some respondents may also behave dangerously in the events of leakage of hazardous chemicals. The contribution of this work should be increasing and improving awareness in this area. To this purpose, was created an information leaflet containing lot of important information, which was distributed to the population. The benefit which this work has already brought, is to alert representatives from city and region councils, as well as teaching staff, to improve their knowledge of hazardous substances. According to the feedback of several representatives, analyzes focusing the transport of dangerous substances can be expected in the near future. This work can be used as well as a source of information and can be used to compare it with other researches.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Izolde Hilbemberg de Oliveira.pdf: 748643 bytes, checksum: 7a25a15850a7635372d50e5e73d2664f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-30 / This research aims at analyzing the trajectory, structure and functioning of the Municipal Council of Education of Ponta Grossa City – Paraná State – Brazil, as well as investigating the extent to which this Council has been a tool for democratization in educational decision-making. The theoretical framework is based on authors who discuss the concepts of democracy and representative democracy, as well as the concepts of State and civil society (Bobbio, Held, Chauí, Carnoy and Gramsci, among others). The fieldwork comprises the following strategies of data collection: documentary analysis (laws, internal rules of the Council, meeting reports, official documents approved by the Council); non-participatory observations of the Council’s meetings; an interview with the town councilor who proposed the creation of the Municipal Council of Education; and interviews with 16 other councilors. The main findings are as follows: (a) although the Council investigated can be considered as an important means for the participation of civil society in education management, this Council has been legitimizing education policies formulated by the Municipal Secretariat of Education, rather than acting as a source of new proposals and their implementation; and (b) the contributions of the Municipal Council of Education of Ponta Grossa to the democratization of educational decision-making have, so far, been weak – and less than might have been expected. These conclusions must be understood in context, involving a range of factors (mediations), such as: the period of the Council’s existence; the conservative features of local society; the few opportunities for effective democratic and participatory experiments; the power relations inside the Municipal Secretariat of Education; the lack of councilor training; and the features of the process of democratic construction in Brazilian society. / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar os principais aspectos da criação, da estrutura, do funcionamento e das contribuições do Conselho Municipal de Educação de Ponta Grossa - PR, bem como investigar em que medida esse Conselho tem sido um instrumento de democratização das decisões educacionais. O referencial teórico é constituído por autores que fundamentam os conceitos de democracia, democracia representativa e as concepções de Estado e sociedade civil (Bobbio, Held, Chauí, Carnoy, Gramsci entre outros). A metodologia adotada foi a investigação qualitativa, constituída por um estudo de caso. A pesquisa de campo envolveu as seguintes estratégias de coleta de dados: análise documental (leis de criação e regimento interno do CME, decretos, atas, deliberações), observação não-participante de reuniões do CME, entrevista com o vereador que propôs a lei do Conselho e com 16 conselheiros. As principais conclusões são as seguintes: a) embora o CME investigado constitua-se em um importante espaço de participação da sociedade civil na gestão educacional do município, o mesmo tem assumido um papel mais legitimador das políticas educacionais emanadas da Secretaria Municipal de Educação do que propriamente propositivo e mobilizador; b) as contribuições do CME para a democratização efetiva das decisões educacionais, bem como para a democratização da educação, até o presente, foram frágeis e muito aquém do que poderia ser esperado. Buscou-se compreender tais conclusões a partir de um sistema de mediações (locais e outras mais amplas) o qual tem determinado/configurado a atuação do CME: o tempo de existência do CME, o conservadorismo político que caracteriza a sociedade ponta-grossense, a falta de oportunidades de vivência democrática e participativa, as relações de poder e autoridade no âmbito da Secretaria Municipal de Educação, a ausência de mecanismos de formação de conselheiros e as características do processo de construção democrática na sociedade brasileira.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-04T17:06:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Gomes de Moraes.pdf: 1911739 bytes, checksum: 0d179a66169a57e74f00c95d25c68b06 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T17:06:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Gomes de Moraes.pdf: 1911739 bytes, checksum: 0d179a66169a57e74f00c95d25c68b06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-07 / It is understood that the councils are a participatory institution in which they are incorporated civil society actors and state actors who simultaneously participate in political deliberation. In view of this, this research was to study the object of the Municipal Councils of State for Tourism of São Paulo and was based on the concepts of participation, participatory democracy, participatory institutions and effectiveness. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of municipal tourist boards, as regards the formation of a space full of participation of social actors, representatives of government, the private sector and community for the municipal tourism development. Was adopted the method of case study for the development of this research, we used the multiple case study, the Tourism Municipal Councils of Brotas, São Sebastião and Santos were searched. As a research result can be said that the legal and formal institutionalization of Tourism Councils does not guarantee the inclusion of citizens and civil society associations in the deliberations on political. The decentralized program of tourism designed by the federal government as an action to promote the organization, structuring, integration and coordination of boards for tourism management at different levels and institutional and corporate sectors do not correspond to reality. The practices of these councils do not guarantee and does not lead to the ideals of participative democracy / Entende-se que os Conselhos são uma instituição participativa em que são incorporados atores da sociedade civil e atores estatais que participam simultaneamente na deliberação de políticas. Em face a isto, esta pesquisa teve como objeto de estudo os Conselhos Municipais de Turismo do Estado de São Paulo e baseou-se nos conceitos de participação, democracia participativa, instituições participativas e efetividade. Neste contexto, objetivou-se como este estudo analisar a efetividade dos conselhos municipais de turismo, no que se refere a constituição de um espaço pleno de participação dos atores sociais, representantes do poder público, da iniciativa privada e comunidade visando o desenvolvimento turístico municipal. Adotou-se o método do Estudo de Caso para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, utilizou-se do estudo de casos múltiplos, foram pesquisados os Conselhos Municipais de Turismo de Brotas, São Sebastião e Santos. Como resultado de pesquisa pode-se dizer que a institucionalização legal e formal dos Conselhos de Turismo não garante a incorporação de cidadãos e associações da sociedade civil na deliberação sobre políticas. O programa de gestão descentralizada do turismo desenhada pelo governo federal como uma ação para promover a organização, estruturação, integração e articulação dos colegiados para a gestão do turismo nos diferentes níveis e setores institucionais e empresariais não correspondem à realidade. As práticas destes Conselhos não garantem e nem conduzem aos ideais da democracia participativa

<p>Young councillors are currently under-represented in Sweden's municipalities. Young councillors are also stepping down in greater numbers than older members. This paper explores the reasons why young councillors choose to resign from their mission, so to identify possible remedies to the problematic trend of underrepresentation of younger people in local authorities in Sweden.</p><p>This qualitative essay intends, through interviewing politically-active young people who has left their assignment, to study the reasons for resignations from elected posts. To see what could be the reason I have looked at previous studies and theories about opting out but also tried to remain open to identifying new and emerging trends previously undetected in existing surveys.</p><p>The results showed that the political assignment proved to be too time-consuming, with young people choosing to spend their time on career and leisure. Those who resign from political life often express criticism towards the Municipal Council; they consider it tedious and many complain of having little influence. The increasing underrepresentation of younger people in political office and the fact that it is hard to recruit new active members shows that structural changes needs to be made to succeed in attracting new young members to political assignments.</p>

Orientador: Andréia Aparecida Reis de Carvalho Liporoni / Resumo: A expressão Controle Social consta da Constituição Federal de 1988 com uma nova visão de participação social. Esse princípio fortalecedor da democratização alcançou todo o Brasil na forma de Conselhos e Conferências. Esses espaços devem ser ocupados pela sociedade, difundidos e reconhecidos por sua importância. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo propõe-se a discutir a comunicação entre o Controle Social e a população, utilizando a análise das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs). Essas tecnologias, em especial a internet, possibilitam um grande alcance da informação e uma ampla divulgação do conhecimento, pois estão cada vez mais presentes no cotidiano dos brasileiros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é compreender as fragilidades e as potencialidades das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação ‒ TICs para a efetivação do Controle Social da Política de Assistência Social no Município de Uberaba, com foco na utilização do site do Conselho Municipal de Assistência Social ‒ CMAS. O materialismo histórico dialético fundamentou a abordagem escolhida. Essa pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo contou com a participação de uma amostra das entidades cadastradas no Conselho Municipal de Assistência Social de Uberaba/MG e de uma amostra dos conselheiros do mesmo local. Tem abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa e utilizou-se de entrevistas. A interpretação e a análise dos dados contribuíram para a discussão sobre a interação do Controle Social e as TICs no exercício da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The expression Social Control is brought by the Federal Constitution of 1988 with a new vision of social participation. This strengthening principle of democratization reached the whole of Brazil in the form of Councils and Conferences. These spaces must be occupied by society, disseminated and recognized for their importance. In this perspective, this study aims to discuss communication between Social Control and the population using the analysis of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). These technologies, especially the internet, enable a wide range of information and a wide dissemination of knowledge, as they are increasingly present in the daily lives of Brazilians. The general objective of this research is to understand the weaknesses and potential of Information and Communication Technologies ‒ ICTs for the effectiveness of Social Control of Social Assistance Policy in the Municipality of Uberaba, focusing on the use of the Municipal Council of Social Assistance website ‒ CMAS. Dialectical historical materialism was the approach chosen. Thus, this bibliographic, documentary and field research, included the participation of a sample of the entities registered with the Municipal Council of Social Assistance of Uberaba / MG, and a sample of the Councilors of the same place. The research will be qualitative and quantitative and interviews were used. The interpretation and analysis of data contributed to the discussion on the interaction of Social Control and IC... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The focus of this study was to investigate what makes the Mazabuka Municipal Council (hereafter regularly referred to as “the Council”) in Zambia attractive as an employer to the respondents by embedding it into a person-institution fit framework. Against this background, the main aim was to determine the PSM levels of employees at the Council. The quantitative research design was chosen as the most appropriate while, the post-positivist paradigm was adopted as the interpretive framework for this study. Triangulation was used thus, a mix of research methods particularly, a literature review, document analysis and a closed-ended self-administered questionnaire. Out of a population of 174 full-time employees targeted at the Council only 150 questionnaires were returned and used in the analysis. Results showed high PSM levels among majority of employees. Nonetheless, only the gender category showed differences in mean values, with males being more inclined to all the three PSM antecedents (public interest, self-sacrifice, compassion) than females. The findings could serve as an important instrument for the Council to consider in order to maintain the high PSM levels existing among its employees. Conversely, the Council may adopt certain recommendations (practical insights) derived from the study such as: to consider PSM as an important aspect in future recruitments and to develop an incentive system in order to maintain the high PSM levels that employees have when joining the Council as a preferred employer. By exploring the PSM levels of employees at a local authority in Zambia, such as the Mazabuka Municipal Council, the study endeavoured to make a contribution to the current literature on PSM theory in this context. / Public Administration and Management / M. P. A. (Public Administration)