University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Univ., Diss.--Oxford, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. [253] - 263.

Zugleich: Diss. Giessen, 2008. / Register. Literaturverz.

In the case of LaGrand (Germany v United States), the International Court of Justice held that the United States (US) had violated its international obligation to Germany under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations when it executed two German nationals without first informing them of their consular rights. The case came before the court after the United States had disregarded a preliminary ruling passed by the IC], which directed the US not to execute the German nationals pending the outcome of the ICJ case. The decision raised the issue of the effect of ICJ decisions in domestic proceedings and the effectiveness of ICJ enforcement mechanisms. This thesis considers the possibility of a role for national courts as active enforcers of ICJ decisions. It is argued that whilst evidence shows that there is no legal obligation on courts to enforce ICJ decisions, there is certainly room in international law to facilitate this development. In support of this argument, the thesis demonstrates how basic presuppositions about international law have shifted over the last few decades. This shift has been both the impetus and the result of globalisation. The case of LaGrand alongside similar cases is used to show how national courts may play an increased role in the enforcement of ICJ decisions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Alexandre Paloni.pdf: 1152991 bytes, checksum: afc9f8571cec0955a09edc2ca119b7a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-24 / This paper has the objective to analyze the impact of the Municipal Viability Study on the national development from the standpoint of the cities. This institute was introduced by the Constitutional Amendment n 15, from 1996 and is yet to be regulated by Congress. A study of the cities is made since its conception and its introduction in Brazil during the Colonial Era until the Constitution of 1988. The unrestrained multiplication of new cities until 1996 (in the great majority of the cases without any conditions of self-sustaintability) let clear that the federative pact is fragile when serious and rational criteria are not addopted for the criation of new political entities. An evaluation of the actual income transfer regime is made, between all levels of federative entities and its positive and negative aspects. By the end of this paper a series of considerations about the ethics between citizens and State are made; these thoughts advance on the urban ideology and its impact in the values of the citizens and the urban lifestyle at the present days. The conclusion intends to demonstrate the importance of the Municipal Viability Study as a real opportunity to change the patterns and the shape on how cities are perceived. A unique opportunity, without precedents in the history of Brazil, to make stronger the municipal power not in an isolate way but, beginning with the empowerment of micro-regions / Este trabalho visa à análise do impacto do Estudo de Viabilidade Municipal no desenvolvimento nacional a partir dos municípios. Esse instituto foi introduzido pela Emenda Constitucional n. 15 de 1996 e ainda não regulamentado pelo Congresso Nacional. É feito um estudo do município desde sua concepção e sua introdução no Brasil da época colonial até a Constituição de 1988. A multiplicação desenfreada de novos municípios até 1996, na grande maioria das vezes sem condições mínimas de sustentabilidade, deixou evidente a fragilidade do pacto federativo quando não são adotados critérios sérios e conscientes para o surgimento de novos entes políticos. É feita uma avaliação do atual sistema de transferência de renda entre os diversos níveis federativos e seus aspectos positivos e negativos. Ao final são feitas considerações sobre a ética entre o Estado e o cidadão; essas considerações avançam sobre a ideologia urbana e seu impacto nos valores dos cidadãos e no estilo de vida urbano na atualidade. A conclusão pretende demonstrar a importância do Estudo de Viabilidade Municipal como uma oportunidade real para a mudança de paradigmas e da forma como se encaram os municípios. Uma oportunidade única, sem precedente na história do Brasil, para se fortalecer o poder municipal não de maneira isolada, mas a partir da valorização das microrregiões

Univ., Diss.--Potsdam, 2002.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2364083 bytes, checksum: ad0763e8cc3c62c84ad0b5eeb088dba0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / This research aimed to detect the limits and potential of the public and free technical assistance for design, construction and improvement of housing in the city of Viçosa. To this end, we sought to identify factors that affect the implementation of a Program of Public Engineering and Architecture and the effectiveness of the implementation of Federal Law no 11.888/08 in Viçosa that ensuring public and free technical assistance for design, construction and / or renovation of housing for families earning less than three minimum wages. For directing the implementation of the Program of Engineering and Public Architecture in Viçosa, it was analyzed the Federal Law no 11.888/08 and Municipal Law no 1.637/05 - which aims to institutionalize the program of Public Architecture and Engineering Viçosa, not yet implemented -, ascertaining the line between them and the applicability of its guidelines. It was also necessary to understand the administrative and financial structure of the municipality; understand and analyze some examples of experiences of engineering and technical architecture for public housing in the country and the city and investigate the availability of engineers and architects in town to play in guiding the construction of affordable housing, through the Program of Public Architecture and Engineering. The following methodological procedures were used: bibliographical and documentary research on the issue; case studies regarding the practice of technical assistance for affordable housing; questionnaires and structured interviews among professionals and public servants involved in the implementation of this law in the city. The research enabled us to verify that the implementation of a Program of Public Architecture and Engineering in the city of Viçosa in accordance with Federal Law no 11.888/08 depends on a number of factors arising from the municipal administrative structure, interest and availability of professionals in architecture and engineering, land ownership, conditions of use and occupation of urban land for low-income population, besides the presence of UFV. In the limits and potential to supply engineering services and architecture for each of them were listed. Among the limitations found, highlights the lack of effective support of the municipal government, which is expressed by the absence in the Municipality of Viçosa institutional structure and administrative system to channel resources for solving the housing problems; by the lack of human resources and municipal budget for this purpose; the lack of a physical structure to perform the work demanded and the ineffectiveness of municipal overnment, which is not organized to seek the resources provided by the federal government. Among the capabilities found, there is the presence of the Federal University of Viçosa in the city. On the other hand it enables the formation of partnerships and the inclusion of students and teachers in the process of provision of free architectural and engineering resources to the poor. At the end, some recommendations to guide the implementation of the Program of Public Engineering and Architecture in the city of Viçosa were pointed out. / Esta pesquisa objetivou detectar os limites e potencialidades da assistência técnica pública e gratuita para projeto, construção e melhoria da habitação popular na cidade de Viçosa. Para tanto, buscou identificar os fatores que interferem na implantação de um Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública e na eficácia da aplicação da Lei Federal no 11.888/08 em Viçosa - que assegura assistência técnica pública e gratuita para projeto, construção e/ou reforma de habitações para famílias com renda inferior a três salários mínimos. Para direcionamento da implementação do Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública em Viçosa, analisou-se a Lei Federal no 11.888/08 e a Lei Municipal no 1.637/05 - que visa institucionalizar o Programa de Arquitetura e Engenharia Pública de Viçosa, ainda não implementado -, averiguando a consonância entre elas e a aplicabilidade de suas diretrizes. Também foi preciso compreender a estrutura administrativa e financeira da prefeitura; conhecer e analisar alguns exemplos de experiências da assistência técnica de engenharia e arquitetura para a moradia popular no país e na cidade e investigar a disponibilidade dos engenheiros e arquitetos da cidade para atuar na orientação à construção da moradia popular, via Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública. Para tanto, foram adotados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: pesquisa bibliográfica e documental relativa à problemática; estudos de caso referentes à prática da assistência técnica para a moradia popular; questionários e entrevistas estruturadas entre os profissionais e servidores públicos envolvidos com a aplicação desta lei na cidade. A pesquisa possibilitou verificar que a implementação de um Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública na cidade de Viçosa em consonância com a Lei Federal no 11.888/08 depende de uma série de fatores, decorrentes da estrutura administrativa municipal, do interesse e disponibilidade dos profissionais de arquitetura e engenharia, da estrutura fundiária, das condições de uso e ocupação do solo urbano pela população de baixa renda, além da presença da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Nas conclusões, foram enumerados os limites e as potencialidades para oferta dos serviços de engenharia e arquitetura referentes a cada um deles. Entre os limites encontrados, destaca-se a falta de apoio efetivo do poder público municipal, que se expressa pela inexistência na Prefeitura Municipal de Viçosa de uma estrutura institucional e administrativa eficaz para canalizar recursos destinados à solução dos problemas habitacionais; pela carência de recursos humanos e orçamentários municipais para este fim; pela falta de uma estrutura física para a realização dos trabalhos demandados e pela inoperância do poder público municipal, que não se organiza para buscar os recursos disponibilizados pelo governo federal. Entre as potencialidades encontradas, destaca-se a presença da UFV na cidade, que possibilita a formação de parcerias e a inclusão dos estudantes e professores no processo de oferta dos serviços gratuitos de engenharia e arquitetura à população carente de recursos. Ao final, foram apontadas algumas recomendações visando orientar a implantação do Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública na cidade de Viçosa.

An important change wrought by the post-1994 South African Constitutions is the attempt to have South Africa recognised as a democratic and sovereign state in the "family of nations." The new Constitutions make extensive reference to the state's international obligations and represent an endeavour to [re]define the status of international law vis-a-vis national law. Some provisions utilise international law in the interpretation and formulation of national jurisprudence and represent an [albeit not totally successful] endeavour to attain greater harmonisation between international and national law. This is an attempt to systematize the various criticisms levelled against these provisions to date, and to highlight certain interpretational difficulties and problems that present themselves in the process. The distinction between the various terminologies and branches of international law is also taken to task. Lastly, this paper attempts to determine the extent to which international law is applied at national level under the post-1994 constitutions. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.

Le financement des municipalités québécoises repose en majeure partie sur des revenus autonomes, dont la principale source découle de leur pouvoir de taxer la richesse foncière. Par conséquent, le législateur, voulant assurer la stabilité financière des municipalités, a strictement encadré le processus de confection et de révision des évaluations foncières par plusieurs lois et règlements. Ceci n’a tout de même pas empêché l’augmentation des demandes de contestations à chaque nouveau rôle. Débutant par une demande de révision administrative, à l’aide d’un simple formulaire, le litige entre la municipalité et le contribuable peut se poursuivre devant le Tribunal administratif du Québec et même la Cour du Québec, la Cour supérieure et la Cour d’appel, où la procédure devient de plus en plus exigeante. La transition du processus administratif à judiciaire crée parfois une certaine friction au sein de la jurisprudence, notamment au niveau de la déférence à accorder à l’instance spécialisée, ou encore à l’égard de la souplesse des règles de preuve applicables devant cette dernière. Par une étude positiviste du droit, nous analysons tout d’abord la procédure de confection du rôle foncier, en exposant les acteurs et leurs responsabilités, ainsi que les concepts fondamentaux dans l’établissement de la valeur réelle des immeubles. Ensuite, nous retraçons chacune des étapes de la contestation d’une inscription au rôle, en y recensant les diverses règles de compétence, de preuve et de procédure applicables à chaque instance. À l’aide de nombreux exemples jurisprudentiels, nous tentons de mettre en lumière les différentes interprétations que font les tribunaux de la Loi sur la fiscalité municipale et autres législations connexes. / Funding for Quebec municipalities relies largely on autonomous revenues. Specifically, their power to tax property wealth is the main source of income. Therefore, in order to ensure the financial stability of municipalities, the legislator has strictly regulated the assessment review process with several laws and regulations. This still has not prevented the increase of demands for reviews with each new roll. Starting with an application for an administrative review, which in fact is simply a form, the dispute between the municipality and the taxpayer may continue before the Administrative Tribunal of Quebec and even the Court of Quebec, the Superior Court and the Court of Appeal, where the complexity of the procedure increases. The transition to the judicial from the administrative process sometimes creates friction in the case law, particularly in terms of deference to be accorded to the specialized authority, or with regard to the flexibility of the rules of evidence that apply to the latter. From a positivist study of law, we first analyze the assessment roll making process by exposing the actors and their responsibilities, as well as the fundamental concepts used for determining the actual value of the properties. We then track every stage of the contestation of an entry on the roll by identifying various rules of jurisdiction, evidence and procedure in each instance. With the help of many jurisprudential examples, we attempt to highlight the different interpretations that the courts do of the Act Respecting Municipal Taxation and other related legislation.

This diploma thesis [in the master's course], drawn up at the Faculty of Law of Charles University in Prague, deals with the principles of the law of inheritance in Bohemia prior to its codification in 1811. Although inheritance law is one of the oldest branches of law, and was very thoroughly developed in ancient Roman law, in our territory it actually started to develop some more only after the Hussite movement. That is due to the fact that in the Middle Ages, the prevailing concepts were the ruler's right to bona vacantia and family indivisible ownership ["rodinný nedíl" in Czech], both of which did not really make it possible to pass estate from the deceased to their heirs. Therefore the aim of the thesis is to examine and gain a deeper insight into the historical development and historical contexts of the law of inheritance in our territory, which had preceded its modern form that was first codified in Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch [the General Civil Code], which accepted the structure of the Inheritance Patent of Joseph II in 1811. Part One of the thesis, Introduction, briefly discusses the law of inheritance as a specific element of legal science, the principles of inheritance law, and inheritance conditions and titles. Part Two, Excursion into History - Inheritance in Roman Law,...