In most developing countries, the problem of inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is endemic. The problem is manifested by heaps of uncollected solid waste found on open areas and by the street sides. This dissertation examines the relationship between land pollution and population density resulting from solid waste generation in the City of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted to 375 randomly selected households in low, medium and high density residential suburbs. The household survey was triangulated with field observations, key informant interviews and secondary data sources. The average household size in high, medium and low density residential areas was 11, 8 and 5 people respectively. The study revealed that the amount and composition of solid waste generated varied according to household size, income and education levels of residents. The higher the population density, the more the solid waste produced. However, waste generated was not carried to the dumpsites for disposal. Also the higher the income, the higher the amount of solid waste produced, although residents with high income were able to ferry their wastes to the dumpsites hence less land pollution. The solid waste generation rate in high density areas was 0.04 kg/capita day, in medium density areas was 0.35 kg/capita/day and in low density areas were 0.84 kg/capita/day. It was also observed that among high income earners, the educated people produced more waste than low income earners. However, the low income earners and the less educated people could not take care of their environment to limit roadside and open space littering. However, lack of public awareness coupled with inefficient and ad hoc waste management system continue make provision of effective solid waste management services illusive. Based on the research findings, it is suggested sound environmental stewardship amongst residents will limit land pollution in the city of Kwekwe. / Environmental Sciences / M.A. (Environmental Management)

Elevated levels of trace elements in the environment are of great concern because of their persistence, and their high potential to harm living organisms. The exposure of aquatic biota to trace elements can lead to bioaccumulation, and toxicity can result. Furthermore, the transfer of these elements through food chains can result in exposure to human consumers. Sea-fill or coastal fill sites are among the major anthropogenic sources of trace elements to the surrounding marine environment. For example, in the Maldives, Thilafushi Island is a sea-fill site consisting of assorted municipal solid waste, with multiple potential sources of trace elements. However, there is limited data on environmental trace element levels in the Maldives, and although seafood is harvested from close to this site, there is no existing data regarding trace element levels in Maldivian diets. Following the Christchurch earthquakes of 2011,

Au cours de ces dernières années, les Déchets Solides Municipaux (DSM) se sont révélés comme une problématique environnementale et économique majeure dans tous les pays. Les quantités collectées et les dépenses publiques nécessaires à leurs gestions croissent de façon insoutenable et ce, particulièrement dans les pays en développement (y compris ceux en transition). Face à ce constat, notre thèse a pour objectif de proposer des éléments de compréhension ainsi que des recommandations pour les politiques publiques. Pour cela, nous avons combiné une approche macroéconomique, pour étudier les liens entre la quantité de DSM et la croissance économique, à une approche microéconomique centrée sur la question du financement par une taxe incitative. Les contributions de cette thèse sont de trois ordres et ont pour référence les pays méditerranéens. La première contribution a consisté à tester la viabilité de l’hypothèse de la Courbe Environnementale de Kuznets (CEK) dans un contexte d’ouverture au commerce international. Cette première approche a permis de déceler une relation monotone croissante entre l’intensité de la production des DSM et la croissance économique sur la période 1990-2010 et ce, quel que soit le niveau de revenu des pays. Ce qui nous conduit à la conclusion d’une incompatibilité entre les objectifs de croissance et de prévention de la production des DSM. La deuxième contribution a été l’occasion de considérer, dans un modèle théorique, le recyclage informel qui est une caractéristique commune au pays en développement. L’objectif de cette contribution a été d’une part d’analyser l’impact du recyclage informel sur l’efficacité d’une politique de taxation incitative et d’autre part, de déterminer les conditions optimales d’une telle politique en présence du recyclage informel. En étudiant l’efficacité d’une politique de taxation directe de type tarification à l’acte et d’une politique de taxation indirecte de type Deposit and Refund System (DRS), nous montrons que la présence du recyclage informel ne permet pas de faire coïncider optimum social et équilibre du marché. Cependant, la politique DRS peut être optimale, à condition de subventionner à la fois le recyclage formel et informel. Enfin, la troisième contribution est une étude économétrique des impacts du système de taxation incitative d’un pays riche méditerranéen. Cette étude vient du constat selon lequel les pays riches, contrairement aux pays en développement, mettent en œuvre plusieurs taxes incitatives de façon concomitante. Nous évaluons l’efficacité du système de taxation de la France, qui avec ses trois taxes incitatives est un cas d’école en la matière. Nous proposons dans cette contribution, à l’aide de tests économétriques sur données départementales, une mesure de l’élasticité de la quantité de DSM collectés, valorisés et éliminés par rapport à la Redevance sur l’Enlèvement des Ordures Ménagères (REOM), la Responsabilité Élargie du Producteur (REP) et la Taxe Générales sur les Activités Polluantes (TGAP). Les résultats montrent une complémentarité des trois taxes avec une supériorité de la REOM pour inciter les ménages à la prévention et à la valorisation, et une supériorité de la REP pour inciter les collectivités locales à la substitution des technologies d’élimination à celles de valorisation / In last decades, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has become a major environmental and economic problem in many countries. The quantity of MSW collected and the expenditures necessary for its management have rapidly increased, particularly in developing countries (including those in transition). Our thesis aims to shed light on the relationship between MSW collection and economic growth and to propose how public policy can sustainably manage this pollution. To attempt our objective, we combined a macro and micro economic approaches in theoretical and empirical studies. The contributions of this thesis are threefold and have the scope of Mediterranean countries. First, we complete the empirical literature on the validation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis (EKC) by studying the relationship between MSW collected and the economic growth over the period 1990-2010. The main added value of this study is the use of multiple imputations methodology to control for the sample bias due to missing values. We find out that MSW collected monotonically increase with income whatever countries’ income level. This leads us to conclude that the economic growth and MSW prevention are not compatible. So in a second contribution, we investigate, in a theoretical model, the efficiency of using market-based incentives to reach to objective of waste prevention and diversion from disposal in developing countries. We consider the common phenomenon of waste picking in these countries and we analyze the conditions in which a policy of Deposit and Refund System (DRS) can help to achieve the first best optimum. We first analyze the impact of waste picking on the effectiveness of the user fee and the DRS, then we show that social optimum and market equilibrium can be hold by taxing consumer goods and by subsidizing both formal recycling and waste picking. Our third contribution in this thesis is an econometric evaluation of French MSW taxing system in order to test the hypothesis of the complementarity of direct and indirect MSW incentive taxes in developed countries, which implement simultaneously several incentives taxes. Using data aggregate at French administrative departments level, we assess the prevention and substitution effects of the three incentive taxes namely the French user fee (La Redevance d’Enlèvement des Ordures Ménagères), the Extended Producer responsibility and disposal tax levied at landfill and incineration (la Taxe Générale sur les Activités Polluantes). We confirm the complementarity hypothesis of these taxes.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma contribuição aos estudos de planejamento do sistema elétrico do Estado de São Paulo, ressaltando os benefícios que se obteria, com uma maior integração das fontes renováveis à matriz elétrica desse estado (notadamente as fontes de energia solar fotovoltaica, eólica, aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbano RSU e vinhaça), visando o aumento da segurança e independência energética, redução de perdas, e benefícios ambientais. Para tanto, apresenta-se o conceito das usinas virtuais, cujo propósito é obter um melhor e maior aproveitamento dos recursos energéticos normalmente dispersos espacialmente - incluindo nesse rol a microgeração distribuída, a autoprodução e cogeração, e mesmo as fontes não renováveis que se encontram perto dos centros de consumo - com o objetivo de coordenar o seu funcionamento conjunto para satisfazer os requisitos da demanda de energia, por meio do uso da Tecnologia da Informação e Telecomunicações ou das Redes Inteligentes (Smart Grid), e, além disso, configurando a usina virtual de maneira que ela atue , no que diz respeito ao sistema interconectado de energia elétrica, rede de transmissão ou distribuição, como se fosse uma planta de geração de grande porte. Apresenta-se uma análise e projeções da operação e do suprimento do subsistema Sudeste/Centro Oeste (SE/CO), com foco especial no Sistema Elétrico do Estado de São Paulo, com suas interações com o SIN. / This Thesis presents contributions for the planning of the electrical system of São Paulo State Brazil, emphasizing benefits obtained with a better integration of renewables (mainly solar photovoltaics, wind energy, from municipal solid waste and sugarcane vinasse) aiming energy security and independence, loss reduction and environmental benefits. For this, the concept of VPP Virtual Power Plant is introduced, in which a better and broader use of energetic resources, geographically dispersed, including distributed microgeneration, autoproduction, cogeneration, and even nonrenewable sources, is facilitated. Those disperse energy resources, in general located near the consumer, are grouped and jointly managed, in order of to satisfy the demand requirements, using Smart Grid and Information and Telecommunication Technologies, and making the VPP to act, for the transmission or distribution system point of view, as a conventional large electrical power plant. An analysis and forecasts of the operation of the Brazilian Southeast/Center West (SE/CO) subsystem, with special focus on São Paulo State electrical system, and its interactions with the Brazilian Interconnected Electrical System (SIN), is presented.

Dans un contexte accru d’économie circulaire et de valorisation des matières premières recyclées, les mâchefers d’incinération de déchets non dangereux (MIDND) constituent des déchets granulaires minéraux identifiés comme ressources renouvelables potentiellement valorisables dans la filière construction, notamment dans le domaine des matériaux cimentaires (type mortier/béton). Compte tenu de l'origine et de la nature des granulats de mâchefers, dans une finalité de concourir à une meilleure compatibilité mâchefer/ciment, il apparait essentiel en premier lieu de considérer des fractions minérales de mâchefers au mieux épurées par l’optimisation de l’enlèvement des métaux ferreux, non-ferreux et indésirables. En second temps, tenant compte des spécificités physico-chimiques résultantes des mâchefers, le choix de la base cimentaire constitue le second facteur prépondérant en sus de la nécessité de meilleure qualité de la fraction minérale de mâchefer. Le présent travail doctoral traite spécifiquement de l’apport de l’utilisation d’un ciment sulfo-alumineux dans le contexte de valorisation des mâchefers en matrice cimentaire. Des sables de mâchefers améliorés de fraction 0/2 mm ont été élaborés et utilisés pour l’étude. Dans une première partie, les résultats de formulation de mortiers cimentaires (ciment Portland, noté OPC / ciment sulfo-alumineux, noté CSA) à base de mâchefers en substitution volumique partielle du sable naturel (25, 50 et 75 %) et totale (100 %), mettent en évidence l’apport bénéfique du ciment CSA sur les résistances en compression par comparaison aux mortiers OPC. Une analyse expérimentale du réseau poreux des mortiers à 90 jours révèle que la frange de porosité supérieure à 50 nm est nettement plus faible pour les mortiers CSA. La thèse met en évidence un résultat majeur et pionnier : en interaction mâchefer, le niveau de basicité du milieu réactionnel joue un rôle prépondérant sur le potentiel de dégagement gazeux (hydrogène) après la mise en œuvre et avant la prise. Ce gaz impacte le niveau de porosité de la frange la plus grossière des mortiers durcis. La seconde partie concerne l’étude physique et microstructurale des mortiers soumis à l’attaque à l’eau pure ou à attaque sulfatique pour des substitutions volumiques de 50 et 100 %, avec les témoins pour référentiels. Les observations MEB sur les différentes matrices mettent en évidence une nette moindre sensibilité des mortiers mâchefer/CSA que des mortiers mâchefer/OPC, traduit par des porosités, fissurations et épaisseurs dégradées moindres. / In a world where circular economy and the valorization of raw materials is taking a greater importance, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash is identified as potentially renewable resource in the construction field and more specifically in cementitious materials like mortar and concrete. Given the origin of the bottom ash and in order to have a better cement/MSWI bottom ash compatibility, the fraction used was as refined as possible by removing ferrous, non-ferrous and unwanted materials. The choice of the cement used is a critical factor as well because it affects the quality of the end product since MSWI bottom ash has particular physicochemical properties. The work in this PhD studies the advantages of using a sulfo-aluminate cement to valorize an improved 0/2 mm fraction of bottom ash that has been developed to be used in cementitious matrices. The first part presents the results of the mortar sample mixes containing bottom ash in a substitution by volume of the standard sand. To better highlight the effect of using a sulfo-aluminate (CSA), CSA mortars containing bottom ash were compared to a Portland cement (OPC) mortars, with substitution rates of 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were used. A study of the porosity was then conducted at 90 days ; it shows that the pores larger to 50 nm are remarkably less present for CSA mortars. This thesis brings forward a major and innovative result : the level of alkalinity of the mortar plays an important role in the release of hydrogen gas after mixing and before setting. The presence of these gases creates large porosity in the hardened mortar samples. The second part studies the physical and microstructural aspects of the mortars after being immersed in aggressive environments : pure water and sulfate solution. The substitution rates used in this experiment were 50 % and 100 % by volume as well as the reference mortars with no bottom ash. These samples were then studied in the SEM which showed that CSA/bottom ash mortars were clearly less affected than the OPC/bottom ash mortars. This was highlighted by the porosity, the cracking and the depth of degraded zone.

[pt] O aumento da produção mundial de resíduos e a falta de programas de gestão adequados a estes resultam no descarte e disposição inadequadas, causando inúmeros impactos ambientais e afetando, inclusive, à saúde humana. Tais resíduos, por apresentarem alto poder calorífico, versatilidade e resistência, devem ser tratados como matéria prima pós-consumo e não como lixo, podendo ser utilizados de inúmeras formas. Uma delas é a reciclagem, um processo que apresenta nova utilização aos resíduos antes designados como lixo, gerando possibilidades de rentabilidade e emprego. A reciclagem tem grande importância na gestão social de um município, pois está ligada diretamente às classes de baixa renda. Tais processos têm crescido no Brasil, principalmente após a publicação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) - Lei n 12.305, que exige um plano de resíduos para cada município, incentivando a reciclagem e compostagem de lixo. Ainda assim, o problema persiste, devido à falta de programas de coleta seletiva, falta de incentivo aos recicladores e catadores, bem como descaso dos governos e da população. A probabilidade de melhoria é grande, porém demandará muito tempo e investimento. O tratamento mecânico e biológico é apresentado então como uma solução para o cumprimento dos objetivos no tratamento de resíduos em curto prazo. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar tal tecnologia e sua aplicação no município do Rio de Janeiro, avaliando suas vantagens, desvantagens e restrições para este processo. / [en] The progress of humanity and the encouragement of increased consumerism have generated the supply and mass consumption products. A greater extent, so does the production of waste in the world, together with the scarcity of non-renewable resources in the long term, climate change, have diverted attention to environmentally sustainable practices involving waste management. In this context, the Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), translates into a complex process that requires multidisciplinary views, working from the logistics in the process of collection, storage and disposal of waste to the Biology, Chemistry and Thermodynamics, given the diversity of techniques and technologies available for your treatment and recovery in the market. Social development is also an important point, since in countries like Brazil recycling is an activity that generates resources for social classes with lower purchasing power. In addition to operating in the production of consumer goods from waste, much of the recyclable materials back to the market due to the work of sorters, people with very low income, who are in this profession a form of survival. These factors are relevant to the implementation of any management system, which requires significant investment and participation of the public authorities, both legislative and executive. Developed countries, such as members of the European Union (EU), are far ahead in MSW Management, seeking ways of dealing with their waste less and less impactful to the environment. Brazil still is a more technical phase and less practical than the EU, but has important advances. In 2010, entered into force on National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP), established by Law 12.305. This Policy establishes strategies and deadlines for the Brazilian sustainable development, reviews the hierarchy of priorities in waste treatment and imposes the reverse logistics system, and treat life-cycle of products and encourage the reuse, recycling of materials and composting waste, eliminating the dumps and leaving foster landfilling, lagging only this waste without a more favorable allocation to the environment and saving resources.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-06T21:19:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ABÍLIO JOSÉ PROCÓPIO QUEIROZ - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 5068589 bytes, checksum: 8bb50d0449bc510a3c3f1cd6c496edd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T21:19:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ABÍLIO JOSÉ PROCÓPIO QUEIROZ - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 5068589 bytes, checksum: 8bb50d0449bc510a3c3f1cd6c496edd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / O gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos, atualmente feito de forma errônea na maior parte das cidades brasileiras, acelerando a degradação do meio ambiente, e a busca por fontes alternativas de energia, para suprimento da crescente demanda, são problemáticas atualmente discutidas e que precisam de soluções urgentes. Este estudo identifica características físicoquímicas de RSU, depositados em biorreator que simula as condições de um aterro sanitário, e avalia a possibilidade de utilização de um material que ainda é descartado como combustível para geração de energia. O objetivo geral foi avaliar a degradação e o poder calorífico de resíduos sólidos urbanos. As amostras analisadas por FTIR, DRX, TG e DSC foram coletadas em lisímetro construído na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande e preenchido de RSU previamente caracterizados. Os ensaios de FTIR indicaram a predominância orgânica dos materiais presentes nas amostras de RSU. Pelos difratogramas de raios-X o principal pico e comum a todas amostras foi de quartzo, justificando a presença do solo de recobrimento das amostras. As amostras de RSU apresentaram baixa estabilidade térmica, ocorrendo degradação entre a temperatura ambiente e 1000 ºC, sendo visível e aceitável afirmar que ocorrem em cinco etapas de perda associadas à volatilização dos solventes (água e álcoois), à queima de celulose, borracha natural, matéria orgânica putrescível e materiais plásticos, bem como dos óxidos formados durante o processo. Pelas curvas DSC foram identificadas uma reação endotérmica, associada à primeira perda de massa, e quatro reações, duas endotérmicas e duas exotérmicas, ligadas às perdas da degradação dos componentes orgânicos. Os 348.402 kg/dia de RSU produzidos em Campina Grande, amostrados pela massa do biorreator, possuem um poder calorífico médio de 3.744,86 kcal/kg e poderiam ser gerados 1.518.551,40 kW.h/dia de energia térmica ou 303.710,28 kW.h/dia de energia elétrica, com eficiência de conversão de 20%. / The management of municipal solid waste, currently done wrongly in most Brazilian cities, accelerating the degradation of the environment, and the search for alternative energy sources to supply the growing demand, are currently discussed and problems that need solutions urgent. This study identifies physical and chemical characteristics of MSW deposited in bioreactor that simulates the conditions of a landfill site, and evaluates the possibility of using a material that is still dismissed as fuel for power generation. The overall objective was to evaluate the degradation and the calorific value of municipal solid waste. The samples analyzed by FTIR, XRD, TG and DSC were collected in lysimeter constructed at the Federal University of Campina Grande and filled MSW previously characterized. FTIR tests indicated a predominance of the organic materials present in samples of MSW. By X-ray diffraction main peak and common to all samples was quartz, which explains the presence of the soil cover of the samples. MSW samples had poor thermal stability, degradation occurring between room temperature and 1000 ºC, being visible and acceptable state that occurs in five steps loss associated volatilization of the solvents (water and alcohol), the combustion of cellulose, natural rubber, putrescible organic matter and plastics, as well as the oxides formed during the process. DSC curves for an endothermic reaction associated with the first weight loss and four reactions, two endothermic and exothermic two linked to the loss of the degradation of the organic components have been identified. The 348,402 kg/day of USW produced in Campina Grande, sampled by mass of the bioreactor have an average calorific value of 3,744.86 kcal/kg, and could be generated 1,518,551.40 kW.h/day of thermal energy or 303,710. 28 kW.h/day of electricity, with conversion efficiency of 20%.

In most developing countries, the problem of inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is endemic. The problem is manifested by heaps of uncollected solid waste found on open areas and by the street sides. This dissertation examines the relationship between land pollution and population density resulting from solid waste generation in the City of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted to 375 randomly selected households in low, medium and high density residential suburbs. The household survey was triangulated with field observations, key informant interviews and secondary data sources. The average household size in high, medium and low density residential areas was 11, 8 and 5 people respectively. The study revealed that the amount and composition of solid waste generated varied according to household size, income and education levels of residents. The higher the population density, the more the solid waste produced. However, waste generated was not carried to the dumpsites for disposal. Also the higher the income, the higher the amount of solid waste produced, although residents with high income were able to ferry their wastes to the dumpsites hence less land pollution. The solid waste generation rate in high density areas was 0.04 kg/capita day, in medium density areas was 0.35 kg/capita/day and in low density areas were 0.84 kg/capita/day. It was also observed that among high income earners, the educated people produced more waste than low income earners. However, the low income earners and the less educated people could not take care of their environment to limit roadside and open space littering. However, lack of public awareness coupled with inefficient and ad hoc waste management system continue make provision of effective solid waste management services illusive. Based on the research findings, it is suggested sound environmental stewardship amongst residents will limit land pollution in the city of Kwekwe. / Environmental Sciences / M.A. (Environmental Management)

Esta dissertação apresenta uma contribuição aos estudos de planejamento do sistema elétrico do Estado de São Paulo, ressaltando os benefícios que se obteria, com uma maior integração das fontes renováveis à matriz elétrica desse estado (notadamente as fontes de energia solar fotovoltaica, eólica, aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbano RSU e vinhaça), visando o aumento da segurança e independência energética, redução de perdas, e benefícios ambientais. Para tanto, apresenta-se o conceito das usinas virtuais, cujo propósito é obter um melhor e maior aproveitamento dos recursos energéticos normalmente dispersos espacialmente - incluindo nesse rol a microgeração distribuída, a autoprodução e cogeração, e mesmo as fontes não renováveis que se encontram perto dos centros de consumo - com o objetivo de coordenar o seu funcionamento conjunto para satisfazer os requisitos da demanda de energia, por meio do uso da Tecnologia da Informação e Telecomunicações ou das Redes Inteligentes (Smart Grid), e, além disso, configurando a usina virtual de maneira que ela atue , no que diz respeito ao sistema interconectado de energia elétrica, rede de transmissão ou distribuição, como se fosse uma planta de geração de grande porte. Apresenta-se uma análise e projeções da operação e do suprimento do subsistema Sudeste/Centro Oeste (SE/CO), com foco especial no Sistema Elétrico do Estado de São Paulo, com suas interações com o SIN. / This Thesis presents contributions for the planning of the electrical system of São Paulo State Brazil, emphasizing benefits obtained with a better integration of renewables (mainly solar photovoltaics, wind energy, from municipal solid waste and sugarcane vinasse) aiming energy security and independence, loss reduction and environmental benefits. For this, the concept of VPP Virtual Power Plant is introduced, in which a better and broader use of energetic resources, geographically dispersed, including distributed microgeneration, autoproduction, cogeneration, and even nonrenewable sources, is facilitated. Those disperse energy resources, in general located near the consumer, are grouped and jointly managed, in order of to satisfy the demand requirements, using Smart Grid and Information and Telecommunication Technologies, and making the VPP to act, for the transmission or distribution system point of view, as a conventional large electrical power plant. An analysis and forecasts of the operation of the Brazilian Southeast/Center West (SE/CO) subsystem, with special focus on São Paulo State electrical system, and its interactions with the Brazilian Interconnected Electrical System (SIN), is presented.

Submitted by Wallace Fernandes Menezes (wallace.mpagro@gmail.com) on 2013-06-05T13:07:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 130530 - Dissertação Wallace (versão final).pdf: 1774979 bytes, checksum: 9f5ffa0073dca0d65b56a3fe736abe36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-06-05T13:48:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 130530 - Dissertação Wallace (versão final).pdf: 1774979 bytes, checksum: 9f5ffa0073dca0d65b56a3fe736abe36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-05T14:11:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 130530 - Dissertação Wallace (versão final).pdf: 1774979 bytes, checksum: 9f5ffa0073dca0d65b56a3fe736abe36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-15 / This study does an analysis of institutional, organizational, technological and competitive environments that surround energy recovery of municipal solid waste in Brazil, subject of recent policy launched in the country, that cover the issue superficially, focusing mainly on the disposal of waste to landfills, including those of organic origin. The analysis performed shows that, above an excellent process management, government policy on the issue of energy recovery from waste are critical to the viability of these ventures, which also depends on a strengthening in the organizational environment, responsible for political pressures and the centralization of interests on the subject. An analysis of the technological environment concluded that the recovery of energy from waste is dominated by companies in Brazil and can be expanded in scale and technologies available, provided that the market for municipal solid waste offers security to investors, especially over other renewable energy sources which use the same existing laws on the sale of electricity, but with lower deployment costs. Unlike other energy sources, under the current political context, the developments of energy recovery from municipal solid waste are economically viable under very specific conditions in Brazil, especially those related to lack of space or the establishment of public private partnerships in weighing the interests of both partners, as well as weighted the earnings for the municipality in the environmental, social and economic pillars. / Este estudo faz uma análise dos ambientes institucional, organizacional, tecnológico e competitivo que cercam o aproveitamento energético dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil, objeto de política recente lançada no país, que trata a questão superficialmente, priorizando, sobretudo, a destinação dos resíduos aos aterros sanitários, inclusive aqueles de origem orgânica. As análises realizadas mostram que, acima de uma gestão excelente do processo, as políticas de governo sobre o tema da recuperação energética de resíduos são fundamentais para a viabilidade destes empreendimentos, que é dependente também de um fortalecimento no ambiente organizacional, responsável pelas pressões políticas e centralização dos interesses sobre o tema. Uma análise do ambiente tecnológico concluiu que a recuperação energética de resíduos é dominada por empresas no Brasil e que pode ser ampliada em escala e tecnologias disponíveis, desde que o mercado de resíduos sólidos urbanos ofereça segurança ao investidor, sobretudo acima de outras fontes de energia renováveis que se valem das mesmas legislações existentes sobre a comercialização de energia elétrica, porém com menores custos de implantação. Diferentemente de outras fontes de energia, sob o contexto político atual, os empreendimentos de aproveitamento energético de resíduos sólidos urbanos são viáveis economicamente em condições muito específicas no Brasil, especialmente aquelas ligadas à falta de espaço ou ao estabelecimento de parcerias público privadas em que pesem os interesses de ambos os parceiros, como também ponderados os ganhos para o município nos pilares ambiental, social e econômico.