It is evident that climate change threatens considerable parts of the population. With effects such as floodings, heatwaves and water scarcity already visible and expected to increase in severity, adapting society is vital. In Sweden, the county administrative boards are dedicated the role to coordinate climate adaptation work and support, guide, and supervise the municipalities. However, the municipalities are responsible for the physical planning process. They thus play an important role in climate adaptation as it is statutory in the comprehensive plan.The aim of this thesis is to analyse how two Swedish municipalities that have significantly experienced the effects of climate change and are particularly vulnerable to them work with climate adaptation of the built environment as well as in the planning phase of new areas. Based oninterviews with officials and analysis of municipal documents, five important themes emerged. They include current work on climate adaptation, unpreparedness, legislation, co-operation, and the importance of the early stage. Both municipalities work with adaptation measures and integrate it into the planning process, to varying degrees. Unpreparedness is a challenge due to the longterm perspective and uncertainties in climate change. Legislation is often a barrier as it is lagging, making it difficult for municipalities to take necessary measures. It is easier to plan for adaptation measures in the planning phase of new areas than in the existing built environment. It is thus of considerable importance to incorporate climate adaptation in the early stage of the planning process.

During the past decade policies and strategies for social sustainability have been developed in order to draw attention to the issue of redistribution of resources in the city and the creation of environments for everyone, and to “enhance social sustainability” is a common policy objective in contemporary Swedish urban planning. It is, however, not clear or predictable what social strategies actually deliver in terms of tangible results. On the one hand, the introduction of the concept has encouraged a debate around equality and democracy in urban areas. On the other hand, in a context of an entrepreneurially oriented urban development, the concept seems to legitimise actions “in the name of sustainability”, that do not necessarily have any redistributive effects. The aim of this project has been to explore how social sustainability as a policy objective is framed and realised in contemporary Swedish municipal urban planning, and what difficulties might occur in the implementation of social strategies. The purpose has been answered through the following research questions: How is the concept of social sustainability incorporated and operationalised within the sphere of urban planning and city administration? What kind of obstacles and goal conflicts that obstruct implementation do the actors involved experience? In order to carry out the aim and answer the research questions a case study has been realised in the municipality of Huddinge. Two different qualitative methods have been used. Analysis of policy documents has demonstrated how the concept of social sustainability is defined in the municipality and what goals and strategies are set up in order to reach there. Semi-structured interviews with planning actors in the municipal organisation have created an understanding of how the public servants handle the issue in their everyday practice and what kind of obstacles they encounter. The theoretical framework consists of two components. Theoretical reasoning around the concept of social sustainability sheds light on what possibilities as well as contradictive and conflictual aspects the concept entails. The approach of Actor Network Theory has allowed an understanding of the municipal organisation as an assemblage of different human and non-human actors involved in the task of making Huddinge socially sustainable. Furthermore, it has encouraged an open-ended inquiry emerging from the interviewees' own perspectives, preventing an understanding limited to explanations anticipated beforehand. The most important results show that the social sustainability work in Huddinge consists of ambitious objectives but that the efforts are performed in a loosely connected network of heterogeneous actors where the work is rather fragmented and many efforts are dependent on individuals. Artefacts in terms of, for example, check-lists play an important role in order to allow all planners to function as agents of change. Implementation difficulties has shown to be wider than usually indicated, and are mainly related to lack of political prioritisation among objectives, lack of routines and knowledge, preconceptions and lack of representation among planners, lack of possibilities to influence market conditions as well as the prioritisation of economic aspects over social issues. In order to facilitate implementation a number of suggestions are being made, including the promotion of a political debate around social objectives and the meaning of social sustainability, to increase resources for the development of routines and an increased knowledge base in order to stabilise the network, and to find means to limit the influence of private actors. It is also concluded that social sustainability has to be prioritised and that goal conflicts with the economic dimension has to be handled in order to produce substantial change. / Under det senaste decenniet har strategier för social hållbarhet utvecklats för att uppmärksamma frågan om urban resursfördelning och skapandet av miljöer för alla, och att ”stärka social hållbarhet” är ett vanligt policymål i dagens svenska stadsplanering. Det är dock inte varken självklart eller förutsägbart vad sociala strategier faktiskt leder till för konkreta resultat. Å ena sidan har introducerande av begreppet social hållbarhet uppmuntrat till debatt kring jämlikhets- och demokratifrågor. Å andra sidan, i en kontext av en entreprenöriellt orienterad stadsutveckling, verkar begreppet kunna legitimera åtgärder ”i hållbarhetens namn”, som inte har någon egentlig omfördelande effekt. Syftet med studien har varit att utforska hur social hållbarhet som ett policymål inramas och förverkligas i nutida svensk stadsplanering, samt vilka svårigheter som kan uppstå i implementeringen av sociala strategier. Syftet har besvarats genom följande forskningsfrågor: Hur är begreppet social hållbarhet införlivat och operationaliserat inom området stadsplanering och kommunal förvaltning? Vilka svårigheter och målkonflikter som försvårar implementering upplevs av involverade aktörer? En fallstudie i Huddinge kommun har utförts för att uppfylla syftet och svara på forskningsfrågorna. Två olika kvalitativa metoder har använts. Analys av policydokument har visat hur konceptet social hållbarhet definieras i kommunen samt vilka mål och strategier som har satts upp för att nå dit. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har skapat en förståelse för hur tjänstepersonerna i den kommunala organisationen hanterar frågan i deras vardagspraktik och vilka typer av svårigheter de upplever. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av två delar. Ett teoretiskt resonemang kring begreppet social hållbarhet tydliggör vilka möjligheter samt vilka motsägelsefulla och konfliktuella aspekter begreppet bär på. Angreppssättet aktör-nätverksteori har möjliggjort en förståelse av den kommunala organisationen som en samling av olika mänskliga och icke-mänskliga aktörer involverade i uppgiften att göra Huddinge socialt hållbart. Dessutom har det uppmuntrat en förutsättningslös undersökning utifrån intervjupersonernas egna perspektiv, vilket har förhindrat en förståelse begränsad till på förhand antagna förklaringar. De viktigaste resultaten visar att arbetet för social hållbarhet i Huddinge består av ambitiösa målsättningar, men att ansträngningar utförs i ett löst sammansatt nätverk av heterogena aktörer där arbetet är relativt splittrat och många insatser är individberoende. Artefakter i form av exempelvis checklistor spelar en betydande roll i att tillåta alla planerare att fungera som förändringsagenter. Implementeringssvårigheter har visat sig vara bredare än vad som vanligtvis föreslås, och beror främst på brist på politisk prioritering bland målsättningar, brist på rutiner och kunskap, fördomar och brist på representation i planerarkåren, brist på verktyg att påverka marknadsvillkor samt prioritering av ekonomiska aspekter framför sociala frågor. Ett antal förslag för att underlätta implementering ges, vilka innefattar att stimulera en politisk debatt runt sociala målsättningar och betydelsen av begreppet social hållbarhet, att satsa ökade resurser på att utveckla rutiner och en utökad kunskapsbas med syftet att stabilisera nätverket, samt att hitta sätt att begränsa privata aktörers inflytande. Slutsatsen har även dragits att social hållbarhet måste prioriteras samt att målkonflikter med den ekonomiska dimensionen behöver hanteras för att någon betydande förändring ska kunna ske.

Hållbarhet har under de senaste åren blivit ett relevat ämne som ständigt diskuteras och är en mycket central del för utvecklingen framåt. Startskottet för hållbar utveckling började med Förenade nationernas (FN) Agenda 2030. Malmö stad är en av många som arbetar aktivt utifrån handlingsplanen Agenda 2030 med hållbar utveckling för att bland annat utveckla den växande staden Malmö i en hållbar riktning. I samband med den växande staden Malmö ökar behovet av gröna miljöer, eftersom gröna miljöer har många fördelar som påverkar invånarna positivt. Därför blir Malmö stads grönplanering en viktig pusselbit i arbetet framåt. Uppsatsens syfte är att få en större förståelse för Malmö stads arbete med grönplanering, samt analysera grönplanering på en kommunal nivå för att öka människors hälsa och välbefinnande i staden. Syftet ska uppnås genom en kvalitativ fallstudie där bland annat en designprocess ingår som leder fram till ett gestaltningsförslag av området Varvsstaden i Malmö. En kvalitativ fallstudie är utgångspunkten för undersökandet av Malmö stads arbete med grönplanering. Fallstudien ger möjligheten att använda sig av flera insamlingsmetoder av empiriskt material. Fyra metoder inom fallstudien har använts, dokumentstudie, arkivstudie, fältstudie och en designprocess. Dokumentstudie, där relevant information inom ämnet samlades in. Arkivstudie, där analyser av detaljplaner och andra ritningsmaterial gjordes för att få en bredare förståelse för planeringen i Varvsstaden. Fältstudie, där observationer under flera tillfällen gjordes i Varvsstaden för att få direkt information som lägger grunden för arbetet. Designprocessen, där en bättre förståelse och nya insikter har genererats om grönplanering i Malmö. Studien visar att det finns många aspekter att tänka på när ett område planeras. Det finns många styrdokument, som ständigt uppdateras och förnyas. Dessa dokument ska alla tas hänsyn till vid planering av ett område. Studien visar också att det inte går att grönaplanera endast utifrån den sociala dimensionen. Att göra en uppdelning av hållbarhet i tre dimensioner är inte optimalt för att skapa ett komplext förslag eftersom att de är beroende av varandra och har ett tätt samband mellan varandra. / In recent years, sustainability has become an important subject that is constantly discussed because it is a central part of the future development. The starting point for sustainable development began with the United Nations (UN) Agenda 2030. Malmö stad is one of many that works actively based on the action plan Agenda 2030 with sustainable development to develop the growing Malmö in a sustainable direction. In connection with the growing city of Malmö, the need for green environments increases, as green environments have many advantages and affect people positively. Malmö stads green planning therefore becomes an important part of the work for sustainability.. The purpose of the essay is to gain a greater understanding of how Malmö stad works with green planning, as well as analyze green planning at the municipal level for increasing people's health and well-being in the city. The purpose is to be achieved through a qualitative case study that includes a design process that leads to a design proposal for Varvsstaden. The qualitative case study is the starting point for investigating Malmö stads work with green planning. The case study provides the opportunity to use several methods of collecting empirical material. Four methods within the case study were used: document study, archival study, field study and a design process. Document study, where relevant information on the subject was collected. Archive study, where analyzes of detailed plans and other drawing materials were made to gain a broader understanding of the planning in Varvsstaden. Field study, where observations were made on several occasions in Varvsstaden to obtain direct information that lays the foundation for the work. The design process on Varvsstaden creates a better understanding and generates new insights into green planning in Malmö. The study shows that there are many aspects to consider when planning an area. There are many documents, which are constantly updated and renewed. These documents must all be taken into account when planning an area. The study also shows that it is not possible to plan greenery only on the basis of the social dimension. Dividing sustainability into three dimensions is not optimal for creating a complex proposal because they are interdependent and closely interrelated.

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-05-25T18:23:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 62080100006.pdf: 858339 bytes, checksum: d0ddfc6723a78cea7b107101041f95cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-25T18:30:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 62080100006.pdf: 858339 bytes, checksum: d0ddfc6723a78cea7b107101041f95cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-25T18:30:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 62080100006.pdf: 858339 bytes, checksum: d0ddfc6723a78cea7b107101041f95cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-25T18:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 62080100006.pdf: 858339 bytes, checksum: d0ddfc6723a78cea7b107101041f95cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / The urban issue in Brazil was sanctioned by the Federal Constitution in 1988 and by the Federal Law of the Statute of the City, in 2001. After that, the development of municipal laws, related to comprehensive participatory plans and specific urban planning tools, has been brought out with the promise of confronting the social inequalities that are part of the urban scenario in Brazil. Given this context, this dissertation aims to analyze the process of making and regulation of an urban planning tool called concessão urbanística (urban grant, in English) at three different moments. First: considering its origin in the Executive estate, during the mayor Marta Suplicy’ management (PT – “Labor Party”, 2001-2004) and its inclusion in the Strategic Comprehensive Plan for São Paulo (2002-2012). Second: considering the mayor José Serra (PSDB – “Social Democracy Party”, 2005-2006) and the mayor Gilberto Kassab’s (DEM – “Democrats Party”, 2006-2008/2009-current) management strategy of promoting "revitalization” policies in the São Paulo downtown, through the Nova Luz project (New Light, in English), employing the concessão urbanística planning tool. Third, since the moment when the Civil Society’ discussions about concessão urbanística Bill (Bill 87, 2009) were first reported to the City Council until its approval by the Legislature (Law 14.917, 2009). By investigating this process, this study intends to contribute with an analysis on the concessão urbanística inclusion in the public government’s agenda, considering the strategies chosen by the Civil Society actors in order to influence the actions upon the Municipal Government. The goal is to achieve a better understanding of the restricted production of urban public policies in the democratic contexts of the postConstitution of 1988 and the post-City Statute of 2001. / A temática urbana no Brasil foi legitimada pela Constituição Federal em 1988 e pela Lei Federal do Estatuto da Cidade, em 2001. Depois disso, as formulações das legislações municipais, em relação a planos diretores participativos e à regulamentação de instrumentos urbanísticos específicos, têm sido acompanhadas com a promessa de um enfrentamento das desigualdades que integram o cenário urbano brasileiro. Esta dissertação pretende analisar, dentro do contexto supracitado, o processo de formulação e regulamentação do instrumento de intervenção urbana denominado “concessão urbanística”, considerando três momentos distintos. Primeiro: sua origem no Executivo durante a gestão Marta Suplicy (PT, 2001-2004) e sua inserção no Plano Diretor Estratégico de São Paulo (2002-2012). Segundo: a estratégia das gestões José Serra (PSDB, 2005-2006) e Gilberto Kassab (DEM, 2006-2008/2009-atual) de promover a “revitalização” do centro de São Paulo, por meio do projeto Nova Luz, utilizando a concessão urbanística. Terceiro: desde o período das discussões realizadas pela Sociedade Civil quando o projeto de lei sobre a concessão urbanística (projeto de lei nº 87 de 2009) foi enviado à Câmara de Vereadores até o de sua regulamentação pelo Legislativo (Lei Municipal nº 14.917 de 2009). Ao investigar esse processo, a dissertação pretende contribuir para a análise sobre a inclusão da concessão urbanística na agenda pública governamental, considerando as estratégias de atores da Sociedade Civil para influenciar as ações do Governo Municipal. O objetivo é alcançar uma melhor compreensão das limitações na produção de políticas públicas urbanas no contexto democrático pós-Constituição de 1988 e pós-Estatuto da Cidade de 2001.