International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Guided Weapons Evaluation Facility (GWEF) at Eglin Air Force Base is the Air Force’s premiere munitions hardware-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation facility. HITL simulation testing is a ground based tool used to evaluate the performance of a weapon system at a fraction of the cost of free flight testing. The weapon system is stimulated in a laboratory setting with the electromagnetic environment and physical motion it would experience in an operational setting. The system’s responses to that environment are measured to provide various measures of performance including target tracking ability and miss distance. Electrical interfaces are required in order to control the weapon’s guidance system and to receive and inject signals from the HITL simulation computer system to the weapon under test. These interfaces are usually developed using external control circuits and copper cabling to the guidance unit. The GWEF had a requirement to develop a missile interface with no external copper wires or antennas to support a unique test configuration. The requirement led to the development of a Fiber Optic Telemetry (FOTM) package which would be contained completely within the missile body cavity. The constraints on the FOTM design were considerable. Lack of a suitable commercial off-the-shelf fiber optic telemetry package led to the eventual in house design and fabrication of the FOTM. This paper describes the requirements, design constraints and results achieved in the FOTM design. Although not classical telemetry it does share similarities with conventional telemetry units used for open air weapons testing including size constraints, data rates and thermal considerations.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / M/A-COM, Inc. has previously developed a highly integrated transmitter chip set for wireless telemetry applications for the military L and S band frequencies and the commercial 2.4GHz ISM band. The original chip set is comprised of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a silicon phase locked loop (PLL), and a family of power amplifiers (PA's). Using these components, M/A-COM has produced a miniature IRIG-compliant transmitter module, which has been flight-tested by the U.S. Army’s Hardened Subminiature Telemetry and Sensor System (HSTSS) program. Since the initial offering, several product enhancements have been added. The module performance has been improved by tailoring the VCO specifically for direct frequency modulation applications. In addition to improving noise performance, these enhancements have produced improved modulation linearity, decreased lock time and increased carrier stability. Modulation rates in excess of 10Mbps have been demonstrated. High efficiency power amplifiers operating at 3V have also been added to the family of amplifiers (PAE > 50%). This greatly enhanced efficiency allows higher RF power output while maintaining the same miniature form factor for the transmitter. Further, M/A-COM has added a silicon-on-sapphire PLL to the chip set, which operates at frequencies up to 3.0GHz. This paper details the enhancements to the components within the chip set, and the improvement in performance of the transmitter module. Test data is presented for the transmitter modules and individual components.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The defense response to a Chemical and Biological attack would be importantly based on predicting the dispersion of a toxic cloud. Considering that an Unmanned Air Vehicle would provide the capability for embedding and positioning inertial and air data sensors geographically as required, real-time wind estimation can be performed for every actual position of the flying device in order to predict the plume moving direction. The efforts in this thesis concentrate on the demonstration and validation of procedures for obtaining Wind Estimation close to real-time and its instantaneous display. The presented work is based on a particular UAV platform available at the NPS Aeronautical Department and it aims to establish a general methodology, which may be used on other flying devices with similar available sensors. An accurate estimation of real wind for a particular combat scenario will enable operational units to have a near real-time decision aid. This final result could be integrated into a Command and Control net, to assist in a focused way the response to a Chemical and Biological attack and to map the source or the region to be affected. / Lieutenant Commander, Chilean Navy

New explosive compounds that are less sensitive to shock and high temperatures are being tested on military ranges as replacements for 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazine (RDX). One of the two compounds being tested is 2, 4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), which has good detonation characteristics and is one of the main ingredients in a suite of explosive formulations being tested. Data on the fate and transport of DNAN is needed to determine its potential to reach groundwater and be transported off base, a result which could create future contamination problems on military training ranges and trigger regulatory action. In this study, I measured how DNAN in solution interacts with different types of soils from across the United States. I conducted kinetic and equilibrium batch soil adsorption experiments, saturated column experiments with DNAN and dissolution and transport studies of insensitive munitions (IMX-101, IMX -104), which include DNAN, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), nitroguanidine (NQ) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), under steady state and transient conditions. In the rate studies, change in DNAN concentration with time was evaluated using the first order kinetic equation. Solution mass-loss rate coefficients ranged between 0.0002 h-1 and 0.0068 h-1. DNAN was strongly adsorbed by soils with linear adsorption coefficients ranging between 0.6 and 6.3 L kg-1, and Freundlich coefficients between 1.3 and 34 mg1-n Ln kg-1. Both linear and Freundlich adsorption coefficients were positively correlated with the amount of organic carbon and cation exchange capacity of the soil. In saturated miscible-displacement experiments, it was shown that under flow conditions DNAN transforms readily with formation of amino transformation products, 2-amino-4-nitroanisole (2-ANAN) and 4-amino-2-nitroanisole (4-ANAN). Dissolution miscible-displacement experiments demonstrated that insensitive munition compounds dissolved in order of aqueous solubility as indicated by earlier lab and outdoor dissolution studies. The sorption of NTO and NQ was low, while RDX, HMX, and DNAN all adsorbed to the soils. DNAN transformed in soils with formation of amino-reduction products, 2- ANAN and 4-ANAN. Adsorption parameters determined by HYDRUS-1D generally agreed with batch and column study adsorption coefficients for pure NTO and DNAN. The magnitudes of retardation and transformation observed in these studies result in significant attenuation potential for DNAN in soils, which would reduce risk of groundwater contamination.

In munitions technologies, hazard investigations for explosive (or more generally energetic material) including systems is a very important issue to achieve insensitivity. Determining the response of energetic materials to different types of mechanical or thermal threats has vital importance to achieve an effective and safe munitions design and since 1970&rsquo / s, lots of studies have been performed in this research field to simulate the dynamic response of energetic materials under some circumstances. The testing for hazard investigations is a very expensive and dangerous topic in munitions design studies. Therefore, especially in conceptual design phase, the numerical simulation tools for hazard investigations has been used by ballistic researchers since 1970s. The main modeling approach in such simulation tools is the numerical simulation of deflagration-todetonation transition (DDT) phenomenon. By this motivation, in this thesis study, the numerical simulation of DDT phenomenon in solid energetic materials which occurs under some mechanical effects is performed. One dimensional and two dimensional solvers are developed by using some well-known models defined in open literature for HMX (C4 H8 N8 O8) with 73 % particle load which is a typical granular, energetic, solid, explosive ingredient. These models include the two-phase conservation equations coupled with the combustion, interphase drag interaction, interphase heat transfer interaction and compaction source terms. In the developed solvers, the governing partial differential equation (PDE) system is solved by employing high-order central differences for time and spatial integration. The two-dimensional solver is developed by extending the complete two-phase model of the one-dimensional solver without any reductions in momentum and energy conservation equations. In one dimensional calculations, compaction, ignition, deflagration and transition to detonation characteristics are investigated and, a good agreement is achieved with the open literature. In two dimensional calculations, effect of blunt and sharp-nosed projectile impact situations on compaction and ignition characteristics of a typical explosive bed is investigated. A minimum impact velocity under which ignition in the domain fails is sought. Then the developed solver is tested with a special wave-shaper problem and the results are in a good agreement with those of a commercial software.

In this thesis, burst distance is optimized to increase air defense capability for systems utilizing airburst munitions. A simulator program is created to use during the study by taking advantage of the MATLAB environment. While creating the simulator program, a munition path model is derived by using fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Then, simulations are conducted at different burst distances and related information are recorded. By using least square optimization method and gathered data, optimum burst distance is found. Moreover, the effects of several factors on optimum burst distances are analyzed, including: the weights of the objectives in the optimization, target dimensions, target range, wind, target position ambiguity, firing angle, and velocity ambiguity after burst. Furthermore, a firing method is proposed. The result of the proposed firing method and the optimum solution are compared and success is presented. To sum up, this study presents a way to find optimum burst distance, analyzes the factors that may affect optimum burst distance, and suggests a firing method for effective shots.

Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Isaac Kaminer, Vladimir Dobrokhodov. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67). Also available online.

This thesis examines the evolution of international humanitarian concern culminating in adoption of a Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) banning these weapons in May 2008. It is based on systematic analysis of official documents, extensive interviews, participant-observation, and several bodies of international relations (IR) theory. Part I explains the research methodology and discusses the theoretical context for the thesis. It is argued that several core assumptions of rationalist-materialist approaches to IR theory impede understanding of the CCM's emergence, and thus the thesis adopts an interpretivist framework. The four chapters of Part II analyse international efforts on cluster munitions including prior, failed attempts to restrict cluster munitions, the emergence of an international campaign from 2003, ensuing activity involving states, international organisations and civil society, and the CCM's eventual negotiation involving more than 100 states. Part III marries this empirical account to theoretical analysis of four thesis propositions. It is concluded that non-state actor-engendered processes of evidence collection and analysis, learning and frame alignment were central to the Oslo process's emergence. The Oslo Declaration's particular humanitarian framing (to ban cluster munitions causing unacceptable harm to civilians) and the structure of the subsequent 'define-and-ban' discourse permitted convergence between states over prohibiting these weapons. Nevertheless, they contain implications for other international efforts aimed at controlling means of armed violence.

Thesis (M.S.)--School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, 2008. / "June 2008." Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-63). Also available via the Internet.

Les trois dernières guerres ont laissé dans le sous-sol français des millions de tonnes de munitions non explosées (en anglais, unexploded ordnance ou UXO) qui constituent un risque pour l'homme et l'environnement. La géophysique et particulièrement les méthodes magnétiques offrent des solutions pour localiser et caractériser ces objets qui sont le plus souvent aimantés. Mon travail de thèse consiste d'abord à réaliser une synthèse bibliographique des méthodes de recherche d'UXO en détaillant en particulier la méthode magnétique. Le dispositif de cartographie magnétique multi-capteur conçu par I'EOST et utilisé pour la recherche d'UXO subit un certain nombre de défauts. Ainsi (i) la fabrication d'un nouveau numériseur, (ii) l'acquisition d'un nouveau système de géolocalisation plus complet et (iii) l'utilisation d'un capteur supplémentaire afin de corriger les variations temporelles du champ permettent d'améliorer la qualité de nos cartographies. De même la mesure à différentes altitudes nous permet de gérer au mieux le temps imparti et le niveau de détail que l'on souhaite obtenir. Selon l'approximation habituellement employée en méthodes potentielles, l'anomalie du champ magnétique est négligeable par rapport au champ magnétique régional. En parallèle du travail de terrain décrit précédemment, une étude plus poussée du dipôle m'a permis d'évaluer que cette approximation entraîne une erreur non négligeable pouvant atteindre 16% de l'anomalie. Cette différence se ressent aussi sur les résultats obtenus par inversion. J'ai pu de plus développer un algorithme utilisant la méthode d'Euler et réévaluer la méthode que l'on utilisait déjà auparavant, basée sur le signal analytique. Après comparaison des différentes méthodes d'inversion, cette dernière semble le mieux contraindre la cible. / Last three wars have left millions of tons of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in French subsoil. They put the population and the environment at risk. Geophysics and particularly the magnetic methods present some solutions to characterise and locate those generally magnetised objects. The multi-sensor magnetic cartography device designed at EOST has some faults. Consequently, (i) the production of a new digitizer, (ii) the acquisition of a new geo-spatial positioning system and (iii) the use of an extra sensor to correct the time-related variations of the magnetic field allow us to improve our cartography quality. Likewise, multi-altitude measurement allow us to optimise the time in relation to the wanted cartography definition. According to the approximation generally used in magnetism theory, the anomaly is insignificant compared to the regional magnetic field. At the same time as my previously described field work, a thorough study of the dipole theory, allowed me to evaluate that this approximation results in a non-negligible mistake reaching 16% of the anomaly. The inversion results are sensible to this mistake. Moreover, l've developed an algorithm based on Euler deconvolution and l've re-evaluated the method already used which is based on analytic signal. After I compared some of the inversion methods, the one based on the analytic signal seems to ascertain the better the object characteristics.