Le muscle squelettique est le plus grand organe du corps humain. Il est maintenant admis que c'est un organe sécréteur de cytokines qui jouent un rôle important comme signaux paracrines et endocrines. Récemment, il a été démontré que le muscle squelettique sécrète aussi des nanovesicules appelées « exosomes ». Dans ce contexte, notre équipe a démontré que les exosomes sécrétés par les cellules musculaires avaient un effet paracrine et étaient impliqués dans la prolifération et la différenciation musculaire. Comme il est admis que la masse musculaire est affectée par différentes situations physiologiques (la nutrition et l'activité physique) ou pathologiques (obésité, le diabète et la sarcopénie), nous nous sommes demandés, dans un premier temps, quel était le rôle des exosomes dans la régulation de la masse musculaire et s'ils pouvaient modifier les dialogues muscle-organes insulino-sensibles au cours d'un régime riche en acide gras saturé. Ces travaux ont donné lieu à 2 articles publiés dans « Diabetologia ». Dans ces deux articles, nous avons démontré dans un modèle de souris que le muscle, en situation d'insulino-résistance due à un régime riche en acide gras saturé, sécrète plus d'exosomes. De plus, ces exosomes ont une composition modifiée en acides gras et en microARN. In vitro, cette nouvelle population d'exosomes affectent la prolifération des cellules receveuses i.e. ; cellules musculaires et cellules béta pancréatiques, in vitro, en régulant les gènes du cycle cellulaire et de différenciation dans les cellules musculaires receveuses et le gène pitx2 dans les cellules beta. Ces travaux suggèrent que les exosomes sécrétés par le muscle squelettique, perturbent l'homéostasie musculaire et pancréatique durant un régime riche en acide gras saturé.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé une étude technique afin de déterminer les conditions optimales pour isoler la quantité maximale des exosomes, relarguées par les cellules musculaires. Cette étude, publiée dans « BMC Biotechnology », a démontré que cultiver des cellules musculaires dans un milieu sans exosomes de sérum de veau ou de cheval, ralentie leur prolifération et par conséquent leur différenciation. Ceci suggère que les exosomes des sérums des milieux de culture participent à la croissance des cellules musculaires. De façon intéressante, ce résultat mime le cross-talk entre myoblastes et myotubes précédemment démontré au laboratoire et laisse suggérer un rôle plus général des exosomes circulant dans les processus d'hypertrophie, hyperplasie mis en place durant le développement. De plus, ces résultats indiquent que les exosomes pourraient participer aux cross-talks entre espèces / Skeletal muscle (SkM) is considered as a secretory organ, it secretes cytokines named myokines that can act either locally (autocrine) or systemically (endocrine). In addition to myokines, SkM secretes nanovesicles named exosomes (SkM-Exos). Previous work from the laboratory have demonstrated that myotube- and myoblastderived exosomes were involved in the process of myogenesis and could transfer their content to target cells. In this work, we determined whether SkM-Exos wereinvolved in lipid-induced insulin resistance and participate in organ cross-talk during the development of obesity. Firstly, we determined the effect of high fat diet on SkM-Exo release and on their miRNA and lipid composition. In addition, we determined the biological effect of these exosomes on skeletal muscle and pancreatic recipient cells. Results are published in 2 separate papers in “Diabetologia”. In these two studies, exosomes were collected from quadriceps muscles of C57Bl/6 mice fed for 16 weeks with either a standard chow diet (SD) or an SD enriched with 20% palm oil (HP) or from C2C12 cells exposed to 0.5 mmol/l palmitate (EXO-Post Palm), oleate (EXO-Post Oleate) or BSA (EXO-Post BSA). We treated skeletal muscle cells or β pancreatic cells with these muscle-released exosomes. We found that exosomes from HP fed mice, EXO-Post Palm and EXO-Post Oleate induced myoblast and β pancreatic islet proliferation and modified the expressions of genes involved in cell cycle and muscle differentiation but did not alter insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation in muscle cells. Lipidomic analyses showed that exosomes from palmitate-treated cells were enriched in palmitate, indicating that exosomes likely transfer the deleterious effect of palm oil between muscle cells by transferring lipids. Also, we demonstrated that these exosomes likely transfer their miRNA contents resulting in beta pancreatic islet hypertrophy during type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Moreover, muscle exosomes were incorporated into various tissues in vivo, including the pancreas and liver, suggesting that SkM could transfer specific signals through the exosomal route to key metabolic tissues in vivo. So, SkM derived exosomes altered muscle and β pancreatic cell homeostasis during lipid induced insulin resistant diet. Secondly, another work was conducted in order to answer to a technical problem about optimal conditions needed to obtain, in vitro, the highest concentration of exosomes from muscle cells when grown in a depleted-exosome medium. This work was published in “BMC Biotechnology”. In this study, we found that depleting culture media from exosomes affected skeletal muscle cell proliferation. In addition, removal of serum-EVs from culture medium affects gene and miRNA expressions and likely the proteome of the cells. Interestingly, our data showed that we can recapitulate the cross-talk between myoblast and myotubes previously demonstrated in the laboratory by using exosomes from serum as well. Indeed, serum derived-exosomes, like myotube derived-exosomes, can affect proliferation of myoblasts and induce their entrance in the differentiation process. This result implies that bovine exosomes can transfer specific signals to cells from unrelated species (i.e. ; to mice, rats and human) and thus that part of exosome composition is evolutionarily conserved between these lower and higher order mammalian species. Generally speaking, these results suggest that exosomes in body fluids could have an unsuspected function during embryogenesis and in the regulation of cellular adaptations that lead to hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia

O quadro de resistência à insulina em humanos está fortemente relacionado ao acumulo de lipídeos intracelulares, a inatividade física e ao aumento de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o aumento na oferta de nutrientes incluindo glicose e ácido graxo palmítico pode alterar o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, a respiração, a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e a resposta a insulina em células do tecido muscular. Nossos resultados mostram que a exposição de células musculares a elevada disponibilidade de substratos resultou em diminuição do potencial de membrana mitocondrial, e aumento da respiração no estado IV e da expressão do RNAm da proteína desacopladora mitocondrial UCP-3. Mostrando a existência de um mecanismo de desacoplamento intrínseco em células do músculo esquelético ativado em situações de elevada oferta de nutrientes. Nessas condições observamos redução do acoplamento e da eficiência termodinâmica mitocondrial. Interessantemente, essa capacidade de desacoplamento parece ser perdida cronicamente como indicado pelos nossos resultados de consumo de oxigênio no período de 48h favorecendo uma menor atividade mitocondrial, aumento de EROs e redução da razão GSH/GSSG. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica em cultura primária e expressão gênica do PGC1-, um reconhecido gene regulador da biogênese mitocondrial, não demonstraram diferença entre controle e tratamento com palmitato. O ácido palmito resultou na redução da fosforilação de Akt, bem como, na captação de glicose estimulada por insulina. Nossos achados, portanto, sugerem que uma redução do acoplamento termodinâmico mitocondrial e do sistema antioxidante, juntamente com aumento do peróxido de hidrogênio, estão fortemente relacionados a redução da resposta a insulina. Deste modo, nosso estudo sugere um papel importante da mitocôndria na resposta a insulina. / The insulin resistance in human framework is strongly related to the accumulation of intracellular lipids, physical inactivity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to determine whether the increase in nutrient supply including glucose and palmitic fatty acid can change the mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, production of reactive oxygen species and the insulin response in muscle tissue cells. Our results show that exposure of muscle cells to high availability of the substrate resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, in increased respiration in the state IV and mRNA expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP-3. Showing the existence of an intrinsic uncoupling mechanism of skeletal muscle cells activated in situations of high supply of nutrients. However, under these conditions we observed a reduction of the coupling and mitochondrial thermodynamic efficiency. Interestingly, this decoupling capacity was chronically lost as indicated by our results in the 48 hours period favoring a lower mitochondrial activity, increase of ROS and reduced GSH / GSSG ratio. Images from electron microscopy and gene expression of PGC1-, a recognized regulatory gene of mitochondrial biogenesis, showed no difference between control and treatment with palmitate. The palm acid resulted in reduced phosphorylation of Akt, as well as glucose uptake stimulated by insulin. Our findings thus suggest that a reduction in mitochondrial antioxidant and thermodynamic coupling system, along with increase in the hydrogen peroxide, are closely related to reducing insulin response. Thus, our findings suggest a role of mitochondria in insulin response.

This dissertation represents efforts to determine the functional consequences acquired by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) in response to CD40 ligation by activated CD154+ T cells, and to elucidate components of the signaling pathway(s) activated in response to CD40 signaling in both monocytes and SMC. To study the consequences of CD40 stimulation, primary human monocytes and aortic SMC were treated with plasma membranes purified from CD154 + , CD4+ T cells. The results presented in this dissertation demonstrate that SMC, like monocytes/macrophages, are capable of interacting with T cells in a manner that results in reciprocal activation events. SMC were shown to present antigen to, and activate T cells. In turn T cell stimulus resulted in the activation of proinflammatory function in SMC initiated through the CD154:CD40 interaction. CD40 stimulation of SMC resulted in the production of the chemokines interleukin 8 (IL-8) and macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and the upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). Examination of the intracellular signaling pathways activated through CD40 signaling revealed the involvement of MAPKs in the pathway leading to induction of proinflammatory activity. Evaluation of CD40 signaling in monocytes demonstrated the activation of the MAPK family members ERK1/2, but not the MAPK family members p38 or c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). In contrast, CD40 signaling in SMC was shown to result in ERK1/2 and p38 activation, and both of these kinases were shown to play a critical role in the induction of chemokine synthesis. An examination of the ability of anti-inflammatory cytokines to modulate CD40 signaling in monocytes and SMC demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 abrogate CD40-mediated induction of inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes. This inhibition was shown to be a result of a negative influence of IL-4 and IL-10 on CD40 mediated ERK1/2, activation in monocytes. However, IL-4 and IL-10 did not inhibit SMC proinflammatory responses indicating a difference in the intracellular responses to these cytokines by the two cell types. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Chez les patients atteints d'athérosclérose, les calcifications vasculaires sont une caracteristique des plaques d'athérome. Elles résultent de la trans-différenciation des cellules musculaires lisses (CMLs) en cellules de type ostéoblastique et/ou chondrocytaire, notamment en réponse à des cytokines inflammatoires. Les CMLs forment alors des cristaux par l'activité de la phosphatase alcaline non-spécifique du tissu (TNAP). A la lumière de résultats récents, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que la TNAP module la trans-différenciation des CMLs. Nos objectifs étaient donc de déterminer l'effet de la TNAP dans la trans-différenciation des CMLs, et d'étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans son induction. Nous avons observé que l'ajout de phosphatase alcaline purifiée ou la surexpression de TNAP stimule l'expression de marqueurs chondrocytaires en culture de CMLs et de cellules souches mésenchymateuses. De plus, l'inhibition de la TNAP bloque la maturation de chondrocytes primaires. Nous avons observé un rôle des cristaux formés par la TNAP, puisque l'ajout de cristaux seuls ou associés à une matrice collagénique a reproduit les effets de la TNAP. Nous suspectons que la TNAP agit en hydrolysant le PPi et en générant des cristaux. Ces cristaux ensuite induisent l'expression du facteur ostéogénique BMP-2 et l'inhibition des effets de la BMP-2 annule les effets de la TNAP. De plus, nous étions intéressés par les la localisation et la fonction de marqueurs de minéralisation comme les annexines en parallèle de la TNAP. Nous avons observé que l'activité TNAP des CMLs induit la minéralisation en grande partie quand la TNAP est associée aux vésicules matricielles et au fibres de collagène / Vascular calcification (VC) is a hallmark of atherosclerosis plaques. Calcification (formation of apatite) of advanced lesions share common features with endochondral ossification of long bones and appears to stabilize plaques. This process is associated with trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into chondrocyte-like cells. On the other hand, microcalcification of early plaques, which is poorly understood, is thought to be harmful. The two proteins necessary for physiological mineralization are tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and collagen. Under pathological conditions, TNAP is activated by inflammatory cytokines in VSMCs, whereas collagen is produced constantly. The activation of TNAP appears to induce calcification of these cells. Therefore, the objective of this PhD thesis was to study the role of TNAP and generated apatite crystals in the VSMC trans-differentiation and determine underlying molecular mechanisms. Based on the obtained results, we propose that activation of BMP-2, a strong inducer of ectopic calcification, and formation of apatite crystals generated by TNAP represents a likely mechanism responsible for stimulation of VSMC trans-differentiation. Moreover, we were interested in localization and function of mineralization markers such as TNAP and annexins in mineralization process mediated by trans-differentiated VSMCs and VSMC-derived matrix vesicles (MVs). We observed that, similarly as in the case of typical mineralizing cells, increased TNAP activity in VSMC-derived MVs and association with collagen were important for their ability to mineralize

Das Chemokine SDF-1α und sein Rezeptor CXCR4 sind in eine Vielzahl biologischer Prozesse, wie der Organogenese, der Hämatopoese und der Immunantwort involviert. Die Entdeckung des alternativen SDF-1α-Rezeptors CXCR7 bewirkte eine erneute Untersuchung der Funktion des SDF-1-Systems in diesen Vorgängen. CXCR7 ist in der Lage, je nach Gewebe- oder Zelltyp, als \"Scavenger\"-Rezeptor, Modulator des CXCR4 oder selbstständig aktiver Rezeptor zu agieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, inwiefern beide Rezeptoren im Verlauf der Entwicklung der Muskulatur exprimiert werden, welche Aufgabe sie dabei übernehmen und ob sich Rückschlüsse auf die Muskelregeneration daraus ableiten lassen. Hierfür erfolgten in vitro-Untersuchungen an C2C12-Zellen und die anschließende Analyse der Expression von CXCR4, CXCR7 und SDF-1α in der sich entwickelnden Gliedmaßenmuskulatur von Wildtyp- und mdx-Mäusen. Die Untersuchung von C2C12-Zellen zeigte in allen Differenzierungsstadien eine detektierbare Menge von CXCR4 und eine zunehmende Expression des CXCR7. Die Behandlung der Zellen mit SDF-1α führte zu einer Phosphorylierung von Erk1/2 und PKCζ/λ und hemmte gleichzeitig deren Differenzierung. Nach einer Blockierung des CXCR4 mit seinem pharmakologischen Antagonist AMD3100 oder nach Hemmung der Expression durch spezifische siRNA blieb die Aktivierung des Signalweges aus und der hemmende Einfluss des SDF-1α auf die Differenzierung verschwand vollständig. Im Gegensatz dazu blieben nach der pharmakologischen Blockierung oder durch siRNA vermittelten Expressionshemmung des CXCR7 alle SDF-1α induzierten Effekte vollständig erhalten. Eine Untersuchung des Signalweges am dritten Tag der Differenzierung zeigte keine Aktivierung von Erk1/2. Ebenso blieb Erk1/2 nach einer Hemmung der Expression des CXCR4 unphosphoryliert. Im Gegensatz dazu fand nach einer Hemmung der Expression des CXCR7 mit spezifischer siRNA erneut eine Aktivierung des Signalweges statt. Weiterhin konnte in vivo festgestellt werden, dass die Expression des CXCR4 in der Muskulatur während der embryonalen Entwicklung am höchsten ist und bereits kurz nach der Geburt stark abnimmt, wenn die sekundäre Muskelentwicklung abgeschlossen ist. Die Expression des CXCR7 hingegen steigt perinatal an und bleibt bis zum Erwachsenenalter bestehen. Zusammengefasst zeigen diese Ergebnisse, dass CXCR4 aktiv das Signalgeschehen von SDF-1α in der Myogenese vermittelt und somit zur Differenzierungshemmung von Myoblasten beiträgt. CXCR7 hingegen wirkt als passiver SDF-1α-Scavenger und induziert somit durch eine Modulierung der extrazellulären SDF-1α-Konzentration die Differenzierung. In Übereinstimmung mit der Rolle des SDF-1α-Systems bei der Muskelentwicklung, konnte eine kontinuierliche SDF-1α- Expression im Bindegewebe um pränatale und im Endomysium von postnatalen und adulten Muskelfasern festgestellt werden. Diese SDF-1α-Expression stieg ebenso wie die CXCR4-Expression bei der Analyse der Muskulatur von dystrophin-defizienten Mäusen an und zeigte somit, dass dieses System auch für die Proliferation von Muskelvorläuferzellen in der regenerativen Muskulatur eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Bemerkenswerter Weise hatte diese Muskeldystrophie keinen Einfluss auf die Expression des CXCR7 und beeinflusst vermutlich dessen Funktion über einen anderen Mechanismus. Durch die offensichtlich enge Kontrolle von Muskelentwicklung und Regeneration durch CXCR4, CXCR7 und deren Liganden SDF-1α, bilden diese ein vielversprechendes therapeutisches Ziel für bestimmte Muskelerkrankungen. / The chemokine, SDF-1α, and its receptor, CXCR4, are assumed to control a multitude of biological processes such as organogenesis, haematopoesis, and immune responses. The previous demonstration that SDF-1α additionally binds to the chemokine receptor, CXCR7, currently urges a re-evaluation of the function of the SDF-1 system in these processes. In fact, depending on the tissue and cell type, CXCR7 either acts as a scavenger receptor, a modulator of CXCR4 or an independent active receptor. This thesis is dedicated to answer the following questions: Are both SDF-1α receptors expressed during muscle development? What is the actual function of these receptors during myogenesis? Is there a role of the SDF-1 system in muscle regeneration? To adress these issues both in vitro studies with the myoblast cell line, C2C12, as well as in vivo analyses on the expression of CXCR4, CXCR7 and SDF-1α in developing and regenerating limb muscles have been performed. At all stages of differentiation, C2C12 cells exhibited measurable amounts of CXCR4. In addition, in the course of differentiation C2C12 cells showed increasing expression levels of CXCR7. Treatment of the cells with SDF-1α resulted in the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and PKCζ/λ and subsequently blocked their myogenic differentiation. Following inactivation of CXCR4 either by its antagonist, AMD3100, or by specific siRNA, SDF-1α failed to activate both pathways and in addition no longer inhibited the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. By contrast, inactivation of CXCR7 remained without effects on SDF-1α-induced cell signalling and resulting inhibitory effects on myogenic differentiation. Interestingly, SDF-1α also failed to activate Erk1/2 signalling in differentiated C2C12 cells. Cell signalling in differentiated C2C12 cells was, however, restored following inhibition of CXCR7 expression, but not following inhibition of CXCR4 expression. The in vivo analysis further revealed that in limb muscles expression of the CXCR4 is highest during embryonic development with a decrease in expression levels shortly after birth when secondary muscle development is completed. Vice versa, expression levels of CXCR7 increased perinatally and remained high into adulthood. In summary, these findings unravel that CXCR4 actively mediates SDF-1α-signalling during myogenesis. The findings further provide evidence that CXCR7 acts as a scavenger receptor during myogenesis which controls myogenic differentiation by modulating extracellular SDF-1α concentration. In further agreement with a major role of SDF-1α in muscle development, SDF-1α is continously expressed by the endomysium of postnatal and adult muscle fibers. Moreover, expression of SDF-1α as well as CXCR4 is massively increased in muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice further implying that the SDF-1 system plays an equally important role during muscle development and regeneration. The pivotal role of SDF-1α in muscle development and regeneration points to the SDF-1 system as a promising therapeutical target for certain muscle diseases.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a disease of the aorta characterized by pathological remodeling and progressive weakening of the vessel resulting in the increased risk of rupture and sudden death. In a mouse model of the disease induced by chronic Angiotensin II (AngII) infusion, progression of AAAs is associated with reduced differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) at the site of lesion development. In the mouse model, the effectiveness of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition for attenuating AAA progression is associated with maintenance of a differentiated SMC phenotype. However, the safety of COX-2 inhibitors is currently in question due to the increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Thus, it is crucial to identify mediators downstream of COX-2 that may provide new targets for treatment of this disease. Recent studies in humans and mouse models have suggested that the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1) enzyme, which acts downstream of COX-2, may also be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. We hypothesized that increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis resulting from the induction of both COX-2 and mPGES-1 may result in reduced differentiation of SMCs, and that disruption of this pathway would preserve the differentiated phenotype. To test this hypothesis, human aortic smooth muscle cells (hASMCs) were utilized to examine the effects of a variety of agents involved in AAA development and the COX-2 pathway. My findings suggest that one of the effects of exposing hASMCs to AngII involves a specific induction of mPGES-1 expression. Furthermore, although different COX-2-derived products may have opposing effects, mPGES-1-derived PGE2 may be the primary prostanoid synthesized by SMCs which functions to attenuate differentiation. Therefore, mPGES-1 inhibition may provide inhibition of PGE2 that is more specific than COX-2 inhibitor treatment and may serve as a therapeutic target for attenuating AAA progression by maintaining a differentiated SMC phenotype.

Orientador: Hernandes Faustino de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T19:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardoso_LilianCarolineVaz_M.pdf: 2401125 bytes, checksum: 71ef0bb78a4f9804919ce3f2d13b8a0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Os hormônios androgênicos (testosterona e diidrotestosterona) regulam a diferenciação e o crescimento das estruturas penianas via receptor de andrógenos (AR), tendo este função reguladora da transcrição de genes relacionados a aspectos do desenvolvimento de indivíduos do sexo masculino. A presença de receptores de estrógenos no pênis permite assumir que o 17-â-estradiol (E2) e moléculas similares tenham efeito direto sobre sua fisiologia. De forma geral, o estrógeno tem efeito anti-androgênico, atuando sobre o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise e, assim, reduzindo a produção de testosterona pelos testículos. O estrógeno é essencial para funcionamento reprodutivo em machos, no entanto, a exposição ao estrógeno ou xenobióticos durante períodos críticos do desenvolvimento pode ter conseqüências negativas para o trato reprodutivo e para a fertilidade, através de um mecanismo conhecido como imprinting estrogênico. Um dos efeitos do imprinting estrogênico causado por altas doses de estrógeno é o comprometimento do desenvolvimento peniano. Embora seja controverso na literatura, este efeito se daria pela regulação negativa da expressão do AR e reduzida resposta aos andrógenos. Sendo assim, para estudar o efeito do imprinting estrogênico no desenvolvimento do pênis foram administrados 25 µL de óleo de milho contendo E2 a 15 mg/kg (dose alta) (Putz, et al., 2001 a, b) a ratos Wistar, nos dias 1, 3 e 5 após o nascimento e observação dos efeitos nos períodos pré-púbere (28 dias), púbere (49 dias) e adulto (90 dias). Foi feito ainda isolamento de células musculares lisas (CML), cultivadas com e sem T, e endoteliais do órgão. Para cada situação, a expressão do AR foi verificada por Western blotting e a localização por imunocitoquímica. Para o órgão e as células CML, a expressão do RNAm do AR foi analisado por Real-time PCR. Nos animais adultos foram quantificados: colágeno solúvel, hidroxiprolina e glicosaminoglicano (GAG). O tratamento neonatal com E2 resultou na queda do peso corporal, má formação do pênis, menor quantidade de hidroxiprolina e maior quantidade de GAG. A expressão do AR aumentou em animais de 28 dias e reduziu aos 90 dias. Nessas idades a marcação do AR foi menos intensa nos animais estrogenizados em todos os compartimentos penianos. Nas CML, a expressão do AR exibiu padrão diferente quando cultivadas com ou sem T. Nas células endoteliais a expressão não varia com a idade, porém diminui naquelas isoladas de animal tratado. A exposição neonatal ao E2 causa má formação do pênis o que pode estar relacionado à alteração da expressão do AR no órgão, nas CML e endoteliais presentes no mesmo. / Abstract: The androgens, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, regulate the differentiation and growth of penile structures through the androgen receptor (AR), which regulates the transcription of genes associates with several aspects of the development of male individuals. In contrast to the prostate, the AR expression in the penis of the rat falls with age according to the androgen levels reached in the adult. The presence of estrogen receptor in the penis allows the assumption that 17-â- estradiol (E2) and similar molecules have direct effect on its physiology. It is known that estrogen has an anti-androgenic effect acting on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis reducing the production of testosterone by the testes. The estrogen is essential for reproductive function in males, but the exposure to estrogen or xenobiotics during critical periods of the development has negative consequences for the reproductive tract and fertility, through a mechanism known as estrogenic imprinting. One of the effects of estrogenic imprinting caused by high doses of estrogen is defective penile development. Although controversial in the literature, this effect occurs by down regulation of androgens receptors and reduced response to androgens. To study the effect of estrogenic imprinting on penis development, Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of 25 µL of corn oil containing E2 at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight (Putz, et al., 2001 a, b) on days 1, 3, and 5 after birth and observation of the effects on 28, 49 or 90 days after birth (prepubertal, pubertal and adulthood stages, respectively). Smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells were isolated from the organ. For each situation, AR expression was verified by Western blotting and the localization by immunocitochemstry. Androgen receptor mRNA expression was done for the penis and SMC by Real-time PCR. In adult animals soluble collagen, hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were quantified. Neonatal treatment with E2 resulted in reduction of weight and abnormal development of the penis at all ages, reduction in hydroxyproline and increase in GAGs. The AR expression increased at 28 days, but not at 90 days and in these ages the staining intensity of AR was smaller in all penile compartments. In SMC, AR expression exhibited a different expression pattern when cultured with or without T. In endothelial cells, the AR expression increased on day 28, reducing in the other ages, but without difference in comparison to control, what leds us to believe that endothelial cells do not interfere in the reduction AR expression after sexual maturation. The neonatal treatment with E2 leds to abnormal penile development what may be related to an alteration of AR expression in the organ and in their SMC and endothelial cells. / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Orientadores: Maria Edwirges Hoffmann, Marta Helena Krieger / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:12:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soraggi_ClaudiadeLourdes_D.pdf: 1381104 bytes, checksum: c9a1645ee2ea31e5e43d843d4db6a1fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O óxido nítrico é uma molécula multifuncional, a qual está envolvida numa extensa variedade de funções fisiológicas, estendendo-se da neurotransmissão, citotoxicidade de macrófagos e modulação das funções fisiológicas do sistema cardiovascular. Devido às ações benéficas do NO nas diversas disfunções vasculares, há um grande interesse no desenvolvimento em dispositivos que possam liberar NO de maneira controlada no sistema cardiovascular e tecido-específica. Por exemplo, 'stents¿ intracoronarianos recobertos por materiais com liberação de NO, podem reduzir a incidência da reestenose e inibir a formação da neoíntima após angioplastia percutânea coronariana. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de estabelecer protocolos para avaliação da citotoxicidade e do potencial anti-reestenótico e anti-trombogênico de formulações eluidoras de NO para aplicações em dispositivos intravasculares. As formulações eluidoras de NO foram avaliadas por meio de: A) citotoxicidade através dos ensaios da redução do MTT e da captação do vermelho neutro (NR) com as linhagens celulares: 3T3 e RASM, B) potencial anti-reestenótico utilizando-se o ensaio de inibição da proliferação celular com células de musculatura lisa de coelho (RASM) e C) potencial anti-trombogênico, utilizando-se plaquetas humanas em ensaios de agregação e adesão plaquetária. Foram testadas S-nitrosoglutationa (GSNO), solução polimérica contendo poli (vinil álcool) PVA e poli (vinil pirrolidona) (PVP), e formulação contendo PVA, PVP, GSNO. O ensaio da captação do vermelho neutro mostrou que a GSNO e GSNO/PVA/PVP não apresentaram citotoxicidade em concentrações até 30 mg/mL de GSNO, em ambas as linhagens celulares. Enquanto que o ensaio de redução do MTT mostrou que apenas a solução contendo GSNO apresentou citotoxicidade com EC50=2,75±0,05 mg/mL em células 3T3. A sensibilidade da linhagem 3T3 foi maior do que =2,3±0,4 µg/mL), e GSNO (EC= 2,5±0,3 µg/mL). O ensaio da adesão plaquetária mostrou que a inibição superior a 50% causada pela GSNO só foi obtida em concentração acima 6,72 mg/mL, mas nesta concentração não foram encontradas plaquetas viáveis. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia adotada foi apropriada para a avaliação do potencial anti-reestenótico e anti-trombogênico e também para estabelecer a margem de segurança de novas formulações envolvendo S-nitrosoglutationa e soluções poliméricas. para células RASM, enquanto que células RASM foram mais sensíveis à alteração de permeabilidade de membrana. A GSNO per se promoveu inibição da proliferação celular no ensaio da proliferação celular e este efeito foi potencializado em presença dos polímeros PVA/PVP em concentrações superiores a 22,7 mg/mL. Foi verificada inibição da agregação plaquetária para ambas as soluções, GSNO/PVA/PVP (EC5050 =2,3±0,4 µg/mL), e GSNO (EC= 2,5±0,3 µg/mL). O ensaio da adesão plaquetária mostrou que a inibição superior a 50% causada pela GSNO só foi obtida em concentração acima 6,72 mg/mL, mas nesta concentração não foram encontradas plaquetas viáveis. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia adotada foi apropriada para a avaliação do potencial anti-reestenótico e anti-trombogênico e também para estabelecer a margem de segurança de novas formulações envolvendo S-nitrosoglutationa e soluções poliméricas / Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional molecule which is involved in a wide variety of physiological functions, ranging ftom neurotransmission, macrophage cytotoxicity, and modulation of physiological functions of the cardiovascular system. Due to NO beneficial action in various vascular pathological conditions, there is a great interest on development in devices that can release NO by a controlled manner and tissue-specific. For example, intracoronary stents coated with NO releasing materials, may reduce the incidence of restenosis and inhibit neo-intima formation after following percutaneous angioplasty. The aim of this study was to establish protocols for evaluation of NO eluting formulations cytotoxicity and antirestenotic and antithrombotic activities which have potential for application in intravascular devices. NO releasing formulations were evaluated regarding to following aspects: A) cytotoxicity measured by MTT reduction and Neutral Red uptake assays with 3T3 and RASM celllines, B) antirestenotic potential by using cell proliferation assay, with rabbit smooth muscle cells ~M), and C) antithrombogenic potential, by using a human platelet aggregation and adhesion assays. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), polymer solutions containing poly(vinyl alcohol) (pV A) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (pVP), and formulation containing GSNO, PV A and PVP were tested. Neutra! Red uptake assays showed that .GSNO and GSNOIPV A/P)'P-solutions presented no cytotoxicity up to 30 mg /mL GSNO, in both celllines. While, MTT reduction assays showed that only the solution of GSNO alone presented cytotoxicity with ECso=2.75± 0,05 mg/rnL, in 3T3 cell line. The sensitivity of3T3 cells to cytotoxicity was higher than that ofRASM cells, while RASM cells were more sensitivity to membrane permeation alterations. GSNO per se presented inhibition in a cell proliferation assay and this effect was potentialized with PV AIPVP in concentrations up 'to 22.7 mglmL. Concentration-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation was verified for both GSNO/PV AIPVP (ECso of 2.3±0.4 JlglmL), and GSNO alone (ECso of 2.5±0.3 JlglrnL) solutions. Platelet adhesion assay showed that the inhibition above 50% caused by GSNO only in concentration up to 6.72 mglmL was found, but in this concentration range, decrease of viable platelets was presented. The results showed that the methodology adopted was suitable to evaluate antirestenotic and antithrombotic potential, and to establish security margins for the development of new formulations involving GSNO and polymers in solution / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Les deux nucléotides cycliques, AMPc et GMPc, sont des seconds messagers importants qui régulent une grande variété de fonctions cellulaires, en particulier la fonction contractile cardiovasculaire, la croissance des cardiomyocytaires et la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires. Les phosphodiestérases (PDE) dégradent les nucléotides cycliques et exercent un contrôle local de leur concentration intracellulaire. Une altération de la voie de signalisation des nucléotides cycliques est impliquée dans plusieurs situations pathologiques telles que l’hypertension artérielle systémique ou pulmonaire, l’athérosclérose et l'hypertrophie cardiaque. Ainsi, les PDE constituent de puissantes cibles thérapeutiques pour restaurer un contrôle correct des nucléotides cycliques. Onze familles de PDEs sont actuellement décrites, les PDE1-6 étant les plus étudiées et les PDE 7-11 représentant de nouvelles familles.L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier le rôle respectif de 4 familles de PDEs, la PDE1, famille stimulée par le complexe Ca2+/calmoduline, les PDE5 et PDE9 spécifiques du GMPc, et la PDE8 spécifique de l'AMPc, dans le contrôle des concentrations intracellulaires d'AMPc ([AMPc]i) et de GMPc ([GMPc]i) dans les cellules musculaires lisses aortiques de rat (CMLARs) et les myocytes cardiaques de rat en utilisant une approche pharmacologique facilitée par le développement de nouveaux inhibiteurs sélectifs de PDEs. Les activités d'hydrolyse d’AMPc et de GMPc ont été mesurées par dosage enzymatique, tandis que les [AMPc]i et [GMPc]i ont été suivies sur cellules isolées, in situ, en temps réel, grâce à l'utilisation de l'imagerie FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer). Dans les CMLARs en culture, une activité d'hydrolyse des nucléotides cycliques via les PDE1, PDE5 et PDE9 a été observée. Nous avons montré un rôle fonctionnel de la PDE1 non stimulée dans le contrôle de l’augmentation de la [GMPc]i induite par le peptide natriurétique de type C (CNP). Il est intéressant de noter que, lors de l’élévation de la concentration intracellulaire en Ca2+, la PDE1 exerce également un contrôle de la réponse GMPci induite par le monoxyde d’azote (NO) et de la réponse AMPc médiée par la stimulation des récepteurs β-adrénergiques (β-AR). La PDE5 exerce un rôle majeur dans la réponse GMPc provoquée par l'activation de la guanylyl cyclase (GC) soluble par le NO ou des GC membranaires par les peptides natriurétiques, CNP et ANP. En revanche, la PDE9 ne régule que la réponse GMPc induite par le NO dans les RASMC cultivées. Aucune activité ou fonction hydrolytique de l'AMPc n'a été révélée avec l'inhibiteur de la PDE8 dans les CMLARs ou les cardiomyocytes de rat. Dans ces cellules cardiaques, l'activité d'hydrolyse médiée par la PDE1 n'a été détectée que sur la réponse GMPc et uniquement en présence de Ca2 +/Calmoduline. L'inhibiteur de la PDE1 n'a que légèrement affecté la réponse AMPc médiée par les récepteurs β-AR, par augmentation du pic du signal FRET.En conclusion, notre travail démontre que dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires, les PDE1, PDE5 et PDE9 exercent une régulation spécifique et locale des [AMPc]i et [GMPc]i, renforçant le rôle clé des PDEs dans la compartimentation subcellulaire de la signalisation des nucléotides cycliques. / The two cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are important second messengers that regulate a large variety of cellular functions, in particular cardiovascular contractile function, cardiomyocyte cell growth and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) degrade cyclic nucleotides, and exert a fine local control of their intracellular concentration. Alteration of cyclic nucleotides signaling pathway is involved in several pathological situations such as systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertensions, atherosclerotic lesions and cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, PDEs constitute potent therapeutic targets to restore a right cyclic nucleotide function. Eleven families of PDEs are now described, PDE1-6 being the most studied and PDE 7-11 representing the new families.The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the respective role of 4 PDE families, the Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated PDE1, the cGMP-specific PDE5 and PDE9, and the cAMP-specific PDE8, in controlling intracellular cAMP ([cAMP]i) and intracellular cGMP ([cGMP]i) concentrations in both rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) and cardiac myocytes by using a pharmacological approach taken advantage of the development of new selective PDE inhibitors. Cyclic AMP- and cGMP-hydrolyzing activities were measured by enzymatic assay on cell lysate, whereas real-time [cAMP]i and [cGMP]i were followed in situ in isolated cells using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) imaging. In cultured RASMCs, PDE1, PDE5 and PDE9 hydrolyzing activities were observed. We showed a functional role of basal PDE1 in controlling [cGMP]i increased by the C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP). Interestingly, upon high intracellular Ca2+ concentration, PDE1 also regulated the Nitric Oxide (NO)-mediated [cGMP]i response and the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR)-mediated [cAMP]i response. PDE5 exerted a major role in degrading [cGMP]i produced by the activation of either the soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC) elicited by NO or the particulate GCs by the natriuretic peptides, CNP and ANP. By contrast, PDE9 only regulated NO-induced [cGMP]i increase in cultured RASMCs. No cAMP-hydrolyzing activity or function was revealed with the PDE8 inhibitor in RASMCs or cardiac myocytes. In rat cardiomyocytes, PDE1-mediated hydrolyzing activity was only detected on cGMP in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin. Unexpectedly, PDE1 inhibition slightly affected the β-AR-mediated [cAMP]i response by increasing the peak of FRET signal.In conclusion, our work underscores the distinct role of PDE1, PDE5, and PDE9 in locally regulating the [cAMP]i and [cGMP]i, in vascular smooth muscle cells, strengthening the concept of PDEs as key actors of cyclic nucleotide subcellular compartmentation.

Atherosclerotic disease is characterized by the formation of lipid-ladden plaques in artery walls. During later stages of disease, these plaques become calcified by mechanisms involving the trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to osteoblast-like cells. Although vascular calcification was thought to be a passive mechanism, evidence shows that this process is heavily modulated by various cell signaling mechanisms, including CB2 endocannabinoid receptors. Previous studies have shown that known CB2 antagonists accelerate VSMCs trans-differentiation to an osteoblast-like phenotype, indicating that this receptor serves an anti-calcification signal. The goal of this investigation is to determine if a series of 11-[2-arylmethylene)hydrazono]-PBD derivatives with established CB2 binding affinity function as CB2 antagonists or agonists in a cell culture model of VSMC osteoblastic trans-differentiation. MOVAS cells were grown in standard media or osteogenic media (to induce trans-differentiation) supplemented with and without the various PBD derivatives. Following the treatment period, the extent of osteoblast-like activity was evaluated by alizarin red staining for calcium deposition. To quantify the staining present, the dye was extracted using cetylpyridinium chloride hydrate solution and then analyzed via UV-Vis spectroscopy at 570 nm. The ability of the derivatives to modulation of osteoblastic transdifferentiation of MOVAS cells was further evaluated by performing Western blot analysis for expression of Runx2, an essential transactivator of osteoblast differentiation. Results of this work determined that some of the PBD derivatives increased the calcification compared to the control, indicating that they likely act as CB2 receptor antagonists, while others decreased calcification compared to the control, indicating that they likely act as CB2 receptor agonists. Not only do these results characterize the interactions of these compounds with CB2 receptors, they demonstrate that these PBD derivatives have biological activity. These results also further implicate CB2 receptors as a regulator of VSMC cell calcification, which could lead to novel drug therapies for the treatment of atherosclerotic plaques.