Submitted by Almir Azevedo (barbio1313@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T12:15:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação mestrado ien 2018 Roos Sophia de Freitas Dam.pdf: 1402693 bytes, checksum: 6a8bc7c98b0b3e3e3d55619f51dd2f72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T12:15:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação mestrado ien 2018 Roos Sophia de Freitas Dam.pdf: 1402693 bytes, checksum: 6a8bc7c98b0b3e3e3d55619f51dd2f72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02 / Agitadores ou misturadores são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias química, farmacêutica e de cosméticos quando processos como dispersão e homogeneização são desejados. Estes equipamentos são utilizados para misturar líquidos, promover reações de substâncias químicas, manter líquidos homogêneos durante armazenamento Agitadores industriais são construídos com características específicas para cada aplicação, dependendo de parâmetros como densidade, fase e viscosidade dos produtos a serem agitados. Durante a produção de um produto, o equipamento pode falhar e comprometer o procedimento de agitação ou mistura, tornando-se necessário avaliar o desempenho do misturador. Desta forma, é muito importante ter uma ferramenta de diagnóstico e de desempenho para unidades industriais visando garantir a qualidade do produto. O método utilizado neste trabalho baseia-se nos princípios da técnica de Rastreamento de Partícula Radioativa, que correlaciona as contagens obtidas por um arranjo de detectores com a posição instantânea ocupada por uma partícula radioativa. A geometria de detecção desenvolvida utiliza oito detectores cintiladores de NaI(Tl), uma fonte pontual de 137Cs (662 keV) com emissão isotrópica de raios gama e um tubo de policloreto de vinila como seção de teste. O modelo matemático foi desenvolvido utilizando o código MCNP-X, onde inicialmente o tubo é preenchido com ar e a partícula radioativa é posicionada em seu interior. Em um segundo momento, o tubo é preenchido com uma mistura de concreto. Nas duas situações, o algoritmo de localização utilizado pela rede foi capaz de predizer a posição instantânea da partícula radioativa. / Agitators or mixers are highly used in the chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries when processes such as dispersion and homogenization are desired. This equipment is used to mix liquids, promote reactions of chemical substances, keep homogeneous liquid bulk during storage. Agitators and mixers are designed for each application with specific configurations, depending on the characteristics, such as density, phase and viscosity of the agitated product. During the production process, the equipment may fail and compromise the stirring or mixing procedure, thus it is very important to have a diagnosis tool for these industrial units to assure the quality of the product. The method here presented is based on the principles of the radioactive particle tracking technique, which correlates the counts obtained by an array of detectors with the instantaneous position of the radioactive particle. The detection geometry developed in this work employs eight NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors, a 137Cs (662 keV) point source with isotropic emission of gamma-rays and a polyvinyl chloride tube as a test section. The mathematical model was developed using the MCNP-X code, where the tube is first filled with air and the radioactive particle is positioned inside it. Then, the tube is filled with a concrete mixture. In both situations, the search algorithm given by the network was capable to predict the instantaneous position of the radioactive particle.

Submitted by Almir Azevedo (barbio1313@gmail.com) on 2018-05-09T13:11:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação mestrado ien 2018 Tamara Porfiro Teixeira.pdf: 807837 bytes, checksum: b01215afaee9c4a8b22c3267552cfcbc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T13:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação mestrado ien 2018 Tamara Porfiro Teixeira.pdf: 807837 bytes, checksum: b01215afaee9c4a8b22c3267552cfcbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02 / Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para predição de incrustação concêntricas e excêntricas em tubulações utilizadas na indústria de petróleo off-shore. A aproximação é baseada nos princípios de densitometria gama e redes neurais artificiais. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de estudo preliminar visando definir as composições do duto e incrustações. Para isso, foi avaliada a influência na transmissão gama de dutos com quatro tipos diferentes de aços utilizados em plataformas de petróleo, bem como a influência das principais formações inorgânicas de depósitos. A divergência da fonte radioativa também foi considerada nessa avaliação, com aberturas de colimação de 2 mm a 7 mm, com passos de 2,5 mm. Após a definição da composição do duto e incrustação, foi definida uma geometria de medição por meio do código MCNP-X para calcular a espessura da incrustação por meio de equações analíticas independentemente dos fluidos presentes no duto (água salgada, gás e óleo). A geometria representativa utiliza um duto composto por Ferro, com incrustação inorgânica formada por sulfato de bário (BaSO4). Modelos de incrustações concêntricas foram simulados e os dados obtidos foram utilizados para treinamento e validação de uma rede neural artificial, bem como modelos de incrustações excêntricas. O sistema de detecção simulado consistiu em uma geometria com feixe estreito com 2 mm de abertura de colimação, compreendendo uma fonte de raios gama (137Cs) e detectores NaI(Tl) 2x2” posicionados adequadamente ao redor do sistema duto-incrustação-fluido para o cálculo da espessura de incrustação considerando o feixe transmitido e o espalhado. O espalhamento Compton foi considerado nos casos de incrustações com formação excêntrica para auxílio na determinação e localização das espessuras máximas de incrustação. Os modelos teóricos foram desenvolvidos usando o código matemático MCNPX e utilizados para o treinamento, teste e validação das redes neurais artificiais. A metodologia proposta foi capaz de predizer as espessuras de incrustações concêntricas e excêntricas com resultados satisfatórios para esses dois tipos de formações inorgânicas. / This work presents a methodology for predicting concentric and eccentric scales in pipelines used in the offshore oil industry. The approximation is based on the principles of gamma densitometry and artificial neural networks. A preliminary study model was developed to define the compositions of the duct and scale. In order to do so, the influence of pipeline transmission with four different types of steel used in oil platforms was evaluated, as well as the influence of the main inorganic deposit formations. The divergence of the radioactive source was also considered in this evaluation, with collimation openings of 2 mm to 7 mm, with steps of 2.5 mm. After defining the composition of the duct and scale, a measurement geometry was defined by means of the MCNP-X code to calculate the scale thickness by means of analytical equations, independent of the fluids present in the duct (salt water, gas and oil). The representative geometry uses a duct composed of iron, with inorganic scale formed by barium sulfate (BaSO4). Concentric scale models were simulated and the data obtained were used for training and validation of an artificial neural network, as well as eccentric scale models. The simulated detection system consisted of a narrow-beam geometry with a 2 mm collimation aperture, comprising a gamma ray source (137Cs) and 2x2 "NaI (Tl) sensors suitably positioned around the duct-scale-fluid system for calculation of the scale thickness considering the transmitted beam and the scattered beam. Compton scattering was considered in cases of eccentric scale to aid in the determination and location of maximum scale thicknesses. The theoretical models were developed using the mathematical code MCNP-X and used for training, testing and validation of artificial neural networks. The proposed methodology was able to predict the concentric and eccentric scale thicknesses with satisfactory results for these two types of inorganic formations.

More accurate knowledge of gamma-ray heating in nuclear reactors has beenlisted as a high priority request by the NEA [23]. In response to this the SpecTrometerfor Exotic Fission Fragments (STEFF), a 2-velocity, 2-energy spectrometer assembledby the Manchester Fission Group has been used to take measurements ofprompt gamma-rays from thermal fission of U-235. Through the procedures discussed,the average total gamma-ray energy and average multiplicity were determined to be8.40 +/- 0.26 MeV and 7.74 +/- 0.12, respectively. The single energy spectrum for eachindividual detector has been determined as well as the total energy distribution. A new parallel plate avalanche counter has been tested for its potential to improvethe timing resolution of the current STEFF stop detector. The timing resolution ofthe new detector is found to be 337 ps, an improvement of 75 % on the previous stopdetector. The pulse shapes created by a fission fragment in an ionisation chamber havebeen investigated. The relationship with fragment atomic number has been tested byemploying the Lohengrin spectrometer to separate fragments by mass so that theirindividual pulse shapes can be studied. Evaluation work has been performed at the NNL, Cumbria, under the supervisionof Dr Robert Mills. Experimental data determined from the spontaneous fission ofCf-252 has been extracted and evaluation techniques performed upon it so that thedata can be considered for inclusion within an evaluated nuclear database.

The Department of Energy (DOE) has ruled that all sealed radioactive sources, even those considered exempt under Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations, are subject to radioactive material controls. However, sources based on the primordial isotope potassium-40 (40K) are not subject to these restrictions. Potassium-40’s beta spectrum and 1460.8 keV gamma ray can be used to induce K-shell fluorescence x rays in high-Z metals between 60 and 80 keV. A gamma ray calibration source is thus proposed that uses potassium chloride salt and a high-Z metal to create a two-point calibration for a sodium iodide field gamma spectroscopy instrument. The calibration source was designed in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratory using the Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) transport code. The x ray production was maximized while attempting to preserve the detector system’s sensitivity to external sources by minimizing the count rate and shielding effect of the calibration source. Since the source is intended to be semi-permanently fixed to the detector, the weight of the calibration source was also a design factor. Two methods of x-ray production were explored. First, a thin high-Z layer (HZL) was interposed between the detector and the potassium chloride-urethane source matrix. Second, bismuth metal powder was homogeneously mixed with a urethane binding agent to form a potassium chloride-bismuth matrix (KBM). The two methods were directly compared using a series of simulations, including their x ray peak strengths, pulse-height spectral characteristics, and response to a simulated background environment. The bismuth-based source was selected as the development model because it is cheap, nontoxic, and outperforms the high-Z layer method in simulation. The overall performance for the bismuth-based source was significantly improved by splitting the calibration source longitudinally into two halves and placing them on either side of the detector. The performance was improved further by removing the binding agent and simulating a homogeneous mixture of potassium chloride and bismuth powder in a 0.1 cm plastic casing. The split plastic-encased potassium chloride-bismuth matrix would serve as a light, cheap, field calibration source that is not subject to DOE restrictions.

Detta projekt fokuserar på att undersöka dynamiken hos partiklar inom en-partikelsystem samt sammankopplade partiklar i tvåpartikelsystem genom tillämpning av numeriska metoder. Tvåpartikelsystemet som studeras är NaI-molekylen och dess dynamik, där beteendet undersöks efter systemet utsatts för en femtosekundslaserpuls. För att uppnå projektets mål utformas numeriska metoder med hjälp av finita differenser och Arnoldis tidsintegrationsalgoritm samt Runge-Kutta 4. Metoderna utvärderas med hjälp av den kvantharmoniska oscillatorn som har en analytisk lösning. Konvergensen för de olika ordningarnas finita differenser testas på den tidsoberoende Schrödingerekvationen för systemet. Arnoldi och RK 4 utvärderas på den tidsberoende Schrödingerekvationen. Baserat på dessa resultat görs en tidkonvergens- och tidseffektivitetsanalys för tidsstegningssmetoderna. Studien visar på att Arnoldi-metoden uppvisar ett större stabilitetsområde, vidare visas det att RK4 är den mindre beräkningstunga metoden för den kvantharmoniska oscillatorn. Resultatet av förstudien visar att finita differenser av åttonde ordningen ger den mest noggranna numeriska approximationen, utöver det görs avvägningen att tidsstegningsmetoderna kräver ytterligare undersökning. Därefter tillämpas den numeriska metoden för att analysera dynamiken hos NaI-molekylen. Tidseffektivitetsstudien för denna del av projektet visar att Arnoldi med 10 iterationer är mest passande för resten av projektet på grund av dess stabilitetsområde samt fördelaktiga hantering av större mer komplexa Hamiltonianer. Simuleringarna av tvåpartikelsystemet visar att när laserns våglängd varierar, varierar den energimängd som tillförs till systemet. Detta kan ses i att populationsnivån på den övre potentialytan är högre för kortare våglängder, och även i att perioden för oscillationerna är längre. När varaktigheten hos laserpulsen ökas observeras en större population på den högre energinivån. Detta eftersom en lång pulslängd leder till en minskad variation i population av energinivåerna på de exciterade vågfunktionerna. För laserpulser vars våglängd korresponderar med rätt energi för excitation leder det till en högre population av exciterade vågfunktioner. Projektets resultat bidrar till en djupare grundläggande förståelse av hur olika parametrar hos femtosekundslasrar påverkar kemiska reaktioner och dynamik på submolekylär nivå.

The decay of 33 hour ¹⁴³Ce to levels in ¹⁴³Pr has been studied, using Ge(Li), NaI(Tl), and Si detectors. A number of new gamma ray transitions have been discovered. A decay scheme based on the experimental results is discussed and some spin assignments are suggested. This investigation was not exhaustive and suggestions are made as to further experiments which could be done. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) exist in multiple states of pluripotency, broadly categorised as naïve and primed states. These provide an important model to investigate the earliest stages of human embryonic development. Naïve cells can be obtained through primed-to-naïve reprogramming; however, there are no reliable methods to prospectively isolate unmodified naïve cells during this process. Moreover, the current isolation strategies are incompatible for enrichment of naïve hPSCs early during reprogramming. Consequently, we know very little about the temporal dynamics of transcriptional changes and remodelling of the epigenetic landscape that occurs during the reprogramming process. To address this knowledge gap, I sought to develop an isolation strategy capable of identifying nascent naïve hPSCs early during reprogramming. Comprehensive profiling of cell-surface markers by flow cytometry in naïve and primed hPSCs revealed pluripotent state-specific antibodies. By compiling the identified state-specific markers into a multiplexed antibody panel, I was able to distinguish naïve and primed hPSCs. Moreover, the antibody panel was able to track the dynamics of primed-to-naïve reprogramming, as the state-specific surface markers collectively reflect the change in pluripotent states. Through using the newly identified surface markers, I found that naïve cells are formed at a much earlier time point than previously realised, and could be subsequently isolated from a heterogeneous cell population early during reprogramming. This allowed me to perform the first molecular characterisation of nascent naïve hPSCs, which revealed distinct transcriptional changes associated with early and late stage naïve cell formation. Analysis of the DNA methylation landscape showed that nascent naïve cells are globally hypomethylated, whilst imprint methylation is largely preserved. Moreover, the loss of DNA methylation precedes X-chromosome reactivation, which occurs primarily during the late-stage of primed-to-naïve reprogramming, and is therefore a hallmark of mature naïve cells. Using the antibody panel at discrete time points throughout reprogramming has allowed an unprecedented insight into the early molecular events leading to naïve cell formation, and permits the direct comparison between different naïve reprogramming methods. Taken together, the identified state-specific surface markers provide a robust and straightforward method to unambiguously define human PSC states, and reveal for the first time the order of transcriptional and epigenetic changes associated with primed to naïve reprogramming.

《黃帝內經》中「五運六氣」體系，是中國自古以來眾多象數學體系中至為嚴謹者，可作為中醫學理中，人與自然諸般相應關係之中介體系，自古以來諸書於其應用之法立論雖詳，然於其創設系統之理論原則，卻始終乏於論述，這種情況使得該學說之學理終究未能光大，而漸趨沉淪。有鑑於此，所以本文試從哲學思考的方式，藉由《內經?素問》中既有之體系架構，作洄溯性之論証，以探討其建構該體系時之思想向度及基本理則。

Submitted by Marcele Costal de Castro (costalcastro@gmail.com) on 2017-09-27T15:49:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CESAR MARQUES SALGADO D.PDF: 3287236 bytes, checksum: e8cb423520d25b201049a40e5dc0babf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T15:49:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CESAR MARQUES SALGADO D.PDF: 3287236 bytes, checksum: e8cb423520d25b201049a40e5dc0babf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02 / Este trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia baseada nos princípios de atenuação de raios gama, por meio de simulações de Monte Carlo (MC), e redes neurais artificiais (RNAs) supervisionadas para predições de frações de volume e identificação de regimes de fluxo em sistemas multifásicos tipo, gás, água e óleo encontrados na indústria petrolífera off-shore. O princípio baseia-se no reconhecimento das distribuições de altura de pulsos obtidas por detectores cintiladores que são utilizadas inteiramente para alimentar de forma simultânea as RNAs. As curvas-resposta (resolução energética e eficiência) de um detector real são consideradas. O sistema de detecção simulado utiliza dois detectores NaI(Tl) e duas energias de raios gama com feixe largo. A geometria proposta considera os feixes transmitido e espalhado tornando o sistema menos dependente do regime de fluxo. O conjunto de padrões necessário para treinamento e avaliação das RNAs foi gerado por meio do código computacional MCNP-X baseado no método de MC a partir de modelos teóricos ideais e estáticos de regimes multifásicos - anular, estratificado e homogêneo. As RNAs mapearam adequadamente os dados simulados com as frações de volume sem a necessidade do conhecimento, a priori, do regime de fluxo. As RNAs identificaram corretamente todos os regimes com predição satisfatória das frações de volume em sistemas multifásicos indicando a possibilidade de aplicação desta metodologia para tal propósito. / This work presents a new methodology for flow regimes identification and volume fractions prediction in gas-water-oil multiphase systems found in off-shore petroleum industry. The approach is based on gamma-ray pulse height distributions (PHDs) pattern recognition by means the artificial neural networks (ANNs). The detection system uses appropriate fan beam geometry, comprised of a dual-energy gamma-ray source and two NaI(Tl) detectors adequately positioned in order calculate transmitted and scattered beams, which makes it less dependent on the flow regime. The system comprises four ANNs, the first identifies the flow regime and the other three ANNs are specialized in volume fraction prediction for each specific regime. The PHDs are directly used by the ANNs without any parameterization of the measured signal. The energy resolution and efficiency of NaI(Tl) detectors are also considered on the mathematical model. The ideal and static theoretical models for annular, stratified and homogenous flow regimes have been developed using MCNP-X mathematical code (simulations by means of Monte Carlo method), which was used to provide training, test and validation data for the ANNs. The proposed ANNs could correctly identified all three different regimes with satisfactory prediction of volume fraction in gas-water-oil multiphase system demonstrating to be a promising approach for this purpose.

Missing page viii. Page 171 was repeated with different text. / <p> The decay of 14.9 min. ⁸⁹Rb to levels in ⁸⁹Sr has been studied by use of Ge(Li) detectors, NaI(Tl) detectors and a magnetic beta ray spectrometer. Fourteen gamma rays have been studied by ɣ-ɣ and β-ɣ coincidence experiments and establish levels at 0, 1.031, 2,000, 2.277, 2.567, 2.708, 2.770, 3.225 and 3.500 MeV. The Q value is 4.486 ± .012 Mev. </p> <p> The techniques of beta and gamma ray spectroscopy using Ge(Li), NaI(Tl) and plastic beta detectors have been applied in the study of the decay of 3.2 min. ⁸⁹Kr to levels in ⁸⁹Rb. Seventy nine of the one hundred and eleven observed gamma rays have been classified in the proposed decay scheme. The Q value is 5.15 ± .03 MeV. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)