I denna uppsats analyseras bruket av nakna indefinita singulara individuativa substantiv med adjektivattribut i modern svenska, hädanefter endast nakna nominalfraser. I svenska kan indefinita nominalfraser ibland stå utan utsatt obestämd artikel en/ett. Detta härleds av tidigare forskning till semantiska faktorer: om ett nominalt predikativ ger en klassificerande betydelse till predikationsbasen kan obestämd artikel utelämnas. Klassificerande predikativ anger en stabil kategoritillhörighet som bestäms på objektiva grunder. Vid en karakteriserande betydelse krävs emellertid utsatt artikel. Med detta avses tillfälliga egenskapsangivelser ofta gjorda efter talarens bedömning av predikationsbasen. Värderande adjektivattribut har setts skapa en karakterisering av sådant som annars är klassificerande vilket medför behov av obestämd artikel. Gränsen mellan betydelserna är dock ofta vag. Via en korpusundersökning samlas predikativ av strukturen Ø + ADJ + SUB in för att undersöka svenska språkets möjlighet att använda denna. Dessa testas gentemot kriterier tidigare forskning har ställt för de två betydelserna. I resultatet blir det tydligt att nakna nominalfraser kan beteckna andra betydelser än renodlat klassificerande. Även värderande nakna nominalfraser återfinns i materialet, där värderingen kan återfinnas i antingen huvudordet, dess attribut eller de två tillsammans. Det råder stor variation i hur nakna nominalfraser fungerar och används generellt. I analysdelen undersöks de semantiska faktorer som möjliggör och begränsar bruket av nakna nominalfraser vidare. Analysen visar att artikellöshet är en språklig strategi med vilken talare kan skapa nya samt reproducera typer, och dessa kan nyttjas för såväl objektiva klassindelningar som värderingar. Adjektivattribut kan både vara oumbärliga delar av redan etablerade typer men också nyttjas för att skapa nya. Begreppet värderande typer introduceras för att beskriva typer som används vid bedömningar utan krav på predikationsbasen för tillhörighet vilket objektiva klasser har. Dessa förstås emellertid inte som varandras motsatser – typerna har många gemensamma drag och det finns mellanting mellan dem. Sammanfattningsvis nås slutsatsen att begreppen klassificerande och karakteriserande kan täcka in två ytterligheter inom nominala predikativ men inte ger hela bilden av nakna nominalfraser.

This essay provides an attempt to reflect the notions of violence, right or law and fate in Benjamin’s Zur Kritik der Gewalt, in order to clarify his very dense historical-philosophical reflection on the constitutive relation between violence and law. In contrast to what is most often the case, this essay will not address the notion of divine violence in a direct sense, but mainly focus on Benjamin’s discussion on right and law. The complex of his historical reflection, his attempt to articulate what he calls the “historical function” not only of violence, but also of law, is crucially related to the notion of fate. First and foremost fate is what turns the suspicion of the perniciousness of this historical function into a certainty, actualizing its destruction as something obligatory in terms of divine violence, by deepening the analysis and revealing the fundamental relation between law and violence. By pointing out the function of violence within the sphere of law, Benjamin not only states that violence cannot be thought otherwise than in relation to this sphere, but also that the relation between law and violence has to be thought in terms of the “uncertainty of the legal threat”. The deepest meaning of both the “uncertainty” and “the legal threat” emerges from the “sphere of fate”, and by reflecting this notion this essay will try to outline the legal complex and the meaning of fate in terms of guilt, misfortune and judgement, and how it is constituted with reference to the notion of “bare life” – that is, the marked bearer of guilt. The complexity of the relation between violence and law shows itself in the circumstance that this “bearer” in terms of guilt also becomes the bearer of the relation itself, bearing the validity of law, or more precise, the being in force of law. This also conceptualizes law as a phenomenon of frontiers, in a double sense that will explain the meaning of guilt and fate in terms of infringement, but also the legal relation to violence understood as a line constituting an inside and an outside within the sphere of law itself. And this will also explain why the meaning of justification of violence – significantly related to fate and the phenomenon of this line – never can be understood ethically.

The intent of this paper is to study the growing trend of depicting the female body in interior design and the creators behind them. The naked female body is a recurring subject in western european art, often depicted as an object of desire in line with the conventions and ideas of the time. A rising interest in interior design along with feminisms body positivity movement has led to a wide range of products on the market depicting the female body. However these products may not always be aligned with feminist values and could instead be seen as objectifying and upholding old art traditions. By looking at different categories of producers, the study analyzes the creators intention and how this affects the meaning and interpretation of the piece. The analysis is done using feminism, marxism, and semiotic theory as theoretical frameworks. Smaller creators operating on instagram, have used the naked female body as an expression against patriarchal views with an intention to portray the female body as naked instead of nude for the male gaze. The intention is clear as well as the presence  of the creator in the handmade objects. In contrast, for big companies that massproduce through factory manufacturing the intention gets lost and the hands that create are left anonymous. This results in a different interpretation of the female body and a higher risk of objectification.