Entre o período de 1801-1820, Portugal sofreu diversas agitações políticas causadas pelas Invasões Napoleônicas (1807-1813). Tais agitações influenciaram os rumos de Portugal enquanto um Estado pois além de repartir seu território com tropas napoleônicas, inglesas e espanholas que compunham as duas forças ocupantes e conflitantes, e causar uma divisão entre seus ideais e por conseguinte uma ruptura entre parte de seus cidadãos ora favoráveis aos franceses ora aos ingleses, mudou ainda a configuração administrativa interna e externa do Império Português, pois a Família Real e parte da Corte foram transferidos ao Rio de Janeiro. Como conseqüência em Portugal houve a Revolução Liberal de 1820, e em 1822 o Brasil deixa de ser colônia portuguesa para ter sua Independência proclamada. Foi nessa situação conturbada que Vicente José Ferreira Cardoso da Costa, um contemporâneo desses fatos, escreveu sua obra Considerações Políticas sobre a Revolução Portuguesa de 1808, que retrata essa época, e a Oclocracia que se estabeleceu em Portugal. / Between the years 1801-1820, Portugal suffered several political disturbances caused by the Napoleonic Wars (1807-1813). Such disturbances moved the directions of Portugal such as a State because the troops divided the territory full of french, british and spanish troops that served both conflicting sides, as well divided its citizens between two ideals (british and french), and at last changed the internal and external administrative setup, because the Royal Family and the Court left for Rio de Janeiro. As consequence to theses acts, there was a Liberal Revolution in Portugal 1820, and in 1822 Brazil declared independence. It was in this troubled situation that Vicente José Ferreira Cardoso da Costa a contemporary man of these facts wrote Considerações Políticas sobre a Revolução Portuguesa de 1808, that describes these time, and the Ochlocracy thats established in Portugal.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-06-20T12:25:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 937413 bytes, checksum: e26481374c45fb855ad72178d9093a1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T12:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 937413 bytes, checksum: e26481374c45fb855ad72178d9093a1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper aims to analyze Machado de Assis‘s novel ―Quincas Borba through the theory from Jacques Rancière about ―strategic – or Napoleonic – action model‖. We presented the analysis of the novel by relating it to a short tale from the same author entitled ―O Espelho‖ (The mirror), by establishing a relationship between the characters (specially Rubião, main character of the novel) and Napoleonic personas – Napoleon I/Napoleon III. We tried to demonstrate the character in contraposition to heroic accomplishments of the French emperor such as the critic and parodic inversion of the Napoleonic model, negatively based on Napoleon‘s saga, but also on reflections from Machado de Assis about the gaps and contradictions on Brazilian bourgeoisie society from the second half of 19th century, which tried to inspire themselves on ideas and ideologies originated, mostly, on France, as discussed by Roberto Schwarz. / A presente pesquisa tem a finalidade de analisar o romance Quincas Borba, de Machado de Assis, à luz da teoria de Jacques Rancière sobre o ―modelo estratégico – ou napoleônico de ação‖. Apresentamos a análise do romance relacionando-o com o conto machadiano ―O espelho‖, buscando caracterizar os personagens, principalmente Rubião, protagonista do romance, confrontando-o às figuras napoleônicas – Napoleão I / Napoleão III. Tentamos demonstrar o personagem em contraponto ao marco heroico do imperador francês, como a inversão crítica e paródica do modelo napoleônico, inspirado negativamente na saga de Napoleão, mas também as reflexões de Machado de Assis sobre as lacunas e contradições da sociedade burguesa brasileira oitocentista, da segunda metade do século XIX, que buscava se inspirar nas ideias e ideologias provenientes principalmente da França, discutidas por Roberto Schwarz.

Cette thèse examine les mutations des organisations policières et leurs implications sur les pratiques des acteurs du maintien de l’ordre dans les villes de l’espace belge de la fin de l'Ancien Régime à la fin du Premier Empire. Elle interroge plus largement les rapports entre la modernisation administrative et la construction de l’État et se penche sur l’articulation des éléments hérités des structures préexistantes avec ceux apportés au moment des conquêtes révolutionnaires. L’approche proposée est celle d’une histoire de la police napoléonienne « par le bas » et ancrée dans les traces de ses prédécesseurs d’Ancien Régime. Riche en découvertes, elle fait ressortir les mutations à la fois lentes et profondes des organisations policières des villes.L’analyse se concentre tout d’abord sur les mutations des systèmes policiers urbains dans la dernière décennie de l'Ancien Régime, au moment où les Pays-Bas autrichiens et la principauté de Liège sont marqués par des politiques réformatrices et par de fortes tensions révolutionnaires. Ensuite, les transformations des structures et des pratiques survenues à l’occasion des occupations des territoires belges de 1792 à 1795 et des troubles de l’époque du Directoire sont abordées. Cette partie permet de mettre en lumière les polices urbaines sous le Directoire restées, jusqu'à présent, largement méconnues. La thèse se concentre ensuite sur le Consulat, principalement sur la bureaucratisation de l'administration de la police. Les deux chapitres suivants montrent les continuités et les changements dans les pratiques de maintien de l'ordre au cours de la période 1780-1814. Enfin, le dernier chapitre tente d'évaluer comment la police de l'État et les polices urbaines s’articulent, dans la collaboration ou la concurrence, pendant les dernières années de l'Empire napoléonien.Au-delà du passage d’une police de type englobant à une police considérée comme plus moderne car davantage orientée vers la sécurité des personnes, ce parcours chronologique met en lumière les transformations à la fois endogènes et exogènes survenues dans les appareils policiers des villes, bien avant l’annexion des territoires belges à la République française et l’avènement du régime bonapartiste. Les continuités importantes mais aussi le dynamisme et l’autonomie des polices urbaines face à la centralisation de l'État nuancent et rendent plus complexe l’analyse de la construction politique napoléonienne. Cette thèse donne également la mesure des similitudes entre les épisodes de troubles (1787-1795, 1809, 1813-1814) dans les pratiques de surveillance ou le recours à l’armée.Au terme de l’expérience napoléonienne, les polices municipales léguées par le Premier Empire apparaissent davantage comme le résultat d’un syncrétisme entre des éléments proprement locaux et originaux et d’autres importés et digérés par les villes de l’espace belge. La personnalité forte de certains individus appelés à remplir des fonctions de police, y compris sur le terrain, peut avoir une influence importante dans la mise en place, la diffusion et l’appropriation de nouvelles pratiques. Dès lors, la modernité policière – qui n’est pas nécessairement synonyme de centralisation – émerge, selon les lieux, en des temps et sur des objets différents. Elle se donne à voir surtout à travers cette synthèse qui s’opère entre des éléments locaux, héritage éventuel des structures d’Ancien Régime, et des éléments importés à l’occasion des conquêtes révolutionnaire et napoléonienne. / This thesis examines the changes in police organizations and their implications for the practices of actors maintaining public order in cities of Belgian territories from the end of the Ancien Régime to the end of the first Empire. More broadly it questions the relationships between administrative modernization and construction of the State, and concentrates on the interrelationships between elements inherited from pre-existent structures with those introduced at the moment of revolutionary conquests. The approach suggested is that of a history of the Napoleonic police “from the bottom up”, one anchored in traces of its predecessors from the Ancien Régime. Rich in discoveries, it lays emphasis on what are slow but profound changes in city police organizations.The analysis, first of all, concentrates on changes in urban police systems in the last decade of the Ancien Régime, at the moment when the Austrian Netherlands and the principality of Liège were marked by reform policies and strong revolutionary tensions. Subsequently, transformations in structures and practices occurring during the occupations of Belgian territories from 1792 to 1795 and the disorders of the Directory period are approached. That section allows us to shed light on the urban police forces under the Directory, something that has been so far largely ignored. The thesis then concentrates on the Consulate, principally on its bureaucratization of police administration. The following two chapters show continuities and changes in practices in the maintenance of public order during the 1780-1814 period. Finally, the last chapter seeks to evaluate how the State police force and the urban police forces got along, in collaboration or competition, during the last years of the Napoleonic Empire.Beyond transiting from a comprehensive type of police force to a police force considered more modern in being more oriented towards the security of people, this chronological itinerary sheds light on both the endogenous and exogenic transformations occurring in the city police apparatuses, well before the annexation of Belgian territories to the French Republic and the advent of the Bonapartist regime. Important continuities, as well as the dynamism and autonomy of the urban police regarding State centralization simultaneously nuance and make analysis of Napoleonic political construction more complex. This thesis also assesses the similarities between the episodes of disorders (1787-1795, 1809, 1813-1814) in surveillance practices and recourse to the army.At the end of the Napoleonic experiment, the municipal police forces bequeathed by the First Empire appear to be more the result of a syncretism between strictly local and original elements and others imported and digested by cities in Belgian space. The strong personality of certain individuals called upon to exercise policing functions, including in the field, may have had an important influence on the installation, the dissemination and the adoption of new practices. Consequently, police modernity – which is not necessarily synonymous with centralization – emerged, depending on the places, times and various objects. This can be seen above all through the synthesis which took place between local elements, the possible inheritance of structures from the Ancien Régime, and elements imported on the occasion of revolutionary and Napoleonic conquests.

Existing studies of popular culture and popular politics in the long eighteenth century over-favour either the ‘culture’ or the ‘politics’. This thesis contributes to debates on the making of both national and class identity in Britain via intensive analysis of popular song culture, in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. Portrayals of Napoleon himself are used to shape the thesis’ source material and the forms of discussion. It argues for the necessity of sympathetic, informed contextualisation of political issues within contemporary cultural processes: that an understanding of the composition/production and performance/ consumption of song is a prerequisite of determining songs’ relevance and reception. In so doing, it uncovers a nuanced array of attitudes towards both Napoleon and British patriotism, of unsuspected breadth, assertiveness, and idiosyncrasy. The thesis is divided into two stages of argument. Part I consists of a close and contextualised reading of songs as literary and musical objects. Chapter One, after close historiographical engagement that moves to a focus on Colley’s Britons and revisionist arguments about British society, discusses those songs originating after Waterloo. Chapter Two considers songs from 1797-1805. Chapter Three considers songs from 1806-15. Part II builds upon the themes and conclusions of Part I by situating these songs within a lived context. Chapter Four looks at the role of songwriters and printers; Chapter Five at singers; Chapter Six at audiences and reception. Chapter Seven elaborates the overall argument in a synoptic case study of Newcastle. The conclusion is followed by an appendix, listing the songs most pertinent to the thesis, giving additional bibliographical information. A hard copy (USB) of recordings of a representative selection of these songs is also included. These appendices reinforce the thesis’ methodology: to consider songs, not as passive evidence of expression, but as active, dynamic objects.

Emile Acollas (1826-1891), brillant juriste républicain spécialiste des questions de droit civil, est une figure mal connue du monde juridique. Son combat s’inscrit dans la lutte radicale contre le Second Empire et la codification napoléonienne. Homme de convictions juridiques, ce professeur libre enseigne dans ses ouvrages critiques sa conception de la République qu’il veut gouvernée par le Droit et la Liberté. Son ambition d’instituer et de pérenniser la République le conduit à initier la refondation de l’ordre juridique. Une formule nouvelle permettra de mener à bien ce projet, « l’idéal démocratique ». Elle renferme l’héritage des principes de 1789 résumés dans la théorie de l’autonomie de l’individu. Régissant toute la « science politique », cette valeur suprême guidera donc la refonte du Droit. Dans ce processus de changement, la priorité doit être donnée à la famille car elle est l’assise même de la société, la pierre angulaire de l’ordre nouveau. C’est animé par son « Idée du Droit », qu’Acollas conceptualise l’avènement d’un droit familial républicain garant de l’individu et de la morale. Sa philosophie naturaliste de la liberté contredit le droit civil paternaliste de l’époque dicté par le Code Napoléon. Ses analyses juridiques sont pédagogiques et décèlent les lacunes existantes dans le droit du mariage et de la filiation. L’évolution du droit de la famille consacrera, indirectement, les solutions refondatrices du civiliste. Les tous récents aboutissements législatifs semblent même consacrer ce que fut son plaidoyer pour l’égalité / Emile Acollas (1826-1891), brilliant scholar of law, is a figure whose work demands to be discovered in the judicial world. As a civil rights specialist, he took part in the radical movement and fight against the Second Empire and the Napoleonic Code. He was a man of judicial convictions: throughout his work, he exposes his concept of a Republic that he believes should be governed by Law and Liberty.Acollas’ ambition to institutionalize and perpetuate the Republic leads him to initiate a rethinking of the judicial order. His « democratic ideal » becomes the new order that will serve to carry out this reform. It encompasses the heritage of the principles of 1789 summarized in the theory of the autonomy of the individual. It is this supreme value that will thus guide the revision of Law. In this process of change, priority is to be given to the family as the foundation of society and the cornerstone of the new order. Motivated by his « Idea of Law », Acollas creates this concept of Republican Family Law as a guardian of the individual and of ethics. His naturalistic philosophy of liberty contradicts the paternalistic civil law of the times dictated by the Napoleonic Code. His judicial analyses are pedagogical and bring out the existing gaps in the laws governing marriage and filiation. The evolution of Family Law will consecrate, indirectly, the reforms proposed by this civil rights advocate. The very latest legislative breakthroughs seem to consecrate his plea for equality

This dissertation defines aspects of Russian culture which bear the marks of French influence and explores the historical origins of that influence. While it is generally acknowledged that Russia’s culture has been influenced by France, no systematic history of the origins of this influence has been written. Previous research has dealt only superficially with the topic, focusing almost exclusively on the Francophile preferences of society’s elite. The present study examines Russian society more broadly and explores those elements of French cultural influence still relevant today through an historical analysis of the Russian language. French loanwords found in dictionaries from the time of Peter the Great to the present are analyzed chronologically and topically, yielding the conclusion that the most significant period of long-lasting French influence was the turn of the nineteenth century and was primarily cultural in nature—including the areas of fashion, cuisine, the arts, interior design and etiquette—but was also in areas related to technology and official administration. Following this lexical analysis, other primary sources—archival documents, military memoirs, and periodical publications from the resultant period—are searched for influences in these areas, especially during the period’s two major Franco-Russian events: the wave of immigration to Russia following the French Revolution and Russia’s war with Napoleon. The former facilitated deep cultural enrichment as native Frenchmen and French women, engaged in various occupations, acted as cultural mentors to the Russian nobility. The latter facilitated broad cultural immersion as tens of thousands of Russian troops—noble and common alike—marched into France and experienced French culture firsthand. This dissertation concludes that both of these explosive events, though by no means the beginning of French influence, were unique in the depth and permanence of their mark upon Russia’s culture.

No description available.

The Finnish War 1808-1809 started in February 1808 by a Russian attack on Finland and ended by the peace treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809. The peace meant the dissolution of the six-hundred-year old Swedish-Finnish realm. The Finnish War 1808-09 was fought in the poor and isolated areas of the north of Sweden and Finland. This thesis deals with the preconditions for the supply of an army and warfare in the northern parts of Finland and Sweden in the period 1808 – 1809. The problems of the supply service and the role of local civilian society within the military supply system are the focus of attention. The thesis aims at posing new questions as well as supplying a new perspective on the nature of warfare at this period of time. A modified picture of the Finnish War of 1808-1809 will also be presented. Three areas of problems are addressed: 1) The resources in the war zone, war plans and supply organization; 2) Logistical problems; 3) The role of civilian society as a resource within the military supply system. Both the Swedish Army and the Russian Army are examined. Geographically the scope of the thesis is restricted to three counties in northern Sweden and Finland, namely Västerbotten in Sweden, Oulu and Vaasa in Finland. The most significant findings of this thesis are that the preconditions for supply during the Finnish War 1808-1809 are to a large extent equal to the ability and the will of the local population to offer provisions and render services. It can also be shown that supply was instrumental in the warfare during certain critical periods, especially in the summer of 1808. The difference between the Russian and the Swedish supply systems is to a large extent indicative of the outcome of the war. The Russian decentralized supply system proved more flexible than the Swedish did, despite an apparently superior organization of the latter. Additionally, it is an important realization that supply as a key factor in warfare is not made up of just delivery of food stuff and forage but also comprises vital functions like grinding of flour and baking of bread. From a European perspective the issue of supply proves to be a difficult one in Finland as well as in other peripheral states, e.g. Spain. When the local resources are sparse a supply system based on storage is required on the one hand and systematic co-operation with the local population on the other. Keywords: The Finnish War 1808-09, logistics, war and society, war, supplies, military supply system, artels, farmers, civilian administration, burghers, Sweden and the Napoleonic Wars. / digitalisering@umu

Nella prima parte la tesi analizza la fondazione e i primi anni di attività dei quattro collegi femminili fondati in età napoleonica: il Reale Collegio delle fanciulle di Milano, il Collegio agli angeli di Verona, il Collegio san Benedetto di Montagnana e il collegio Maria Cosway di Lodi. Lo studio è stato condotto mediante una puntuale attività di ricerca negli archivi di stato di Milano, Verona e Venezia, e nell'archivio comunale di Montagnana. Il collegio di Milano fu il modello per gli altri collegi, ai quali fornì l'esempio dei regolamenti, dei programmi di studio e più in generale, dell'impostazione pedagogica complessiva di un moderno convitto laicale. Nel presente lavoro quindi vengono ricostruite la giornata delle educande e il livello della loro preparazione culturale in un'ottica di un rinnovato modello di donna. Si analizzano con attenzione i libri di testo adottati per comprendere la qualità dei saperi riservati alle donne. Nell'ultima parte della tesi, vi è uno studio quantitativo relativo all'età delle alunne e alla loro provenienza geografica e sociale. / In the first part the doctoral thesis analyses the foundation and the first years of activity of the four girls' boarding schools founded during the Napoleonic age: the Reale Collegio delle fanciulle in Milan, the Collegio agli angeli in Verona, the Collegio San Benedetto in Montagnana and the Collegio Maria Cosway in Lodi. The survey has been pursued through accurate researches in the state archives in Milan, Verona and Venice and in the municipal archives in Montagnana. The Milan girls' boarding school was the model for the other schools, to which it provided paragon for regulations, curricula and in general for comprehensive pedagogic methods of a modern lay boarding school. This work reconstructs the boarders' daily life and the level of their cultural background in the perspective of a renewed idea of woman. The chosen textbooks are carefully examined to understand the quality of knowledge intended for women. In the last part of the dissertation there is a quantitative study about the age of the schoolgirls and about their social and geographical provenance.

This study aimed to comparatively examine school management practices in the US and Turkey in light of the two distinct administrative paradigms:Anglo-Saxon and Napoleonic traditions. In this study, a comparative case study method was used. The study was conducted in a basic education school (grades 1-8) in Ankara, Turkey, and in an elementary school (K-5) in Madison, the capital city of the state of Wisconsn, US. The sample contained 13 teachers and 4 administrators in the Turkish case, and 10 teachers and 1 school principal in the US case. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and written document analysis. Findings revealed that at the Turkish school, school management practices were not carried out effectively mainly due to the centralized education system, poor physical conditions of the school, lack of participatory and collaborative understanding of the staff members, lack of communication among the staff and limited school budgeting. On the other hand, the management practices in the American school were implemented successfull owing mainly to the school&#039 / s embedded decentralized structure, participatory and collaborative understanding among the school staff, effective communication strategies of the principal, and various options of in-service training offered for the school staff.