Many studies find support that natural disaster events and post-conflict episodes increase the risk of organized violence. However, few are found to investigate if post-conflict countries become more violent in the aftermath of natural disasters. By combining research on post-conflict violence, natural disasters, and non-state violence, it is argued in this study that disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and pandemics strain the capacities of all governments, and in post-conflict countries, the weakened capacities of governments can cause public security gaps. These power vacuums, as a result of natural disasters, can incentivize non-state groups to expand and compete for control, and consequently causes the severity of violence to increase. This argument is estimated on country-year data consisting of 64 post-conflict countries between 1989‒2015. A statistically significant correlation between natural disasters and the increased severity of non-state violence is found when testing the argument using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and logistic regression, control variables, and different dependent variables. However, due to limiting factors in the statistical models, the results are deemed too ambivalent to fully support the hypothesis.

La gestión de desastres en el Perú es necesaria para poder superar los diversos fenómenos a los que nuestro país es propenso. Sin embargo, esta es aún incipiente e incompleta. Uno de estos casos es el que se presenta en esta investigación. Una mina informal ubicada en la región de La Libertad, en el distrito de Pataz ha estado vertiendo desmontes (material de desecho) sobre un talud natural y ha llegado a un punto crítico de deslizamiento inminente. El depósito es de 35,000 m3 aproximadamente y está ubicado sobre un pueblo habitado. Por ello, esta tesis plantea realizar un análisis del riesgo, estudiando el peligro y su naturaleza, y el nivel de vulnerabilidad de los afectados. Para ello seguimos manuales del estado peruano de análisis de riesgo y le añadimos criterios geotécnicos y análisis de estabilidad de taludes en su condición estática y pseudo estática. Finalmente, se proponen formas de mitigar el riesgo de deslizamiento. En el capítulo uno se revisa conceptos teóricos sobre estabilidad de taludes, resistencia al corte, equilibrio límite. Además, se revisa la realidad de la informalidad en el Perú. Finalmente, se definen conceptos que ayudan al análisis del riesgo. En el segundo capítulo se explica la metodología a aplicar tanto para el análisis de estabilidad de taludes como para el proceso de análisis de riesgo. En el tercer capítulo se alcanzan los detalles propios de la zona de estudio, así las investigaciones y ensayos realizados a los componentes geotécnicos presentes. En el cuarto capítulo se hace el desarrollo del análisis de estabilidad, explicando los resultados y las hipótesis tomadas. En el quinto capítulo se desarrolla todo el análisis del riesgo; explicando paso a paso la valoración de la peligrosidad y de la vulnerabilidad. / Disaster management in Peru is necessary to overcome the various phenomena to which our country is prone. However, this is still incipient and incomplete. One of these cases is the one we studied in this investigation. An informal mine located in the region of La Libertad, in the district of Pataz, has been pouring waste material over a natural slope and has reached a critical point of impending landslide. The volume deposit is approximately 35,000 m3 and is located on an inhabited town. Therefore, this thesis proposes an analysis of the risk, studying the danger and its nature, and the level of vulnerability of those affected. For this, we follow risk analysis manuals of the Peruvian state and add geotechnical criteria and slope stability analysis in its static and pseudo static condition. Finally, ways of mitigating the risk of slipping are proposed. In chapter one, theoretical concepts on slope stability, shear strength, limit balance are reviewed. In addition, the reality of informality in Peru is reviewed. Finally, concepts that help to analyses the risk are defined. The second chapter explains the methodology to be applied for slope stability analysis and for the risk analysis process. In the third chapter, the details of the study area are reached as well as the investigations and tests carried out on the geotechnical components present. In the fourth chapter the development of the stability analysis is done, explaining the results and the hypotheses taken. The entire risk analysis is developed in the fifth chapter, step by step, explaining the assessment of danger and vulnerability. / Tesis

[pt] Pontes transportáveis para uso em caso de desastres naturais são geralmente estruturas pesadas, com altos custos de fabricação e exigem mão de obra qualificada para montagem, limitando o alcance de seu uso, especialmente em locais carentes de recursos. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma solução de ponte dobrável leve, fácil de construir, transportar e montar, sendo feita, principalmente, de bambu, um material com elevada relação resistência/peso e sustentável. O trabalho discute aspectos relevantes sobre o comportamento de estruturas pantográficas existentes, bem como sobre as principais características mecânicas e físicas do bambu, especificamente da espécie Guadua Angustifolia Kunth utilizada na pesquisa. Em uma primeira etapa, a fim de se avaliar a viabilidade do material escolhido, um programa experimental incluindo ensaios de flexão, fluência e dois diferentes tipos de ensaios de compressão foi conduzido. Ensaios feitos após ciclos de imersão e secagem com o intuito de avaliar o efeito de chuvas reincidentes sobre o material também foram realizados. Ensaios para determinação de coeficiente de atrito entre cordas de nylon e o bambu também foram realizados para estabelecer parâmetros adequados para avaliação da resistência das ligações amarradas. Num segundo estágio, o projeto da estrutura é apresentado e discutido, destacando o comportamento das ligações nas fases de desdobramento, protensão e final. Por fim, análises estruturais estáticas e dinâmicas foram realizadas com auxílio de modelos computacionais para as diferentes fases de montagem, apontando para a viabilidade da ponte proposta. / [en] Transportable bridges for natural disaster relief are usually heavy, have higher fabrication costs and demand qualified professionals for assembly. These disadvantages limit the reach of their benefits, especially in places with little available resources. The objective of this work is to develop a bridge designed to be lightweight, easy-to-build, -transport and –assembly and also mainly made of bamboo, a cheap sustainable material with high strength/weight ratio. This work discusses relevant aspects regarding the mechanics of existing pantographic structures, as well as the main mechanical and physical properties of bamboo, more specifically the species Guadua Angustifolia Kunth used in this research. At first, to evaluate the viability of the chosen material, an experimental program including bending, creep and two different types of compression tests was carried out. Tests after wet-and-dry cycles, considering the possible effects of repeated rain to exposed bamboo, were also performed. Tests to determine the friction coefficient between nylon ropes and bamboo were also carried to obtain parameters necessary to assess the strength of tied bamboo joints. After that, the structural design is presented and discussed, exploring the mechanics of the proposed connections and their behavior at the deployment stage, pre-stressing stage and final stage. At last, static and dynamic structural analysis were made with numeric models to all development stages, confirming the viability of the proposed bridge.

My starting point was to gain an understanding of how humanitarian aid was organized in Tacloban City after the disaster of typhoon Haiyan. Two specific sectors has been studied; Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) and Emergency Shelter. As basic parameters the Sphere Handbook (The Sphere Project) served as a guideline, a set of minimum standards of humanitarian response compiled by different humanitarian agencies with the aim to improve the quality of humanitarian assistance. Large parts of the city's urban land area is currently located in a geographic location that poses a significant risk in terms of vulnerability to floods, landslides and storm winds. A summary of risk analysis indicates that a specific area of land south-west of today's city center are more suited as a development site in terms of reduced vulnerability. The strategies of resistance against the forces of nature for the city of Tacloban are divided into four different scales from macro to micro; City, Barangay (the smallest administrative division within the Philippine municipality system), Sitio (territorial enclave inside a barangay) and the private home. / Min utgångspunkt har varit att få en uppfattning kring hur det humanitära biståndet anordnades i staden Tacloban efter naturkatastrofen Haiyan. Två specifika sektorer har undersökts; ”Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM)” och ”Emergency Shelter”. Som riktlinje och grundläggande parameter har jag använt ”The Sphere Handbook” (The Sphere Project), en uppsättning grundläggande standarder som sammanställts av olika humanitära organisationer med målet att förbättra kvaliteten på det humanitära biståndet.Stora delar av Taclobans urbana landområde befinner sig inom ett geografiskt område som utgör en betydande risk vad gäller sårbarhet för översvämningar, jordskred och stormvindar. En sammanställning av riskanalyser visar att ett specifikt landområde sydväst om dagens centrum är mer lämpat som en framtida plats för stadsutveckling. I mitt arbete har jag utvecklat strategier för att staden skall kunna motstå naturens krafter inför ett liknande framtida scenario. Tacloban har delats in i fyra olika skalor från makro till mikro;Staden, Barangay-området (den minsta administrativa divisionen inom det filippinskakommun- systemet), Sitio (territoriell enklav inom ett barangay-område) och det enskilda hemmet.

Seagrass meadows, like coral reefs, are in decline globally but are often neglected in marine policy and conservation despite their equally critical ecosystem services. Both habitats can be heavily impacted by wave surges, rainfall-induced earth movement and flooding, changes to water temperature, salinity, and acidity, and increased levels of turbidity—all occurring at increased rates due to a changing global climate. We demonstrate that multispectral satellite imagery, geospatial tools, and classification techniques can be used to inform management by identifying and quantifying changes in seagrass distribution and the presence of sediment-related threats. Results from Dominica indicate near-shore seagrass habitat area increased by 195.7 hectares between 2016 and 2019, suggesting a continued expansion of Halophila stipulacea. Further analysis showed 22.4 hectares of accreted coastal sediment and 1362.2 hectares of suspended sediment captured, placing 424.4 hectares of sensitive reef area at risk of experiencing tissue abrasion or reduced photosynthetic activity. Our methods can be used by marine resource managers and policy makers to inform decisions relating to fisheries production, emissions trading, disaster risk mitigation, and invasive species monitoring, facilitating sustainable growth in the blue economy.

Purpose - There has been a considerable effort over the last decade to increase awareness of the tsunami risk in coastal Washington, USA. However, contemporary research on warning systems spawned by the recent Indian Ocean tsunami tragedy highlights the need for development of an effective tsunami warning system for both residents and transient populations, including visitors and tourists. This study sets out evaluate staff training for emergencies, emergency management exercises (including drills and evacuation), and hazard signage within motels and hotels in Ocean Shores, Washington, USA. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from interviews with reception staff and managers at 18 hotels, motels, and other accommodation establishments. Findings - Levels of staff training and preparedness for tsunami and other hazards were found to be generally very low, although examples of "best practice" were found at a select few establishments. Larger hotels already had orientation or general training programmes set up which had the potential to incorporate future tsunami and hazard training, while smaller "owner-operator" businesses did not. Research limitations/implications - Suggestions on how to improve preparedness are discussed, including undertaking training needs analyses and conducting workshops, simulations and employee training to empower both businesses and employees. Originality/value - This case study provides an insight into the challenges faced by emergency managers and the tourism sector in improving the effectiveness of warning systems in areas with high transient populations.

This study aims to explore if learning through policy change is possible after natural disastersoccur. Previous studies are divided concerning if natural disasters in fact lead to learning or policy change taking place. Thomas Birkland and his theory on “event related learning” suggest that it is possible for learning to take place after a ”focusing event” has occurred, which in turn forces policy to change. Through an operationalization of Birkland’s concept of learning, this study seeks to explore how learning can be understood to have occurred, due to and during the 10 years after the earthquake struck Haiti in 2010. The study concludes that there are many different indicators through multiple different sectors that suggest both learning and policy change has taken place on Haiti, due to the earthquake that occurred in 2010, viewed through Birkland’s theory of learning.

This dissertation studies the effects that government spending has on the well-being of individuals and on community-level economic outcomes. The first chapter examines federally funded disaster relief with the aim of explicitly quantifying the role that the government has in propping up labor markets after large storms that damage and destroy communities. The next two chapters are about welfare. The second chapter uses administrative data from the state of Michigan to study one of the largest, and most sudden, changes to a cash welfare program in the country's history. The aim of this piece is to quantify the holistic impact of losing welfare on the financial well-being of the affected mothers. The final chapter revisits one of the most consequential welfare-to-work experiments of the late 20th century with modern empirical tools to determine whether work-first retraining programs or remedial coursework benefit the marginal welfare participant more in the long-run. Together these essays highlight the role that the federal government plays in the lives of its citizens when they are at their most vulnerable. It is the hope of the author that economists and policymakers can use the conclusions herein when considering and drafting future programs that aim to assist those at the margin of society or those who will suffer the consequences of catastrophic climate disasters.

Background: Bali is a country that is constantly affected by new natural disasters and is located in the area of ​​The Ring of Fire. In Bali, there are four different types of nurses who have different education and different experience. The nurses do not receive any special training in disaster management and do not know what role they should take if a disaster occurs. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore Balinese nurses' experiences of working in hospitals during natural disasters. Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions were conducted over the phone with nurses at a large hospital in Bali. The authors interviewed three nurses from one of Bali´s largest hospitals. The interviewed nurses had different levels of education and experience.  Result: The analyse resulted in that three themes were discovered which were about; Lack of education leads to uncertainty in the nurse's work, Functioning roles and routines are crucial to the nurse’s profession and the nurse’s experience of working in hospital after a natural disaster and its consequences.  Discussion: The discussion highlights Balinese nurses concerns about future natural disasters and deficiencies in role distribution and routines at the hospital. During the interviews it became clear that the lack of education was the biggest problem among the nurses. The result was discussed based on Katie Erickson's caritas theory. / Bakgrund: Bali är ett land som ständigt drabbas av nya naturkatastrofer och ligger i området The Ring of Fire. På Bali finns det fyra olika typer av sjuksköterskor som har olika utbildningar och olika mycket erfarenhet. Sjuksköterskorna får ingen speciell utbildning inom katastrofhantering och vet inte vilken roll de ska inta om en katastrof inträffar.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att utforska balinesiska sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att jobba på sjukhus under naturkatastrofer.  Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor som utfördes över telefon med sjuksköterskor på ett stort sjukhus på Bali. Författarna intervjuade tre sjuksköterskor från ett av Balis största sjukhus. De intervjuade sjuksköterskorna hade olika utbildningsnivåer samt erfarenhet av yrket. Resultat: Utifrån analysen uppdagades tre teman som handlade om; Brist på utbildning, roller och rutiner samt konsekvenser i sjukvården efter en naturkatastrof.  Diskussion: Diskussionen belyser balinesiska sjuksköterskor oro för framtida naturkatastrofer och brister i rollfördelning och rutiner på sjukhuset. Under intervjun framgick det att bristen på utbildning var det största problemet hos sjuksköterskorna. Resultatet kommer diskuteras utifrån Katie Eriksons caritas teori.

Maternal prenatal exposure to hurricanes and tornadoes could contribute to an increased risk for adverse birth outcomes. Little is known about the effects of Hurricane Katrina of August 2005, on pregnancy outcomes in Mississippi. Additionally, little is known about the influence of the April 2011 Alabama tornado disaster on births in that state. The purpose of this study was to bridge this knowledge gap by examining the relationship between maternal prenatal exposure to these storms and adverse infant health outcomes. The theoretical framework guiding this retrospective, cross-sectional study was the life course approach. Data for this investigation included 2,000 records drawn from the Linked Infant Births and Deaths registers. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results indicated hurricane exposure was not a predictor of preterm birth (OR = .723, 95% CI = [.452, 1.16]; p = 1.76) or low birth weight (OR = .608, 95% CI = [.329-1.13]; p = .113). However, an association was observed between tornado exposure and preterm birth (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = [1.19-2.39]; p = < 0.05) and low birthweight (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = [1.27-2.87]; p = < 0.05). Findings suggest pregnant women are vulnerable to natural disaster storms, and are at risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. The implications for social change include informing preparedness efforts to reduce vulnerability to increased pregnancy risk factors and adverse birth outcomes, consequential to hurricane and tornado disasters.