Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Debora_Leitzke_Betemps.pdf: 4121028 bytes, checksum: ee28f25c1660db7ee2ce97d47b512205 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-28 / Currently consumers are not focused only on the external characteristics of the fruits, as color and size, the internal characteristics such as sugar content and the presence of antioxidant compounds acquires a greater importance in purchasing decisions. The measurement of these parameters is usually done by traditional analysis that presented as main characteristic the sample destruction, beyond being held in a limited number of fruits, normally not representative of the lot or orchard. The optical methods based in visible spectroscopy techniques (Vis) and near-infrared (NIR), as the chlorophyll fluorescence are pointed as a solution of the classic evaluation methods, allowing to assess several components at the same time, without the sample destruction. This study aimed to use the spectroscopy Vis/NIR and the chlorophyll fluorescence as non destructive methods to evaluate quality parameters in peaches, mangos and apples. In peaches it was used the NIR-Case equipment to establish models of calibration for estimating parameters of soluble solids (SS) and flesh firmness for the cultivars Chimarrita, Maciel, Eldorado and Jubileu for two years in a row, being in the second year, it was also evaluated the effect of harvesting time on the calibration models. From the obtained results it can be infer that the attribute soluble solids the calibrations models presented coefficient of determination values acceptable and appropriate to predict the future behavior of the samples in two consecutive years. For flesh firmness only the models developed for the cultivars Jubileu and Eldorado were considered satisfactory, requiring for the others cultivars, new setting for future harvests. The calibration models presented different results over the harvest dates, being the best fits occur in the end of the harvest, fact observed in all peaches cultivars. In mangoes of the cultivar Tommy Atkins and in peaches of the cultivars Eldorado and Jubileu the use of this technique for the separation of fruits in categories according to their maturation stage and monitoring directly from the field using a portable spectrophotometer (DA-meter®) that emits two 9 light signals of wavelength 570 and 720 nm and provides an indes (DA), which correlates with the content of chlorophyll in the peel of the fruit. Through these studies it was conclude that, with the index DA it is possible to separate the mangoes fruits in categories according the maturation degree as well monitor the maturation of the peaches directly from the field, and the relations between these index and quality parameters determinate through the coefficients of determination (R2) were satisfactory. In apples of the cultivars Fuji, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious it was used a sensor based on the technique of chlorophyll fluorescence for the estimation of chlorophyll, anthocyanins and flavonoids present in the skin of the fruit. In general, sides with greater sunlight exposure have higher rates of anthocyanins and flavonois and lower chlorophyll. The correlations between the non-destructive index and the real content of these pigments in the apple skin show the existence of significant correlations the two methods proposed. A negative correlation was found between soluble solids in apples and the chlorophyll fluorescence (CHL) in the far red spectrum. The results also indicate that a single multiparameter sensor of a fluorescence base can provide quality and maturity indices of apples in a nondestructively way. Thus, after the execution of the study, it can be conclude that different methods and technologies have potential for non-destructive evaluation of fruit quality parameters. / Atualmente os consumidores não estão focados apenas nas caracterísiticas externas das frutas, como cor e tamanho, as características internas como teores de açúcares e a presença de compostos antioxidantes passam a ter uma maior importância na decisão de compra. A mensuração destes parâmetros, normalmente é feita através de análises tradicionais que apresentam como característica principal a destrutição da amostra, além de ser realizada em um número restrito de frutas, normalmente não representativo do lote ou do pomar. Os métodos ópticos baseados nas técnicas da espectroscopia do visível (Vis) e do infravermelho próximo (NIR), assim como a fluorescência da clorofila são apontadas como uma evolução dos métodos clássicos de avaliação, permitindo avaliar vários componentes ao mesmo tempo, sem a destruição das amostras. O objetivo da realização deste trabalho foi utilizar a espectroscopia do Vis/NIR e da fluorescência da clorofila como métodos não destrutivos para avaliar parâmetros de qualidade de pêssegos, mangas e maçãs. Em pêssegos utilizou-se o equipamento NIR-Case para o estabelecimento de modelos de calibração para a estimação dos parâmetros sólidos solúveis (SS) e firmeza de polpa para as cultivares Chimarrita, Maciel, Eldorado e Jubileu por dois anos consecutivos, sendo que no segundo ano avaliou-se também o efeito de época de colheita sobre os modelos de calibração. Pelos resultados obtidos podemos inferir que para o atributo SS, os modelos de calibração apresentaram valores de coeficiente de determinação aceitáveis e adequados para prever o comportamento de amostras futuras, nos dois anos consecutivos. Para a firmeza de polpa apenas os modelos desenvolvidos para as cultivares Jubileu e Eldorado foram considerados satisfatórios, necessitando para as demais cultivares, novos ajustes para safras futuras. Os modelos de calibração apresentam resultados diferentes ao longo das datas de colheita, sendo que os melhores ajustes ocorrem no final da safra, fato 7 observado em todas as cultivares de pêssegos. Em mangas da cultivar Tommy Atkins e em pêssegos das cultivares Eldorado e Jubileu, foi testada o uso desta técnica para a separação das frutas em categorias de acordo com o estádio de maturação e acompanhamento desta diretamente no campo, com o uso do espectrofotômetro portátil (DA-meter®) que emite dois sinais luminosos nos comprimentos de onda 670 e 720nm e fornece um índice (DA), que se correlaciona com o conteúdo de clorofila presente na epiderme das frutas. Através destes trabalhos foi possível concluir que, com o índice DA é possível separar as frutas de manga em categorias de acordo com o grau de maturação bem como acompanhar a maturação de pêssegos diretamente no campo, e as relações entre os valores destes índices e os parâmetros de qualidade, determinadas através dos coeficientes de determinação (R2) foram satisfatórios. Em maçãs das cultivares Fuji, Granny Smith e Golden Delicious utilizou-se um sensor com base na técnica da fluorescência da clorofila para a estimação de clorofilas, antocianinas e flavonóides presentes na epiderme das frutas. De uma maneira geral os lados com maior exposição a luz solar apresentaram os maiores índices para os antocianinas e flavonóides e menores para clorofila. As correlações entre os índices não destrutivos e o conteúdo real destes pigmentos nas epidermes das maçãs demonstraram a existência de correlações signifcativas entre os dois métodos propostos. Uma correlação negativa foi encontrada entre o teor de sólidos solúveis em maçãs e a fluorescência da clorofila (CHL) no espectro do vermelho distante. Os resultados também indicam que um sensor multiparamético de base fluorescente pode fornecer índices de maturação e qualidade de maçãs de forma não destrutiva. Sendo assim, após a execução dos trabalhos pode-se concluir que os diferentes métodos e tecnologias não destrutivas apresentam potencial para avaliação dos parâmetros de qualidade em frutas.

Mosquitoes spread diseases that shorten and worsen the lives of many people, chiefly children in poor countries, around the world. Since Ronald Ross' discovery at the end of the nineteenth century that mosquitoes transmit malaria, field entomologists have collected a great deal of information about mosquito ecology. Despite this tremendous effort, there still remain significant gaps in our knowledge of mosquito ecology, in part, reflecting the significant variation in mosquito ecology across species and geographies. The main aim of this thesis is an attempt to synthesise the substantial information that field entomologists have collected on mosquito lifespan. In Chapters 2 and 3, I conduct meta-analyses of the two predominant approaches used to estimate mosquito lifespan: mark-release-recapture experiments and female mosquito dissection-based studies, respectively. These analyses produce estimates of mosquito lifespan by species and genus, and more broadly, allow for an appraisal of these two experimental approaches. In Chapter 4, I describe a recently developed approach, known as near-infrared spectroscopy, which enables estimation of the age of individual mosquitoes, and then perform an in silico analysis to explore the use of this technology for estimating the average lifespan of wild populations of mosquitoes. The emergence of mosquito resistance to the main insecticides used in vector control, along with the concerning recent discovery that the malaria parasites in Asia are becoming resistant to arteminisin - an important drug used to treat malaria - highlight the need for novel approaches to control disease transmission. Some recently-proposed approaches involve genetic modification of the mosquito vectors, for example, to render them incapable of acting as hosts for disease or to reduce their fecundity. In Chapter 5, I model the impact of a release of mosquitoes carrying a genetic construct known as a homing endonuclease, which has been constructed to bias the sex of mosquito offspring towards males, in computational environments that capture some facets of the real life landscapes where mosquito borne disease is rife. About a century ago, the famous Italian Malariologist Giovanni Grassi declared that malaria was a "giant with clay feet"; reflecting the optimism, in some academic circles at the time, that eradication of this terrible disease would soon occur. Unfortunately, a century of often unsuccessful attempts to control and eradicate malaria, and other mosquito borne diseases, would follow Grassi's statement, meaning that this fight is likely to continue throughout the twenty-first century. We now know much more about mosquitoes and mosquito borne disease than we did a generation ago, but there is still crucial information that we do not. In this thesis, I argue that in order to make significant inroads to disease eradication, further research on mosquito ecology is crucial. Only when we better understand our unwitting mosquito foe, can we design and implement effective disease control measures that are so desperately needed in those most desperate parts of the world.

This thesis presents temporal perspectives of lake acidification in Sweden. Sediment records have been used to study timing, trends and causes of acidification, and two different techniques for assessing past lake-water acidity are presented. A new technique for pH prediction, based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of surface sediments, is developed. This study shows that there is a pH related fraction of lake sediments that can be recorded by NIR analysis. Relationships between NIR spectra of surface sediment samples and measured lake-water pH values, and between NIR spectra of sediment cores and historical pH values inferred by diatom analysis, are modelled by partial least squares regression. The prediction errors of the models are comparable to those obtained by modelling of diatom and lake-water pH data. By further development NIR spectroscopy can become useful for inferring past pH, as well as several other lake-water parameters, from sediment cores. Diatom-based predictive models, using multivariate calibration methods, are developed for inferences of lake-water pH, alkalinity and colour. These models are used to provide a regional assessment of recent lake acidification in the provinces of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, northern Sweden. The study shows that a pH decline has occurred in some southeastern lakes, but that most of the lakes have not faced significant changes in lake-water pH, alkalinity and colour. The inferred water chemistiy changes are discussed in relation to atmospheric deposition and land-use. In a study of eight acid-sensitive Swedish boreal-forest lakes a past-analogue approach is used to test whether contemporary expansion of conifers could cause lake acidification. Water chemistry changes associated with the natural pre-historic colonization and expansion of spruce in Sweden (≈3000 years B.P.), at times of background atmospheric acidity, are inferred to evaluate the acidification ability of spruce per se on surface waters. This study shows that under natural, unpolluted conditions spruce colonization and expansion did not cause lake acidification. In a synthesis of palaeolimnological acidification research in Sweden a general model for pH- development for acid clear-water lakes in southern Sweden is presented. The pH-development from the last deglaciation to present time can be divided into four different periods; (i) a natural long-term acidification period (12000 B.P. - 2300 B.P., or later), with a gradual decrease in pH resulting from declining fluxes of base cations from catchment soils; (ii) a human induced alkalization period (2300 B.P. - 1900 A.D.), with a pH increase due to human activities in the catchments; (iii) the recent acidification period (about 1900 A.D. - present), when pH decreased towards 4.5 due to acid deposition and possibly ceased land-use; and (iv) the liming period (1970s - present), when pH often increases to values above 7 following lime treatment to counteract acidification. The implications of these past pH changes for the concept of contemporary lake acidification and for liming policy are outlined. / digitalisering@umu

La digestion anaérobie est un des piliers de l'économie circulaire européenne, produisant du méthane et des engrais organiques à partir de déchets. Le développement de ce secteur passe par la co-digestion et l’optimisation de l'alimentation des procédés. Cela nécessite l'estimation de l'état biologique du digesteur, la caractérisation du substrat ainsi que l’utilisation de modèles prédictifs simulant les performances du digesteur, pour lesquels les solutions actuelles ne sont pas adaptées. Dans cette thèse, un capteur titrimétrique couplant pH et conductivité électrique pour l'estimation des concentrations en acides gras volatils, carbone inorganique et azote ammoniacale a été conçu, améliorant la précision d'estimation des acides gras volatils de 14,5 par rapport aux capteurs actuels. Couplé à l’analyse du biogaz, il permet d'estimer l'état biologique du procédé. En parallèle, une analyse spectroscopique proche-infrarouge, estimant les teneurs en glucides, protéines, lipides, demande chimique en oxygène, rendement et cinétique de production de méthane a été développée réduisant le temps de caractérisation des substrats à quelques minutes. La caractérisation rapide des substrats est utilisée pour implémenter le modèle de digestion anaérobie ADM1 de l’IWA qui prédit les performances d'un digesteur dans des conditions de digestion optimales. Le couplage de l’estimation de l'état biologique à cette approche permet de corriger la prédiction en prenant en compte l'état actuel du digesteur. Cette approche fournit un outil prédictif puissant pour le contrôle avancé des unités de digestion anaérobie ainsi que l'optimisation de la recette d'alimentation. / Anaerobic digestion is an important pillar of the European circular economy, producing methane and organic fertilizers from waste. The development of the anaerobic digestion sector goes through co-digestion and feeding strategy optimization. Its development requires the biological state estimation of the plant, substrate characterization and predictive models simulating the plant performances, for which current solutions are not suitable. In this thesis, a titration sensor coupling pH and electrical conductivity for the estimation of volatile fatty acids, inorganic carbon and ammonia has been designed, improving the accuracy on volatile fatty acids estimation by 14.5 compared to current sensors. Along with biogas analyses, it allows estimating the biological state of the unit. Besides, fast near infrared spectroscopic analysis, estimating in a matter of minute carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents, chemical oxygen demand, methane production yield and kinetics, has been developed. Thus fast substrate characterization is then used to implement a modified Anaerobic Digestion Model n°1 which predicts the performances of a plant under optimal condition. Coupling biological state estimation to this approach enables to correct the prediction with the current state of the plant. This approach provides a powerful predictive tool for advanced control of anaerobic digestion plants and feeding strategy optimization.

Hyperthermia is usually used at a sub-lethal level in cancer treatment to potentiate the effects of chemotherapy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of heating rate in achieving synergistic cell killing by chemotherapy and hyperthermia. For this purpose, in vitro cell culture experiments with a uterine cancer cell line (MES-SA) and its multidrug resistant (MDR) variant MES-SA/Dx5 were conducted. The cytotoxicitiy, mode of cell death, induction of thermal tolerance and P-gp mediated MDR following the two different modes of heating were studied. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the chemotherapy drug. Indocyanine green (ICG), which absorbs near infrared light at 808nm (ideal for tissue penetration), was chosen for achieving rapid rate hyperthermia. A slow rate hyperthermia was provided by a cell culture incubator. The results show that the potentiating effect of hyperthermia to chemotherapy can be maximized by increasing the rate of heating as evident by the results from the cytotoxicity assay. When delivered at the same thermal dose, a rapid increase in temperature from 37 °C to 43 °C caused more cell membrane damage than gradually heating the cells from 37 °C to 43 °C and thus allowed for more intracellular accumulation of the chemotherapeutic agents. Different modes of cell death are observed by the two hyperthermia delivery methods. The rapid rate laser-ICG hyperthermia @ 43 °C caused cell necrosis whereas the slow rate incubator hyperthermia @ 43 °C induced very mild apoptosis. At 43 °C a positive correlation between thermal tolerance and the length of hyperthermia exposure is identified. This study shows that by increasing the rate of heating, less thermal dose is needed in order to overcome P-gp mediated MDR.

Orientador: Ana Terezinha Guillaumon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T09:17:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Siqueira_LeticiaCristinaDalledone_M.pdf: 5041737 bytes, checksum: 615b5b4269f2f46490565662d28dfb21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Introdução: A espectroscopia próxima ao infra-vermelho (NIRS) é uma técnica não invasiva e de baixo custo que detecta as alterações hemodinâmicas teciduais. O NIRS pode monitorar de forma contínua as informações fisiológicas vasculares intracranianas. Por ser portátil, ele pode ser utilizado a beira do leito e no centro cirúrgico. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento das possíveis alterações hemodinâmicas cerebrais, durante a endarterectomia, em pacientes com estenoses maiores que 70%, utilizando NIRS. Casuística e métodos: Foram avaliados 10 voluntários portadores de doença carotídea aterosclerótica com indicação de endarterectomia. Após a seleção dos pacientes que responderam um questionário com dados epidemiológicos e informações referentes a presença de comorbidades, a doença foi confirmada por métodos diagnósticos. No procedimento cirúrgico utilizou-se o NIRS para monitorização. Foram avaliadas as variáveis saturação de oxigênio (Sat O2) hemoglobina total (HbT), hemoglobina reduzida (HbR) e hemoglobina oxigenada (HbO) nos três tempos cirúrgicos pré, trans e pós-clampeamento carotídeo. Resultados: Utilizou-se p<0,05 como nivel de significância. A avaliação dos resultados obtidos através das medidas registradas pelo NIRS permite afirmar que as etapas da cirurgia diferem quanto ás variável HbR e SatO2. Durante a etapa do clampeamento, a variável HbR mostra valores mais elevados que nas outras duas etapas da cirurgia. De outra parte, a variável SatO2 mostra redução durante o clampeamento. Conclusão: O NIRS é um método viável e aplicável de monitorização intracerebral, não-invasivo e em tempo real, durante a endarterectomia carotídea, capaz de medir de forma precisa as mudanças das condições hemodinâmicas capilares intra-cerebrais / Abstract: Introduction: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a low-cost, non-invasive technique that detects tissue hemodynamic alterations. It enables continuous monitoring of the intracerebral vascular physiologic information. Due to its portable nature, NIRS may be used beside a bed or in the operating room. Objective: To evaluate the use of NIRS for intra-surgical monitoring of the brain hemodynamic response, during an endarterectomy procedure of the atherosclerotic carotid artery. Casuistry and Methods: 10 patients with atherosclerotic carotid disease and recommended endarterectomy were evaluated. They were identified in a survey which provided epidemiologic data and the presence of comorbidities. Disease was confirmed by diagnostic methods. NRIS monitoring was used during the surgical procedure. Oxygen saturation (O2 Sat), total hemoglobin (THb), reduced hemoglobin (RHb), and oxyhemoglobin (OHb) were the variables analyzed at the three carotid clamp stages: pre-, trans- and post-. Results: A p<0.05 value was considered statistically significant. The results obtained from the NIRS data reveal that the surgical stages differ in relation to the RHb and O2Sat variables. RHb presents higher levels during clamping when compared with the other two surgical stages. On the other hand, O2Sat is decreased during clamping. Conclusion: NIRS is a feasible, realtime and non-invasive intracranial monitoring method, during carotid endarterectomy, which measures accurately and reliably the changes of the intracerebral capillary hemodynamic conditions / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestra em Ciências

abstract: Tissue approximation and repair have been performed with sutures and staples for centuries, but these means are inherently traumatic. Tissue repair using laser-responsive nanomaterials can lead to rapid tissue sealing and repair and is an attractive alternative to existing clinical methods. Laser tissue welding is a sutureless technique for sealing incised or wounded tissue, where chromophores convert laser light to heat to induce in tissue sealing. Introducing chromophores that absorb near-infrared light creates differential laser absorption and allows for laser wavelengths that minimizes tissue damage. In this work, plasmonic nanocomposites have been synthesized and used in laser tissue welding for ruptured porcine intestine ex vivo and incised murine skin in vivo. These laser-responsive nanocomposites improved tissue strength and healing, respectively. Additionally, a spatiotemporal model has been developed for laser tissue welding of porcine and mouse cadaver intestine sections using near-infrared laser irradiation. This mathematical model can be employed to identify optimal conditions for minimizing healthy cell death while still achieving a strong seal of the ruptured tissue using laser welding. Finally, in a model of surgical site infection, laser-responsive nanomaterials were shown to be efficacious in inhibiting bacterial growth. By incorporating an anti-microbial functionality to laser-responsive nanocomposites, these materials will serve as a treatment modality in sealing tissue, healing tissue, and protecting tissue in surgery. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemical Engineering 2019

Title: Physiological responses on standardized climbing task in sport climbers Purpose: To determine the effect of height, wall angle, climbing speed and climbing ability on physiological responses in sport climbers. Methods: The study was divided into three parts. 75 sport climbers (36 female and 39 male) completed differing tests on climbing wall and motorized climbing ergometer. Perceived exertion was assessed on a scale suggested by Borg. Indirect calorimetry, venous blood samples and near-infrared spectroscopy were used to assess physiological response, hormonal response and muscle oxygen saturation, respectively. Results: Perceived exertions were higher when climbing to height as opposes to climbing low to the ground on the treadwall (+5,3%; P = 0,013; ηp 2 = 0,149) (Study 1A). The physiological response was higher on the climbing wall as opposed to the treadwall: V̇ O2 (+6%; P = 0,03; ηp 2 = 0,22), SF (+4%; P = 0,04; ηp 2 = 0,20), V̇ E (+9%; P = 0,01; ηp 2 = 0,30) a EC (+16%; P < 0,001; ηp 2 = 0,48). There was an interaction for climbing ability and post- climbing catecholamine concentration (P < 0,01, ηp 2 = 0,28) (Study 1B). With increasing climbing speed greater differences were found for V̇ O2 (P < 0,001, ηp 2 = 0,923) than for StO2 (P < 0,001, ηp 2 = 0,448). Between-subject effect...

No description available.

No description available.