Significant warming of Arctic and northern regions is ongoing and may greatly alter the carbon cycle of these regions. During the International Polar Year, an extensive study was carried out in the Eastern Canadian subarctic and Arctic in order to characterize CO2 and CH4 exchanges from these potentially sensitive ecosystems. The main objectives of this study were to identify the land cover and environmental factors leading to greatest CO2 and CH4 emissions in a highly heterogeneous subarctic landscape, to quantify interannual variability in the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) in subarctic forest tundra and investigate the weather conditions that increase net uptake of CO2, and finally, to evaluate the general trends of mid-summer NEE along a latitudinal gradient spanning from 55° to the 72° north. At the landscape level, CO2 and CH4 exchanges showed large variability. Although CH4 emissions were greatest in wetlands, their areal coverage is small in the Kuujuarapik area and limited the influence of these CH4 sources. At the ecosystem level, large-scale atmospheric processes controlled growing season length and cumulative growing degree days which greatly influenced annual and seasonal NEE trends. The subarctic forest tundra near Kuujuarapik was a net source of CO2 in all 3 study years but the source strength was least with the greatest growing degree days while the length of the snow-free period appeared to be less important. Across a latitudinal gradient covering subarctic forest tundra to Arctic tundra, variations in summer NEE could be linked to surface organic carbon content with higher net CO2 uptake at sites with greater soil organic carbon. Warmer days tended to correlate with smaller daily net CO2 uptake (or greater net CO2 losses) but overall, warmer growing seasons reduced the net losses of CO2 on an annual basis. Carbon fluxes in Eastern Canadian subarctic and Arctic regions are highly variable in space and time but these observations help establish a baseline for future examinations of how these carbon exchanges may change with further warming.

The global carbon cycle is subject to intense research, where sources and sinks for greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide in particular, are estimated for various systems and biomes. Lakes have previously been neglected in carbon balance estimations, but have recently been recognized to be significant net sources of CO2. This thesis estimates emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from boreal lakes and factors regulating the CO2 saturation from field measurements of CO2 concentration along with a number of chemical, biological and physical parameters. Concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was found to be the most important factor for CO2 saturation in lake water, whereas climatic parameters such as precipitation, temperature and global radiation were less influential. All lakes were supersaturated with and, thus, sources of CO2. Sediment incubation experiments indicated that in-lake mineralization processes during summer stratification mainly occurred in the pelagial. Approximately 10% of the CO2 emitted from the lake surface was produced in epilimnetic sediments. The mineralization of DOC and emission of CO2 from freshwaters was calculated on a catchment basis for almost 80,000 lakes and 21 major catchments in Sweden, together with rates of sedimentation in lakes and export of organic carbon to the sea. The total export of terrestrial organic carbon to freshwaters could thereby be estimated and consequently also the importance of lakes for the withdrawal of organic carbon export from terrestrial sources to the sea. Lakes removed 30-80% of imported terrestrial organic carbon, and mineralization and CO2 emission were much more important than sedimentation of carbon. The carbon loss was closely related to water retention time, where catchments with short residence times (<1 year) had low carbon retentions, whereas in catchments with long residence times (>3 years) a majority of the imported TOC was removed in the lake systems. The Gulf of Bothnia was also studied in this thesis and found to be a net heterotrophic system, emitting large amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere on an annual basis. The rate of CO2 emission was depending on the balance between primary production and bacterial respiration, and the system was oscillating between being a source and a sink of CO2.

Les schémas de surface ont été développés dans le but de modéliser les échanges de chaleur et d'humidité entre les surfaces continentales et l'atmosphère. Parmi les éléments constitutifs de ces surfaces, la végétation joue un rôle important dans la dynamique des flux à l'interface. Mon travail de thèse a porté sur l'amélioration de la paramétrisation de la végétation dans le modèle de surface ISBA-A-gs (Calvet et al, 1998). Ce modèle est capable de résoudre les bilans énergétique et hydrique à la surface, de calculer la croissance de la biomasse verte de la végétation, et d'estimer sa surface foliaire en tenant compte des conditions météorologiques. Ce modèle intègre également l'effet de l'augmentation de CO2 atmosphérique dans le fonctionnement de la végétation. Mon travail a porté sur l'élaboration et l'application d'une paramétrisation de l'effet du déficit hydrique sur le fonctionnement des couverts de types ligneux. Pour cela, j'ai repris une méthodologie de type méta-analyse des données de la littérature déjà utilisée par Calvet (2000) dans le cadre des couverts de types herbacés. Un travail d'application et de validation a été mené sur 3 jeux de données continues du réseau de mesure EUROFLUX / CarboEurope correspondant à 3 sites forestiers Européens. Ces données comportent les flux du bilan d'énergie classique associés à la mesure du flux de CO2. J'ai pu de ce fait, tester pour la première fois la capacité du modèle à simuler le cycle diurne du flux de CO2 ainsi qu'à estimer le stockage annuel net de carbone sur ce type de couvert (Rivalland et al., 2005). Enfin, j'ai abordé les potentialités d'une nouvelle version du modèle développée par Calvet et Soussana (2001) dont la particularité est de prendre en compte l'effet de l'enrichissement en CO2 de l'atmosphère sur la croissance de la végétation, associé à la disponibilité du milieu en azote du sol. Cette version sépare les différents compartiments de stockage liés à la croissance de la végétation et ouvre des perspectives dans la modélisation complète du cycle du carbone et des effets du changement climatique sur la végétation. En lien avec ce travail, une méta-analyse ainsi qu'une expérimentation de terrain de fertilisation en azote a été menée dans le but de déterminer les paramètres de plasticité propres à cette version, pour différents types de couverts. Une évaluation des simulations du modèle sur une culture de blé a été menée en comparant avec le modèle de culture STICS de l'INRA.

Le bilan carboné d'une rotation culturale de quatre ans a été établi entre 2004 et 2008 sur le site expérimental de Lonzée, Belgique. La région se caractérise par un climat tempéré océanique avec une température moyenne de l'air de 10°C et des précipitations annuelles de l'ordre de 800 mm. Le sol de la parcelle est un Luvisol. Les cultures composant la rotation sont des cultures de betterave, froment dhiver, pomme de terre et froment dhiver. Dans le but détablir un bilan carboné, des mesures ont été effectuées à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Un système de mesure par eddy covariance fournit une estimation par demiheure de l'échange net en CO2 de l'écosystème (NEE). La qualité des procédures de sélection et de traitement des flux de NEE a été contrôlée. A partir de ces mesures, la productivité primaire brute (GPP) et la respiration totale de l'écosystème (TER) sont déduites. Plusieurs procédures basées sur les mesures diurnes ou nocturnes de NEE sont comparées. L'intérêt d'utiliser un court pas de temps dans ces procédures et la température du sol comme température de référence a été mis en avant, ainsi que la nécessité de déterminer une valeur seuil de la vitesse de friction (u*) pour chaque culture et les longues inter-cultures. Pour la culture de froment d'hiver 2005, une estimation de la GPP déduite des mesures d'eddy covariance est comparée à une estimation basée sur une modélisation de mesures réalisées, une fois par semaine, à l'échelle de la feuille. La conception initiale de l'appareil de mesure a permis de réaliser les mesures sur les feuilles uniquement. Les évolutions des deux estimations sont proches à l'échelle de la saison et à l'échelle journalière. La mise en oeuvre de la méthode basée sur les mesures à léchelle de la feuille a apporté dimportantes informations en termes de réponse de la GPP aux facteurs climatiques et non climatiques et a permis une validation de lestimation basée sur les mesures deddy covariance. Toutefois, dans le cadre de létablissement dun bilan carboné, la méthode basée sur les mesures d'eddy covariance est préférée. Des mesures de la respiration de sol, réalisées à l'échelle de la miniparcelle de sol, et des mesures du contenu en carbone des plantes sont aussi réalisées. Combinées aux mesures d'eddy covariance, ces mesures permettent de déduire les parts autoet hétérotrophiques de la respiration. Sur l'ensemble de la rotation, la parcelle apparait être une source significative de carbone de 0.17 (+/- 0.14) kg C m-2. Cela suggère que, durant la rotation, le contenu en carbone du sol a diminué. Ceci peut sexpliquer par labsence dapport de fertilisation organique durant les 10 dernières années ainsi que par la récolte systématique des pailles des céréales.

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2017-03-31T19:09:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Soraia Wanderosck Toledo.pdf: 1937554 bytes, checksum: dc569259876205c67b9070c0694974e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-11T13:51:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Soraia Wanderosck Toledo.pdf: 1937554 bytes, checksum: dc569259876205c67b9070c0694974e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T13:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Soraia Wanderosck Toledo.pdf: 1937554 bytes, checksum: dc569259876205c67b9070c0694974e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / As constantes alterações em padrões sociais, políticos, econômicos, culturais, marca inequívoca da contemporaneidade, aponta para a necessidade de formação profissional contínua. No que se refere à educação formal, da pré-escola à pós-graduação, além dos conteúdos programáticos inerentes aos cursos, é fundamental que as práticas de ensino sejam repensadas, inovadas em diálogo com os mais variados contextos e atores sociais. Assim, com o objetivo de propor estratégias para formação continuada para docentes das carreiras do Ensino Básico, Técnico e Tecnológico e do Magistério Superior com vistas ao aperfeiçoamento das práticas de ensino e à inclusão educacional, foi realizado Estudo de Caso em Instituição de Educação Pública que oferece cursos em nível médio, profissionalizante, superior e pós-superior. Por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e abertas, coletivas e individuais, os dados foram obtidos e a triangulação das informações coletadas nas entrevistas foi feita a partir de Análise em documentos institucionais. O tratamento dos dados aconteceu com base na Análise de Conteúdo. A conclusão é que em situações educacionais diferenciadas, como no recebimento de alunos com Necessidades Educacionais Específicas (NEE), o discurso preponderante informa que os professores não se sentem preparados para esse tipo de trabalho, delegando às instâncias de apoio pedagógico as respostas para um atendimento adequado, o que acaba por provocar a fragmentação de ações, o fracasso. Essa situação pode, ainda, levar alunos a abandonarem os ambientes acadêmicos, além de contribuir para o desconforto, ansiedade e frustração por parte dos docentes. Sugere-se, dessa maneira, a criação de espaços para a articulação dos conhecimentos acerca das especificidades dos diferentes sujeitos sociais, nos quais poderão ser repensadas práticas de ensino que contribuam para a inclusão educacional e o sucesso da aprendizagem em perspectiva emancipatória / The ongoing changes in social, political, economic and cultural patterns, unmistakable mark of contemporaneity, points to the need for continuous vocational training. With regard to formal education, from preschool to post graduation, besides the syllabus inherent to the courses, it is essential that teaching practices are rethought and innovated, in dialogue with the various contexts and social actors. Thus, in order to propose strategies for continuing education of the teaching careers of Basic, Technical, Technological and Higher Education so as to continuously improve the teaching practices and educational inclusion, a Case Study was conducted in Public Education Institution. It offers secondary education, vocational, university degree and post-graduating courses. Through semi-structured and open interviews, as well as group and individual ones, data were generated and the triangulation of information gathered in the interviews was made out of the analysis of institutional documents. The data processing took place based on content analysis. The findings of this show that in different educational situations, such as in the welcoming of pupils with Specific Educational Nedds (SEN), the major discourse reveals that teachers do not feel qualified enough to deal with this kind of task, delegating to the pedagogical support the answers to an adequate education service, which ultimately causes the fragmentation of actions, failure and very often the students dropping out of academic environments, as well as discomfort, anxiety and frustration on the part behalf of the lecturers. Therefore, the creation of spaces for the articulation of knowledge about the specificities of the different social subjects is suggested in which the teaching practices that contribute to the educational inclusion and success of learning emancipatory perspective can be rethought

地方召會(在中國和臺灣地區的名稱沿革：小群→基督徒聚會處→聚會所→地方召會，本文簡稱「地方召會」)，其創始人—倪柝聲、李常受等，今有無數基督徒受其思想的影響；根據《聖經》所建立的地方召會已散佈在全球六大洲，涵蓋著不同的國家、種族、語言和文化。 地方召會在中國初創時期，已建立移民擴展的規模，即往在地化和國際化的政策發展；後因政局改變，地方召會發展至香港、臺灣和東南亞地區，在臺灣發展的初期階段，帶進百倍的人數增長，迄今成為臺灣第二大基督徒團體，而臺灣的地方召會，接續先前在大陸區域開展的模型，作為全球發展的基地之一，擴展到全球各大洲，目前全球信眾約廿餘萬人，在全世界積極擴展信仰的版圖。 本文從核心信仰出發，以宗教非營利組織的觀點，逐一探討地方召會的信仰和宗教實踐，首先說明地方召會的信仰與在中國大陸時期的擴展；其次介紹宗教非營利組織和地方召會在臺灣時期的擴展；第三為論述地方召會的國際化拓展模式，並以東南亞各國為深度探討，在李氏離世後，地方召會在無指定的接班人狀況下，其擴展方針絲毫不受影響且發展更鉅，被公認為對基督教界具有影響力的團體。 / The local church (the revolution of this name in China and Taiwan: a small group→the assembly of Christian→the meeting hall→the local church, this paper refers to "the local church"), its founders—Watchman Nee and Witness Lee(this paper refers to "Nee" and “Lee”), there are countless Christians are affected by their thought; The local church established according to the Bible has spread across the six continents, covering the different nations, races, languages and cultures. The local church during the starting period in China, has established the scope of immigrant expansion, that was policy development of localization and globalization; due to the political changes, the local church developed to Hong Kong, Taiwan and the South East Asia. In the early stages of development in Taiwan, brought into a hundredfold increase in numbers so far has become the second largest Christian community in Taiwan. And the local church in Taiwan following the development model carried out in mainland China area previously, being one base of global development and expands to all continents. For the time being, there are about two hundred thousand believers on the earth and expands the territory of faith in the world actively. This paper begins from the core of faith, studying the faith and the practices of religion in the local church from the view of religious non-profitable organization. The first, describing the faith of the local church and the expansion during the age in t mainland China; Secondly introducing the religious non-profit organization and the expansion of the local church during the age in Taiwan; the third, discussing the international expansion mode of local church and taking the countries in Southeast of Asia to have deep discussion. Especially from 1997 so far, the local church in the absence of the designated successor after Lee's passing away, the expanding strategy develops more largely without compromising and being recognized as an influential community to the Christianity.

The productivity of agricultural and forest ecosystems in regions at higher latitudes is to a large extent governed by low temperature and moisture conditions. Environmental conditions are acting both above- and below-ground and regulating carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration. However, the understanding of various feedbacks between vegetation and environmental conditions is still unclear. In this thesis, two studies were conducted to understand the physical and biological processes. In the first study, the aim was to simulate soil temperature and moisture dynamics in the bare soil with seasonal frost conditions in China. In the second study, the aims were to model seasonal courses of carbon and evapotranspiration and to examine the responses of photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration on environmental conditions in a boreal Scots pine ecosystem in Finland. In both studies the CoupModel was applied to simulate the dynamic responses of the systems. Both sites represented investigations from which a high number of measurements were available. To understand to what extent the data could be used to increase the understanding of the systems, the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) was applied. The GLUE method was useful to reduce basic uncertainties with respect to parameter ranges, model structures and measurements. The strong interactions between soil temperature and moisture processes have indicated by a few behavioral models obtained when constrained by combined temperature and moisture criteria. Model performance on sensible and latent heat fluxes and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) also indicated the coupled processes within the system. Seasonal and diurnal courses were reproduced successfully with reduced parameter ranges. However, uncertainties on what is the most general regulation for transpiration and NEE are still unclear and need further systematic investigations. / QC 20101206