Dangerous things can happen in the name of good intentions and we, as teachers or parents, are unaware of the ways we hurt children. In the book Emile or on Education we see a fictional example of a pedagogical relationship between a teacher and a student, where the teacher -Jean Jacques- is eager to teach and raise his pupil, Emile, in certain ways, so as to make him independent and happy. Jean Jacques’ intentions are unquestionably good. His goal is to protect Emile and prevent his alienation by society, through the appropriate negative education. In trying to prevent Emile’s alienation, though, he creates another type of alienation, unknowingly and unintentionally. The aim of my thesis is to analyze the system of negative education and its negative consequences, focusing on the notion of alienation. Jean Jacques, while striving to prevent alienation, through negative education, created a new type of alienation, that is even more dangerous than the one he avoided. Thus, my thesis aims to raise awareness regarding the following: a) even when pedagogical processes are based on good intentions, they can still lead to negative consequences, b) upbringing and education are both a broadening and a narrowing process.

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En vue de saisir la pensée kantienne dans toute sa virulence, on ne peut jamais faire abstraction de la place éminente de Jean-Jacques Rousseau dans cette philosophie qui ne cesse pas à marquer, à définir et à poser des jalons de la pensée moderne. À cet égard, si le Genevois communique les grandes leçons de sa théorie de l’homme sous la guise d’une éducation, il s’agit ici non pas d’une philosophie de l’éducation mais bien plus d’une philosophie comme éducation. C’est effectivement cette thèse que Kant reprend, suit et enrichie d’une manière sui generis pour renverser l’ordre théorique mais surtout pratique de religion-moralité-devoir et libérer une fois pour toutes la morale des dogmes théologiques et finalement pour édifier une philosophie pratique comme l’éducation de l’espèce humaine. Le but de cette étude est de jeter quelques lumières sur la place sans pareille de Jean-Jacques Rousseau dans la philosophie kantienne de l’éducation. / The decisive influence of Immanuel Kant in the course of modern philosophy is incontrovertible. In a sense, had it not been for this monumental figure of the 18th century, philosophy would have never reached the flair to convey the existential, analytical and phenomenological questions of modernity. However, if Kant set the agenda for any posterior thought, he was not himself Kantian until Jean-Jacques Rousseau disenchanted him. In this regard, if the Genevois philosopher communicated his philosophy in the guise of an education, philosophy in itself is defined by the education of humanity. It is indeed this perspective of Rousseau that put the German philosopher on the right track to find the ultimate goal of philosophy in the moral education as the sum and substance of the practical philosophy. The objective of this study is to shed some lights on the unparalleled role of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Kant’s philosophy of education as the harbinger of the universal ethics beyond the dogmas of a blind theology: the question which still remains crucial today.