Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is responsible for the sexually transmitted disease, gonorrhea. This pathogen colonizes mucosal surfaces, and is most commonly found in the urogenital tract. The genital mucosa is comprised of various cells from epithelial to immune cells including the macrophage. Macrophages are abundant immune cells within the genital submucosa. Though the cytokine response of macrophages following N. gonorrhoeae infection is well characterized, survival of these cells following infection has not been well described. In this study, we examined the ability of N. gonorrhoeae strain FA1090B to modulate cell death in differentiated THP-1 cells (dTHP-1) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) harvested from peripheral blood. N. gonorrhoeae was demonstrated to induce cell death in both macrophage types in a dose-dependent manner as measured at 6 hours post-stimulation. Cell death did not proceed via classical apoptosis but was associated with activation of immune caspases-1 and -4, required for the canonical and non-canonical pyroptotic pathways, respectively. MDM cell death was found to be dependent on immune caspase activity and associated with intracellular bacteria. Furthermore, caspase-4-associated MDM cell death was also observed with cytosolic N. gonorrhoeae-purified lipooligosaccharide (LOS). We did not however observe differences in the induction of pyroptosis by a penta-acylated non-immune stimulating LOS mutant strain, 1291ΔmsbB, as compared to the isogenic wild type strain 1291, or strain FA1090B. Activation of pyroptosis correlated with increased production of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Pre-treatment of dTHP-1 cells with conditioned media from bacterial stimulated samples had little effect on N. gonorrhoeae induced cell death. Collectively, our results demonstrate that N. gonorrhoeae induces pyroptosis in human macrophages due, in part, to LOS. We postulate that N. gonorrhoeae induced pyroptosis of macrophages may partially contribute to lack of immunological memory and continual neutrophil recruitment, a hallmark of N. gonorrhoeae infection.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-09T12:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 21.pdf: 2527128 bytes, checksum: a04af2c4a06eeb1f926017f8e317075e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Nesse trabalho, foram desenvolvidas metodologias aplicadas ao controle de qualidade de vacinas antimeningocócicas sorogrupo B. Este desenvolvimento se deu com base na avaliação do perfil protéico das preparações vacinais. Para isso, foram desenvolvidas condições de análise para a identificação e caracterização dos antígenos vacinais por eletroforese bidimensional e espectrometria de massas. Muitos antígenos importantes imunologicamente foram identificados e outros antígenos com menor importância também foram caracterizados por espectrometria de massas. Para a avaliação imunológica das preparações vacinais foi produzido um anticorpo policlonal anti-OMV. Esse anticorpo foi capaz de identificar os antígenos majoritários imunologicamente presentes nas preparações. Além do conteúdo do perfil proteico, foi feita a avaliação do conteúdo de LOS em preparações vacinais por metodologia físico-química. A cadeia o-específica do LOS é formada por um oligossacarídeo formado por unidades que se repetem de um açúcar de 8 carbonos denominado KDO (ácido 2-ceto-3-deoxioctulosonico).O KDO funciona como marcador químico da estrutura do LOS e a sua dosagem foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência por troca iônica com detecção amperométrica pulsada. Essa metodologia foi validada frente aos requisitos do INMETRO, e apresentou resultados satisfatórios para método de determinação quantitativa. As metodologias desenvolvidas foram muito importantes para a garantia do direito à saúde, uma vez que é responsabilidade das autoridades sanitárias nacionais assegurarem que os imunobiológicos disponíveis no Brasil, de origem nacional ou não, sejam seguros, de qualidade e eficácia comprovadas, já que a garantia da qualidade dos imunobiológicos se deve, dentre outros motivos, ao fato de que tais produtos são aplicados em grupos de pessoas sadias e as campanhas expõem toda uma faixa etária da população ao insumo. / In this work methodologies for meningococcal serogroup B vaccines were developed. The basic analyses were the protein profile by electrophoresis. For that, spefic conditions for antigen characterization by two dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were developed. Many of the most important antigens were identified by mass spectrometry, as also some minor antigens. For a immunological evaluation of vaccine preparations, polyclonal antibodies against outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). These antibodies recognize major antigens in the preparation. The content of lipoligosaccharide (LOS) in the preparations were also evaluated. O-specific chain of LOS has a 8 carbon sugar called 2-keto-3-deoxioctolunosic acid (KDO). KDO is a chemical marker of LOS structure; KDO was analyzed using high performance anion exchange chromatography of pulsed amperometric detection. This methodology was validated using INMETRO parameters; It is suitable for quantitative analysis. All developed methodologies are important to heath warranty, since vaccines efficacy, safety and quality are under the responsibility of health authorities in Brazil. Quality in vaccines is very important, since these products are used in a healthy age group of the population.

M.Tech. (Medical Technology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Memoria para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico

Neisseria lactamica, uma bactéria comensal não patogênica, predominantemente humana e usualmente encontrada no trato respiratório superior de crianças, está intimamente relacionada a Neisseria meningitidis patogênica. A colonização com N. lactamica pode ser responsável pelo envolvimento da imunidade natural contra a infecção pelos meningococos em crianças pequenas, quando as taxas de portadores de meningococos são baixas. Estas características levam a sugerir que os componentes de N. lactamica possam ser um elemento-chave para a produção de uma nova vacina para N. meningitidis. Devido ao pouco conhecimento sobre a dinâmica dos portadores e sobre a diversidade da população de N. lactamica em crianças, tem sido difícil escolher um isolado representativo para preparar um adequado produto imunogênico. Em nosso estudo, foi proposto um protocolo para estudar a imunogenicidade de whole cells de N. lactamica, N. meningitidis, N. sicca ou N. meningitidis c (isoladas de portadores), através da imunização intranasal em coelhos, considerando a via de entrada natural do patógeno. Isolados da orofaringe de N. lactamica, N. meningitidis, N. sicca ou N. meningitidis c, foram inoculados em coelhos adultos pela via intranasal, numa concentração de densidade ótica 1.0 a 650nm, num volume de 1000 ?L. Os coelhos foram imunizados por quatro vezes em intervalos de sete dias. Também foram usadas cepas como N. subflava, N. elongata, N. sicca, N. perflava, N. mucosa isoladas do líquido cérebro-espinhal ou sangue de pacientes. Os coelhos desenvolveram níveis de anticorpos IgG específicos no soro, como foi determinado por ELISA usando whole cells de cepas homólogas e heterólogas. O soro dos coelhos imunizados com N. lactamica, N. meningitidis, N.sicca ou N. meningitidis c, apresentaram anticorpos IgG que reagiram com antígenos numa faixa de 5 a 130 kDa por meio de immunoblot. Os anticorpos presentes nos soros dos coelhos imunizados com N. lactamica não induziram altos títulos de anticorpos com atividade bactericida contra as cepas de N. meningitidis, no entanto, esta atividade pode ser observada com anticorpos produzidos pelos coelhos imunizados intranasalmente com N. meningitidis. Anticorpos IgG de alta avidez foram produzidos, embora não tenha sido determinada uma significativa correlação entre atividade bactericida e a indução de anticorpos IgG de alta avidez, principalmente nos coelhos imunizados com N. lactamica. A imunização RESUMO intranasal usando whole cells de N. lactamica foi adequada para sensibilizar eficientemente o sistema imune de mucosa no modelo coelho. / Neisseria lactamica, a commensal bacterium non-pathogenic to human beings and usually found in the upper respiratory tract of children, is closely related to pathogenic Neisseria meningitides. Colonization with N. lactamica can be responsible for evolving natural immunity to meningococcal infection in childhood, when rates of meningococcus carriers are low. These features lead to suggest that N. lactamica components can be key-elements in the production of a new vaccine for N. meningitides. As little is known about dynamic carriers and N. lactamica population diversity in children, it has been difficult choosing a representative for preparing an adequate immunogenic product. A protocol was proposed to study immunogenicity of whole cells of N. lactamica, N. meningitidis, N. sicca or N. meningitides c (carrier-isolated) by i.n. immunization in rabbits considering the natural pathogen entry route. Oropharinx-isolated N. lactamica, N. meningitidis, N. sicca, or N. meningitides c were i.n. inoculated into adult rabbits, in a concentration of optical density 1.0 at 650nm in a volume of 1000 ?L. The rabbits were immunized four times at seven-day intervals. N. subflava, N. elongata, N. sicca, N. perflava, N. mucosa strains isolated from CSF and blood from patients were also used. The rabbits developed levels of specific lgG antibodies in serum, as determined by ELISA using whole cells of homologous and heterologous strains. Serum from rabbits immunized with N. lactamica, N. meningitidis, and N. sicca or N. meningitides c, presented lgG antibodies reactive to 5 to 130 kDa antigens on immunoblot. Antibodies in serum from rabbits immunized with N. lactamica failed to induce high concentration of antibodies with bactericidal activity against N. meningitidis; however, this activity could be observed with antibodies produced by rabbits i.n. immunized with N. meningitidis. High avidity lgG antibodies were produced, although a significant correlation between bactericidal activity and induction of lgG antibodies of high avidity could not be determined, mainly in rabbits immunized with N. lactamica. Intranasal immunization of N.lactamica whole cells was suitable to efficiently sensitize mucosal immune system in rabbit model.

Neisseria meningitidis ist Auslöser invasiver Infektionen, die Sepsis und Meningitis hervorrufen. Bakterielle ADP-Ribosyltransferasen wurden als Toxine zahlreicher Bakterien wie E.coli, V. cholerae und B. pertussis beschrieben, die postranslationale Modifikationen bei eukaryotischen Proteinen mit pathologischer Wirkung für den Menschen hervorrufen. Die ADP-Ribosyltransferase NarE von Neisserien ist auf der Basis von Sequenzhomologien identifiziert worden. Die enzymatische Aktivität des Proteins wurde bereits in Studien gezeigt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, NarE aus epidemiologischem und populationsbiologischem Blickwinkel zu betrachten. Insgesamt wurden 576 Meningokokkenisolate (109 Isolate aus der Stammsammlung des Instituts für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie Würzburg und 467 Isolate der Meningococcus Genome Library der Meningitis Research Foundation) auf das Vorhandensein von narE sowie auf Sequenzvariationen untersucht. Das Ergebnis zeigte den Besitz des Gens bei insgesamt 247 Stämmen. Bis auf zwei Punktmutationen waren alle untersuchten narE-Sequenzen identisch. Die narE-positiven Isolate konnten neun klonalen Komplexen zugeordnet werden. Zusätzlich wurde veranschaulicht, dass das Gen in Komplexen vorkommt, die verwandtschaftlich nicht eng miteinander verbunden sind. Mittels Western Blot konnte bei allen narE-positiven Meningokokken die Proteinexpression bestätigt werden, wobei ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Stämmen des cc32 und cc41/44 festzustellen war. Auf Transkriptionsebene konnte mittels qRT-PCR kein Unterschied zwischen diesen Komplexen ermittelt werden, so dass der Expressionsunterschied auf einem posttranskriptionellen Mechanismus beruhen muss. Neisseria gonorrhoeae ist ebenfalls im Besitz des Gens wie von Masignani et al. (2003) am Beispiel weniger Isolate beschrieben. In dieser Arbeit konnte für alle 29 getesteten Gonokokken die Insertion von vier Basenpaaren bestätigt werden, die zu einer Verschiebung im Leseraster führt, so dass NarE nicht exprimiert wird. Auch ein Neisseria sicca Stamm beinhaltet und exprimiert das narE-Gen. / Bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferases have been described as toxins of numerous bacteria such as E. coli, V. cholerae and B. pertussis that cause posttranslational modifications of eukaryotic proteins with pathological effects in humans. The ADP-ribosyltransferase NarE from Neisseria has been identified on the basis of sequence homologies. The enzymatic activity of the protein has already been shown in studies. The aim of this work was to look at NarE from an epidemiological and population biological point of view. A total of 576 meningococcal isolates were investigated for the presence of narE and for sequence variations. The result showed the possession of the gene in a total of 247 strains. With the exception of two point mutations, all investigated narE sequences were identical. The narE-positive isolates could be assigned to nine clonal complexes. In addition, it was demonstrated that the gene occurs in complexes that are not closely related. Western blot confirmed protein expression in all narE-positive meningococci with a significant difference between cc32 and cc41/44 strains. At the transcriptional level, qRT-PCR could not detect any difference between these complexes, so that the expression difference must be based on a post-transcriptional mechanism. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is also in possession of the gene as described by Masignani et al. (2003) using the example of a few isolates. In this work, the insertion of four base pairs was confirmed for all 29 gonococci tested, which leads to a shift in the reading frame so that NarE is not expressed. A Neisseria sicca strain also contains and expresses the narE gene.

Meningococcal meningitis is a burden in the African meningitis belt. Before 2010, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (N. meningitidis A) was the predominant pathogen causing deathly epidemics. MenAfriVac® vaccine protects against N. meningitidis A. It was introduced in 2010 into highest meningitis risk health districts. There was limited data on the effects of MenAfriVac®, mainly on the degree of relationship between N. meningitidis A and the MenAfriVac® immunization. The social ecological model was used as a theoretical framework for this study. The purpose of this quantitative study was to assess the effectiveness of MenAfriVac® from 2010 to 2017 in 21 out of 26 countries of the African meningitis belt. The four research questions contributed to establishing the effects of MenAfriVac®. An interrupted time series design and nonprobability sampling were used. Secondary data were retrieved from World Health Organization database. The binomial negative regression and Pearson’s Chi-Square tests were used. The study found that after the MenAfriVac® introduction there were 39% decline of incidence rate of the meningitis suspected cases (IRR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 – 0.79, p < .001), a high degree of relationship between N. meningitidis A and MenAfriVac® immunization (χ2 (1) = 11039.49, p = 0.000, Phi = 0.657, P=0.000), 99% decline of the risk of N. meningitidis A (RR 0.01, 95% CI 0.08-0.013), and 99.6% decline of risk of epidemic due to N. meningitidis A (RR 0.004, 95% CI 0.001-0.016). The study demonstrated that high MenAfriVac® coverage and enhanced surveillance are pivotal to reduce the meningitis burden. Results will be used to inform policy and public health practice to reduce the meningitis cases and improve quality of live in the community.

Das bekapselte, Gram-negative, diplokokkenförmige Bakterium Neisseria meningitidis (Nme) ist ein asymptomatischer Kommensale des oberen Nasenrachenraums im Men-schen. Gerade bei Kindern ist es dem humanspezifischen Pathogen in seltenen Fällen möglich, in den Blutstrom einzuwandern und lebensbedrohliche Krankheitsbilder wie Meningoenzephalitis und Sepsis auszulösen, welche als „Invasive Meningokokkener-krankung“ (IMD) zusammengefasst werden. Jährlich ereignen sich weltweit bis zu 1,2 Mio Fälle von IMD, welche aufgrund des fulminanten Verlaufs und der hohen Letalität gefürchtet sind. In der Bekämpfung der Nme-Sepsis ist das humane Komplementsystem von entscheidender Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die protektive Rolle des lytischen (Membranangriffskomplex MAK) und opsonisierenden Arms (Opsonine iC3b und C1q) der Komplementkaskade gut dokumentiert. Dagegen ist der Beitrag des in-flammatorischen Arms (Anaphylatoxine C3a und C5a) in der Nme-Sepsis bisher unklar. Aus diesem Grunde wurde mit dieser Arbeit die Rolle des inflammatorischen Arms an-hand des Komplement C5a-Rezeptors 1 (C5aR1) in der Pathophysiologie der Nme-Sepsis am Mausmodell untersucht. Nach Etablierung des murinen, intraperitonealen In-fektionsmodells konnte ein schädlicher Effekt des C5aR1 in der Nme-Sepsis beobachtet werden. Aus der Abwesenheit des C5aR1 resultierte eine höhere Überlebensrate, ein besserer klinischer Zustand, eine niedrigere Bakteriämie und niedrigere Konzentrationen der pro-inflammatorischen Mediatoren IL-6, CXCL-1 und TNF-α. Im Hinblick auf den zellulären Pathomechanismus sprechen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit dafür, dass der C5aR1 primär eine gesteigerte Freisetzung inflammatorischer Mediatoren durch verschiedene Zellpopulationen triggert (Zytokinsturm), wodurch sekundär Zellparalyse, steigende Bakteriämie und höhere Letalität bedingt sind. Durch Depletionsversuche und Immun-fluoreszenzfärbungen konnte, unabhängig vom C5aR1, eine allgemein protektive Rolle von neutrophilen Granulozyten und Monozyten/Makrophagen in der Nme-Sepsis beo-bachtet werden. Darüber hinaus präsentierte sich der zyklische C5aR1-Antagonist PMX205 als erfolgsversprechende Therapieoption, um Parameter einer murinen Nme-Sepsis zu verbessern. Weitere Untersuchungen sind nötig, um die Wirksamkeit dieser Substanz in der humanen Nme-Sepsis zu erforschen. Zudem könnte das murine, intrape-ritoneale Infektionsmodell zur Klärung der Rolle des C5aR2 in der Nme-Sepsis genutzt werden. / The encapsulated, Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis (Nme) is an asymp-tomatic commensal in the human upper respiratory tract. In rare cases and especially in children, this human-specific pathogen is able to invade into the blood stream and cause life-threatening disorders like meningoencephalitis and septicemia, which are subsumed as „invasive meningococcal disease“ (IMD). The estimated number of cases is about 1.2 mio per year worldwide. IMD is greatly feared because of its fulminant progression and its high lethality. It is very well known, that the human complement system holds an essential role to fight meningococcal sepsis. In this context, the protective effects of the lytic (membrane attack complex MAC) and opsonizing branches (opsonines iC3b and C1q) are well established. On the contrary, very little is known about the contribution of the inflammatory branch (anaphylatoxines C3a and C5a) in meningococcal sepsis. Therefore, this work focused on the role of the C5a-Receptor 1 (C5aR1) in pathophysi-ology of meningococcal sepsis in a murine model. After having established the para-mount role of complement in murine intraperitoneal infection model, we could observe a detrimental effect of C5aR1 in Meningococcal sepsis. The absence of C5aR1 resulted in a higher overall survival, ameliorated clinical status, lower bacteremia and lower levels of the proinflammatory mediators IL-6, CXCL-1, TNF-α. Particularly with regard to results about the cellular pathomechanism, the C5aR1 seems to cause an increased re-lease of proinflammatory mediators (cytokine storm) exerted by various cell populations. As a consequence, cellular paralysis, increasing bacterial burden and higher lethality rate seems to occur. In reference to depletion experiments and immunofluorescence stain-ings, we could observe protective overall effects of neutrophils and mono-cytes/macrophages, uncorrelated to C5aR1 presence. Ultimately, the cyclic C5aR1-antagonist PMX205 appeared to be a promising option to improve parameters in murine meningococcal sepsis. Further experiments are required to examine the potential of this compound in human meningococcal sepsis. Moreover, the murine, intraperitoneal infec-tion model could be used to clarify the role of C5aR2 in meningococcal sepsis.

Zahlreiche humanpathogene bakterielle Erreger können ihre Fähigkeit zur Kolonisation epithelialer Barrieren optimieren, indem sie mit dem Zellzyklus der infizierten Wirtszelle in Wechselwirkung treten und so die Abschilferung und Erneuerung des Epithels verzögern. Die hierbei wirksamen bakteriellen Effektoren sind als „Cyclomoduline“ bekannt und gelten als neue Klasse bakterieller Pathogenitätsfaktoren. Ziel der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit war es zu untersuchen, ob durch die Infektion menschlicher pharyngealer Epithelzellen mit N. meningitidis der Zellzyklus der Wirtszelle beeinflusst wird. Mit zwei verschiedenen Untersuchungsmethoden konnte übereinstimmend gezeigt werden, dass die Infektion der Epithelzelllinie Detroit 562 mit verschiedenen Meningokokkenisolaten zu einer signifikanten Akkumulation von Epithelzellen in der G1-Phase führte. Dieser Effekt wurde sowohl von pathogenen Meningokokkenstämmen als auch von Trägerstämmen ausgelöst, jedoch nur durch Isolate, die fähig zur Adhärenz und zur Invasion in die Epithelzelle waren. Durch Hitzebehandlung der Bakterien konnte der Zellzyklusarrest vollständig aufgehoben werden. Ebenso konnte der Effekt durch Inkubation der Epithelzellen mit bakteriellen Kulturüberständen und durch Infektion der Zellen mit E. coli-Stämmen, welche die Meningokokkenadhäsine Opa und Opc überexprimieren, nicht ausgelöst werden. Es konnte weiterhin nachgewiesen werden, dass die Infektion mit N. meningitidis in der Zielzelle zu einer signifikant gesteigerten Expression des CDK-Inhibitors p21WAF1/Cip1 führte, begleitet von einer vermehrten Lokalisation im Zellkern. Auch zeigte sich eine veränderte Proteinexpression der für die G1-Phase relevanten Cycline D und E. Diese scheint sich erst posttranslational zu ereignen, da die unterschiedliche Expression auf mRNA-Ebene nicht festgestellt werden konnte. Zusammenfassend konnte dargestellt werden, dass die Infektion von Pharynxepithelzellen mit lebenden, zur Adhärenz und Invasion fähigen Meningokokkenstämmen in der menschlichen Zielzelle einen Zellzyklusarrest in der G1-Phase verursacht, vermutlich durch veränderte Expression der Zellzyklusregulatoren p21WAF1/Cip1, Cyclin D und Cyclin E. Möglicherweise stellt die Induktion dieses Zellzyklusarrestes einen wichtigen Schritt in der Pathogenese der bakteriellen Kolonisation des oberen Atemwegsepithels durch N. meningitidis dar. / Several microbial pathogens have developed mechanisms to modulate host cell cycle progression in order to improve bacterial colonization of epithelial barriers. The required bacterial effectors were summarized as “cyclomodulins” and have been proposed to be a new class of virulence factors. The objective of this doctoral research study was to analyze the capability of N. meningitidis to interfere with the cell cycle progression in human pharyngeal epithelial cells. Using two different methods for cell cycle analysis, we show that infection of the human pharyngeal epithelial cell line Detroit 562 with different meningococcal isolates induces an arrest of epithelial host cells in the G1 phase. This effect was caused by infection with both pathogenic isolates and carriage isolates, but only by strains able to adhere to and to invade into the host cells. Heat-inactivation of the bacteria prior to infection completely prevented the cell cycle arrest. Moreover treatment of epithelial cells with bacterial supernatants, as well as infection with E. coli strains expressing neisserial adhesins Opa and Opc did not induce the cell cycle arrest. We further demonstrate that infection of Detroit 562 cells with N. meningitidis leads to a significantly increased expression of the CDK-inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1 in the host cell, as well as its increased nuclear localization. The protein expression of cyclin D and E, which are relevant for progression through the G1 phase, were altered by bacterial infection, too. This effect is most likely induced by posttranslational modification, since bacterial infection did not affect Cyclin D and E mRNA levels. In conclusion, we demonstrate that infection of human pharyngeal epithelial cells with different isolates of N. meningitidis arrests the host cells at the G1 phase, most likely by affecting the expression of the cell cycle regulators p21WAF1/Cip1, cyclin D and Cyclin E. Potentially, induction this cell cycle arrest is an important step in the pathogenesis of meningococcal colonization and further infection.