Yes / In the context of unanswered questions about the nature and development of the Late Neolithic in Orkney, we present a summary of research up to 2015 on the major site at the Ness of Brodgar, Mainland Orkney, concentrating on the impressive buildings. Finding sufficient samples for radiocarbon dating was a considerable challenge. There are indications from both features and finds of activity predating the main set of buildings exposed so far by excavation. Forty-six dates on 39 samples are presented and are interpreted in a formal chronological framework. Two models are presented, reflecting different possible readings of the sequence. Both indicate that piered architecture was in use by the thirtieth century cal BC and that the massive Structure 10, not the first building in the sequence, was also in existence by the thirtieth century cal BC. Activity associated with piered architecture came to an end (in Model 2) around 2800 cal BC. Midden and rubble infill followed. After an appreciable interval, the hearth at the centre of Structure 10 was last used around 2500 cal BC, perhaps the only activity in an otherwise abandoned site. The remains of some 400 or more cattle were deposited over the ruins of Structure 10: in Model 2, in the mid-twenty-fifth century cal BC, but in Model 1 in the late twenty-fourth or twenty-third century cal BC. The chronologies invite comparison with the near-neighbour of Barnhouse, in use from the later thirty-second to the earlier twenty-ninth century cal BC, and the Stones of Stenness, probably erected by the thirtieth century cal BC. The Ness, including Structure 10, appears to have outlasted Barnhouse, but probably did not endure as long in its primary form as previously envisaged. The decay and decommissioning of the Ness may have coincided with the further development of the sacred landscape around it; but precise chronologies for other sites in the surrounding landscape are urgently required. The spectacular feasting remains of several hundred cattle deposited above Structure 10 may belong to a radically changing world, coinciding (in Model 2) with the appearance of Beakers nationally, but it was arguably the by now mythic status of that building which drew people back to it. / We are very grateful to many institutions and individuals, in particular: Ness of Brodgar Trust, Foundation for World Health, Orkney Islands Council, University of the Highlands and Islands, Orkney Archaeology Society, American Friends of the Ness of Brodgar, Northlink, Talisman- Sinopec, Hiscox Insurance, Historic Environment Scotland, and numerous other supporters and volunteers; Mark Edmonds, Ann MacSween, Colin Richards, and Alison Sheridan for encouragement, advice, and critical comments on an earlier draft of this article; three anonymous referees for their comments; and Kirsty Harding for help with the figures. Dating and modelling have been supported by a European Research Council Advanced Investigator Grant (295412), The Times of Their Lives (www.totl.eu), led by Alasdair Whittle and Alex Bayliss.

This thesis operates, unashamedly, from the premise that every act of criticism involves a self-reflexive gesture of one's own concerns and ideological imprintings. For this reason Chapter One establishes the writer's own involvement - both autobiographical and theoretical - in notions of male rage and the 'working through' of these concerns. Chapter Two conducts an overview of male rage and the extant systemic literature on the subject. It sets out the various positions on the subject and posits the importance of gender (over generation) in the praxis of therapy. Furthermore, it explores the possibility that the male is equally, but differently, troubled by the hegemonic forces of patriarchy as is the woman. Without diminishing the legitimacy of the woman's experience in the face of male rage, the argument is forwarded that the male is caught in a similar struggle but without the feminine articulatory resources. This chapter details the lack of male power in the face of his supposed muscular omnipotence. Seminal analytic approaches to the question of gender are raised in Chapter Three. Working through Freud, Klein, Lacan and Masters and Johnson an attempt is made to plot the 'evolution' of the feminine and the masculine. Central to this debate is the bi-polarization of gender relations within the same sex (biology/construction) and without (phallic/vaginal, clitoral, passive/active). What emerges is that femininity is bi-focal and that the woman has more resources at her disposal that hitherto acknowledged. While the woman is always double - as both clitoral and vaginal, as lover and mother- it appears that male sexuality is far more precarious than generally perceived. It is this dis-ease on the part of the male that translates itself into envy and, with it, the need to denigrate and belittle woman as the object of that envy. In Chapter 4 an attempt is made to overlap the seemingly divergent fields of analytic and systemic methodologies via the involvement of the therapist in the eco-system of analysis. The substantial role of the therapist -- and the coercive forces placed on him/her by the couple -- is used to modify Elkaim's model and to introduce the need for a telling of the particular stories that concentrate on the unique narratives of the warring couple rather than the patriarchal regime under which these stories are constrained. Before encountering these narratives an essay is made at establishing a methodology of sorts. Newton's scientific formulations are used in order to question the binary opposition that has been, historically, established between quantitative (male) and qualitative (female) methodologies. In the process of questioning this binary opposition it becomes clear that any form of objectifying approach constitutes a refuge from the messiness that is intrinsic to the therapeutic process. The experimental methodology that is posited is precisely one that engages in the narratives of male violence - four extracts are considered, each exposing different articulations of male violence. The question of female subjectivity (and the attendant power of the sorority) is returned to in light of these stories. Central to this section is the notion that male subjectivity is far more convoluted - perhaps more that the feminine counterpart - than initially conceived. The original identification with the (m)other forever displaces him in that the later identification with the father remains distant and contrived. For the purposes of maintaining the dialogic nature of this work, a feminist appraisal of the rage narratives concludes the thesis. Don Quixote is used, by way of an Epilogue, to offer three representations of male subjectivity and to look towards alternative subject positions for the male under patriarchy. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

This thesis operates, unashamedly, from the premise that every act of criticism involves a self-reflexive gesture of one's own concerns and ideological imprintings. For this reason Chapter One establishes the writer's own involvement - both autobiographical and theoretical - in notions of male rage and the 'working through' of these concerns. Chapter Two conducts an overview of male rage and the extant systemic literature on the subject. It sets out the various positions on the subject and posits the importance of gender (over generation) in the praxis of therapy. Furthermore, it explores the possibility that the male is equally, but differently, troubled by the hegemonic forces of patriarchy as is the woman. Without diminishing the legitimacy of the woman's experience in the face of male rage, the argument is forwarded that the male is caught in a similar struggle but without the feminine articulatory resources. This chapter details the lack of male power in the face of his supposed muscular omnipotence. Seminal analytic approaches to the question of gender are raised in Chapter Three. Working through Freud, Klein, Lacan and Masters and Johnson an attempt is made to plot the 'evolution' of the feminine and the masculine. Central to this debate is the bi-polarization of gender relations within the same sex (biology/construction) and without (phallic/vaginal, clitoral, passive/active). What emerges is that femininity is bi-focal and that the woman has more resources at her disposal that hitherto acknowledged. While the woman is always double - as both clitoral and vaginal, as lover and mother- it appears that male sexuality is far more precarious than generally perceived. It is this dis-ease on the part of the male that translates itself into envy and, with it, the need to denigrate and belittle woman as the object of that envy. In Chapter 4 an attempt is made to overlap the seemingly divergent fields of analytic and systemic methodologies via the involvement of the therapist in the eco-system of analysis. The substantial role of the therapist -- and the coercive forces placed on him/her by the couple -- is used to modify Elkaim's model and to introduce the need for a telling of the particular stories that concentrate on the unique narratives of the warring couple rather than the patriarchal regime under which these stories are constrained. Before encountering these narratives an essay is made at establishing a methodology of sorts. Newton's scientific formulations are used in order to question the binary opposition that has been, historically, established between quantitative (male) and qualitative (female) methodologies. In the process of questioning this binary opposition it becomes clear that any form of objectifying approach constitutes a refuge from the messiness that is intrinsic to the therapeutic process. The experimental methodology that is posited is precisely one that engages in the narratives of male violence - four extracts are considered, each exposing different articulations of male violence. The question of female subjectivity (and the attendant power of the sorority) is returned to in light of these stories. Central to this section is the notion that male subjectivity is far more convoluted - perhaps more that the feminine counterpart - than initially conceived. The original identification with the (m)other forever displaces him in that the later identification with the father remains distant and contrived. For the purposes of maintaining the dialogic nature of this work, a feminist appraisal of the rage narratives concludes the thesis. Don Quixote is used, by way of an Epilogue, to offer three representations of male subjectivity and to look towards alternative subject positions for the male under patriarchy. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

In order to be compliant with the Basel regulations, banks need to compute two probabilities of default (PDs): point-in-time (PIT) and through-the-cycle (TTC). The aim is to explain fluctuations in the rating system, which are expected to be affected by systematic and idiosyncratic factors. Being able to, in an objective manner, determine whether the rating system is taking the business cycle - i.e the systematic factors - into account when assigning a credit rating to an obligor is useful in order to evaluate PD-models. It is also necessary for banks in order to use their own risk parameters and models instead of standardized models, which is desirable for most banks as it could lower capital requirements. This thesis propose a new measure for the degree of PIT-ness. This measure aims to be especially useful when examining a low default portfolio. The proposed measure is built on a markovian approach of the credit rating system. In order to find a suitable measure for a low default portfolio, the proposed measure takes into account credit rating migrations, the seasonal component of the business cycle and time series analysis. An analysis were performed between two different credit portfolios in order to interpret results. The results demonstrated that the degree of PIT-ness was lower in a low default portfolio in comparison with a sampled portfolio which displayed a greater amount of rating migrations with a larger magnitude. The importance of considering relevant macroeconomic variables to represent the business cycle was mentioned amongst the most important factors to consider in order to receive reliable results given the proposed measure. / För att uppfylla Basel regelverken behöver banker beräkna två sannolikheter för fallissemang (PD): point-in-time (PIT) och through-the-cycle (TTC). Målet är att förklara fluktuationer i betygssystemet, som förväntas påverkas av systematiska och idiosynkratiska faktorer. Att på ett objektivt sätt kunna avgöra om betygssystemet tar hänsyn till affärscykeln - dvs de systematiska faktorerna - när man tilldelar en kredittagare ett kreditbetyg är användbart för att utvärdera PD-modeller. Detta är också nödvändigt för att banker ska få använda sina egna riskparametrar och modeller istället för standardiserade modeller, vilket är önskvärt för de flesta banker eftersom det kan sänka kapitalkraven. Denna avhandling föreslår ett nytt mått för att mäta graden av PIT-ness. Detta mått syftar till att vara särskilt användbart när man utvärderar en kreditportfölj med få fallissemang. Det föreslagna måttet är byggt på en Markov tillämpning på kreditbetygssystemet. För att hitta ett lämpligt mått för en kreditportfölj med få fallissemang, tar det föreslagna måttet hänsyn till kreditbetygsmigrationer, säsongskomponenten i affärscykeln och tidsserieanalys. En analys utfördes mellan två olika kreditportföljer för att tolka resultaten. Resultaten visade att graden av PIT-ness var lägre i en kreditportfölj med få fallissemang jämfört med en testportfölj som uppvisade en större mängd kreditbetygsmigrationer med en större magnitud. Vikten av att beakta relevanta makroekonomiska variabler för att representera affärscykeln nämndes bland de viktigaste faktorerna att beakta för att få tillförlitliga resultat givet det föreslagna måttet.

Ce travail de recherche s’intéresse à l’œuvre poétique et en prose de Nicole Cage-Florentiny, écrivaine martiniquaise qui reçut en 1996, à Cuba, le prestigieux Prix Casa de las Américas. Archipélique et protéiforme, l’œuvre de Nicole Cage-Florentiny (romans, nouvelles, poésie, traductions) écrite en français, en créole et en espagnol, exprime les douloureuses relations ambivalentes qu’entretient tout Antillais avec la Caraïbe et le monde, questionnant ainsi la société antillaise en mal d’ancrage et en quête d’identité stabilisée face aux folies mortifères.L’œuvre de Nicole Cage-Florentiny est notamment nourrie par sa formation en espagnol et son militantisme idéologique qui la poussent à établir des liens très forts avec la Caraïbe hispanique, lesquels lui apportent d’ailleurs reconnaissance internationale et possibilité d’être publiée. Nicole Cage-Florentiny défend notamment une féminité afro-descendante en actes et en paroles, contre toutes les violences et les silences imposés, contre toutes les filiations hachées et ces familles déstructurées omniprésentes dans l’œuvre cagienne. S’affirmant comme héritière de Césaire et nourrie de l’Antillanité glissantienne, Nicole Cage-Florentiny cherche à relier les hommes et les femmes antillais et avec leur terre de nouvel ancrage depuis l’arrachement de l’Afrique et entre eux, tout autant qu’avec le reste de la Caraïbe en une approche post-coloniale du refus de toutes les marginalisations. Et c’est par l’Hispanité que Nicole Cage-Florentiny s’efforce de proposer une voie de reliance et de résilience effective.Autrement dit, l’Hispanité -dans sa dimension linguistique, épistémologique et littéraire (littérature péninsulaire avec notamment le modèle picaresque et littérature hispano-américaine avec l’importance de la dimension réelle-merveilleuse) s’avère être dans l’œuvre cagienne un enjeu (et un détour) esthétique indéniable en tant qu’élément-clé d’une reterritorialisation possible des Antillais. Il s’agit donc de souligner combien les positionnements de Glissant, depuis son fameux Discours antillais, affleurent à maintes reprises dans l’œuvre cagienne qui souhaite relier les pans d’h/Histoires oublié(e)s pour rétablir la dignité des mémoires « subalternes » et construire une poétique de l’Antillanité en interrelation(s), notamment à partir de la Caraïbe hispanique.La voix/voie de reterritorialisation caribéenne que propose l’œuvre cagienne s’inscrit dès lors dans le prolongement théorique et conceptuel d’un désir de réappropriation du lieu caribéen, exprimé déjà chez Glissant depuis le Discours antillais jusqu’à notamment sa Poétique de la Relation. Assurément, pour que les Antillais puissent affirmer leur Caribéanité, il conviendrait comme le souligne Nicole Cage-Florentiny, tant dans sa prose que dans sa poésie, de reconquérir mémoire et relation au lieu insulaire (terre et mer). Cette réhabilitation est alors sous-tendue par une quête de « sororité », soit un projet de « carrefours » en acte, constamment réécrits, comme pour mieux relier les éléments de la triade Antillanité, Hispanité et Caribéanité, et ce à partir d’une valorisation féminine dont le traitement est assurément l’une des originalités de l’œuvre cagienne. / This study aims at analyzing the creative works by Nicole Cage-Florentiny as the expression of the dolorous and ambivalent relationship between the Antilles, the Caribbeans and the World. We explore how this female writer from Martinique anchors her writing in the complexities and multiformities of the Antillean identities. This quest leads her to break the pact of silence and defend Black African femininity in its confrontation with both a patriarchal environment and the violence directed towards women and the family structures.While claiming Aimé Cesaire’s legacy and connection to Africa, Nicole Cage-Florentiny dwells on Edouard Glissant’s Antillean-ness as a means to connect men and women from Antilles with their new land, and reveal their common connection to the Spanish, French and Creole languages. In other words, through these languages, and particularly through the diverse connection to the African continent, Spain and the picaresque models of the peninsular literature, and through magic realism of the Creole language, Nicole Cage-Florentiny offers the Caribbeans the tools of re-territorialization.In short, this study underlines how Edouard Glissant’s “Poetic of Relation” informs Nicole Cage-Florentiny’s writing and her desire to connect diverse aspects of the “forgotten history” of the Caribbeans, her way to reconquer memories between land and sea, and rebuild a poetic of Antillean-ness defined as an interrelation between languages, races and identities, an interrelation between Antillean-ness, Hispanity and Caribbeanness.

Phenomenal consciousness presents a recalcitrant problem for the scientific conception of the world and the physicalist thesis that claims that everything that exists (including whatever is involved in any mental phenomena) is physical and physically explainable. Thus, on this view, every truth is a physical truth. By Putnam-Kripkean considerations and for several other reasons, I defend the claim that any version of such a physicalist thesis must be a necessary thesis, which ultimately means that contingent physicalism is not tenable. Against this thesis, philosophers have put forward several anti-physicalist arguments including the knowledge argument, the conceivability/modal argument, the explanatory gap argument, and the property dualism argument. All these arguments rest on the assumption of an epistemic/explanatory gap, which I call the &ldquo / phenomenal-physical gap,&rdquo / between the phenomenal and the physical. I claim that the phenomenal-physical gap (the PP-gap) is unbridgeable, from which it can be concluded that a priori physicalism is not tenable. The phenomenal concept strategy (PCS), which is a specific strategy within a posteriori necessary physicalism, aims at offering an explanation in physical terms of why we have such an unbridgeable gap by differentiating between phenomenal and physical concepts in a fundamental way. Nevertheless, proponents of PCS&mdash / the most promising version of a posteriori necessary physicalism&mdash / face a severe problem that I call &ldquo / the problem of phenomenal subjecthood&rdquo / in explaining in physical terms why we have the PP-gap. The phenomenon of &ldquo / experiencing&rdquo / consists of three substantially existing elements: the phenomenal subject (the experiencer), the experiential item (what is experienced by the subject), and the phenomenal s-v-o relation (the experiential relation) between the first two. I argue for the substantial existence of phenomenal subjects based on an argument I provide, the reality of some mental phenomena such as phenomenal unity and continuity, and the mental facts concerning phenomenal peculiarity, phenomenal agency, and the sense of phenomenal I-ness, the reality of all of which one cannot deny. Since PCS accounts are mostly qualia-centered accounts that ignore the reality of phenomenal subjects and the phenomenal s-v-o relation, they cannot account for the PP-gap in physical terms without first offering substantial theories of phenomenal subjecthood. But once they grant the substantiality of phenomenal subjects, they face severe difficulties in establishing their accounts of the nature of phenomenal concept, and thus the PP-gap in physical terms.

This research explores the link between a gravity model and welfare frameworks and then applies the quantitative model system to analyze how trade and welfare is affected by the Minimum Required Performance Limits (MRPL) in the shrimp importing market of European Union. The quantitative model system consists of two parts: first, this study uses the “phi-ness” gravity model to investigate the trade effects of MRPL on EU shrimp market. The “phi-ness” gravity model partitions the standard variables to avoid biased estimation caused by the correlation between time and country fixed effects and policy variables. The Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method is incorporated into the estimation in order to control for the zero valued observations. Second, based on the theoretic foundation of the gravity model, this research sets up the specific nested Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) model of consumers’ utility and further explores the linkage between these two models. The nested CES model incorporates the effects of MRPL on consumers’ confidence in domestic food as well as foreign food imported from developed and developing countries. The empirical results confirm a consistent fact with previous empirical studies: stricter MRPL has significant and negative effects on trade integration between EU and trading partners with lower level of food safety standards. The welfare analysis shows that the zero tolerance policy of MRPL standard would dramatically enhance consumers’ demand for domestic shrimps and foreign shrimps imported from developed countries but reduce the quantity of shrimp supplied from developing countries. It is also indicated that the increased level of MRPL lead to an increase in welfare of domestic consumers, suppliers in developing countries, and in total international trade, as well as a decrease in the welfare of domestic suppliers and foreign suppliers from developed countries. The empirical results also indicate that the combination of GM and Welfare Approach can also be applied to research on other standards or other industries.

Cette thèse de création porte sur les nouveaux enjeux de pesanteur etde légèreté revendiqués par un certain nombre d’artistes contemporains.Nous vivons dans un monde de plus en plus pesant et pourtant les artistesexplorent des moyens de s’extraire de cette gravité pour atteindreune apesanteur théorique. Car l’apesanteur telle que nous nous la représentonsn’existe pas en terme de physique : il s’agit d’un phénomène dechute libre qui crée l’impression de flottement. J’interroge donc la notiond’(a)pesanteur, qui prend en considération cette dialectique de l’envol etde la chute, au sein de nombreuses oeuvres, principalement sculpturales. Jequestionne ma pratique de la sculpture, de l’installation et du dessin à traversle prisme de l’(a)pesanteur, qui construit un véritable rapport aumonde et à l’acte de création. J’utilise les propriétés intrinsèques du matériauafin de générer des sensations de poids ou de légèreté. J’interrogeégalement l’acte de suspendre une oeuvre dans l’espace d’exposition: lasuspension serait-elle aujourd’hui devenue le nouveau socle de la sculpture? De l’espace d’exposition à l’Espace cosmique, l’oeuvre d’art est, depuisla conquête spatiale, de plus en plus présente hors des frontières terrestres.Elle est créée dans l’Espace ou pour l’Espace : l’Espace cosmique serait-il devenu le nouveau lieu de l’art ?A travers les figures de la chute,de l’envol,du suspens,de l’imaginaire spatial,et jusqu’aux figures de l’invisible, l’(a)pesanteur tisse un véritable filrouge à travers la création contemporaine. / This creative thesis is about the new challenges of weightlessness andlightness faced by a number of contemporary artists.We are living in a increasinglyheavy world, yet artists are exploring ways to escape this gravityto reach a theoretical weightlessness. Because the way to display weightlessnessdoesn’t exist in terms of physics: it’s the phenomenon of free-fallingwhich creates this feeling of floating. So I seek to test theweight(less)ness concept, which explores this float and fall dialectic in numerousworks, mainly sculptural. I’m questioning my own practice ofsculpture, installation and drawing, through the prism of weight(less)ness,which builds an actual connection to the world and to the act of creation.I’m using the intrinsic property of the material to generate feelings ofweight or lightness. I’m also questioning the act of hanging a work in theexhibition space : nowadays, has suspension become the new pedestal of asculpture ? From the exhibition space to cosmic Space, artwork increasinglygains presence beyond earth’s boundaries, ever since the conquest ofspace. It’s created in Space and for Space : has cosmic Space become thenew place for art? Through figures of falling, of flight, of suspension, ofimaginary spaces, and even figures of invisibility, weight(less)ness builds averitable guiding light through contemporary creation.

Dans cette thèse, nous analysons comment les commissions d’organisation de la Coupe du Monde de la FIFA 2014 et des Jeux olympiques d’été 2016 ont utilisé ces mégaévénements pour négocier l’image du pays et de ses habitants en utilisant la tension entre les récits historiques nationaux et les modèles idéalisés de ce qu'on attend d’un pays moderne et de sa position sur la scène internationale. Premièrement, nous avons identifié et discuté une série de récits nationalistes qui - au cours de différentes périodes de l’histoire du Brésil - ont été élaborés comme des moyens de contextualiser le Brésil et les Brésiliens au sein de ce que l’Occident considérait comme moderne. Cependant, sachant qu'il existe de nombreuses façons différentes de vivre et de représenter une nation continentale regorgeant de contrastes régionaux comme le Brésil, nous contextualisons également la représentation des cultures de différents Brésils dans les récits dominants de la brésilité. Une fois ces récits nationalistes et régionalistes définis, nous avons pu les identifier dans l'analyse du contenu du matériel audiovisuel de la Coupe du monde de 2014 et des Jeux olympiques de 2016 - par example, dans les affiches, des logos, des mascottes, des cérémonies, etc. L’adoption, le rejet ou la négociation de ces récits dans les cérémonies mentionnées nous indique non seulement comment les architectes de ces événements ont compris et projeté l’image de la nation à l’étranger, mais aussi comment ils ont révélé leurs perceptions à propos de la brésilité et aussi de la modernité. En outre, l’analyse a également exposé les points de vue des comités d’organisation sur le rôle que jouent les cultures des différentes régions du Brésil dans leurs idées sur la nation, ainsi que leur compréhension de la façon dont différents peuples qui habitent le pays - tels que les descendants de portugais, africains, amérindiens, etc. – ont contribué à la formation de la nation. / In this thesis, we have analysed how the organising committees of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics have used these mega-events to negotiate the image of the country and its inhabitants through the tension between historical national narratives and idealised standards of what is expected from a modern nation in relation to the world scene. To do it so, firstly, we have identified and discussed a series of nationalistic historical core narratives which - in different periods of Brazilian history - were crafted to contextualise Brazil and Brazilians within western modernity. Nonetheless, as we understand that there is a myriad of different ways of experiencing and representing a continental nation filled with regional contrasts as Brazil, we also have contextualised the representation of the cultures of different Brazils within dominant narratives of Brazilian-ness. Once we have delineated such nationalist and regionalist narratives, we were able to identify them in the content analysis of the audiovisual material of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics such as posters, logos, mascots, ceremonies and so on. The adoption, rejection or negotiation of these narratives in the aforementioned ceremonies do not only tell us how the architects of these events understood and projected the nation’s image abroad, but also unveiled their perception of Brazilian-ness and modernity. What is more, the analysis has also exposed the organising committees’ judgment of the role that the cultures of different regions play in their idea of the nation as well as their understanding of how different peoples – as the Luso-Brazilians, the Afro-Brazilians, the Amerindians, etc - have contributed to the formation of the nation. / Nesta tese, analisamos como as comissões organizadoras da Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de verão de 2016 usaram esses megaeventos para negociar a imagem do país e seus habitantes utilizando da tensão entre narrativas nacionais históricas e padrões idealizados do que se espera de uma nação moderna e da sua relação com a cena internacional. Para tanto, em primeiro lugar, identificamos e discutimos uma série de narrativas nacionalistas que - durante diferentes períodos da história brasileira - foram elaboradas como formas de contextualizar o Brasil e os brasileiros dentro do que o ocidente considerava moderno. No entanto, como entendemos que há uma infinidade de diferentes formas de vivenciar e representar uma nação continental repleta de contrastes regionais como o Brasil, também contextualizamos a representação das culturas de diferentes Brasis dentro narrativas dominantes da brasilidade. Uma vez delineadas tais narrativas nacionalistas e regionalistas, pudemos identificá-las na análise de conteúdo do material audiovisual da Copa do mundo de 2014 e dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 – tais como cartazes, logotipos, mascotes, cerimônias e assim por diante. A adoção, rejeição ou negociação dessas narrativas nas cerimônias mencionadas não só nos dizem como os arquitetos desses eventos entenderam e projetaram a imagem da nação no exterior, mas também como revelaram as suas percepções de brasilidade e de modernidade. Além disso, a análise também expôs as visões das comissões organizadoras sobre qual é papel que as culturas de diferentes regiões brasileiras desempenham nas suas idéias a respeito da nação, bem como os seus entendimentos de como diferentes povos que habitam o país – como os descedentes de portugueses, africanos, ameríndios, etc. - contribuíram para a formação do Brasil

The theory of Brownian motion is a cornerstone of modern physics. In this thesis, we introduce a nonequilibrium extension to this theory, namely an effective Markovian theory of the Brownian motion of a heated nanoparticle. This phenomenon belongs to the class of nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) and is characterized by spatially inhomogeneous temperature and viscosity fields extending in the solvent surrounding the nanoparticle. The first chapter provides a pedagogic introduction to the subject and a concise summary of our main results and summarizes their implications for future developments and innovative applications. The derivation of our main results is based on the theory of fluctuating hydrodynamics, which we introduce and extend to NESS conditions, in the second chapter. We derive the effective temperature and the effective friction coefficient for the generalized Langevin equation describing the Brownian motion of a heated nanoparticle. As major results, we find that these parameters obey a generalized Stokes–Einstein relation, and that, to first order in the temperature increment of the particle, the effective temperature is given in terms of a set of universal numbers. In chapters three and four, these basic results are made explicit for various realizations of hot Brownian motion. We show in detail, that different degrees of freedom are governed by distinct effective parameters, and we calculate these for the rotational and translational motion of heated nanobeads and nanorods. Whenever possible, analytic results are provided, and numerically accurate approximation methods are devised otherwise. To test and validate all our theoretical predictions, we present large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of a Lennard-Jones system, in chapter five. These implement a state-of-the-art GPU-powered parallel algorithm, contributed by D. Chakraborty. Further support for our theory comes from recent experimental observations of gold nanobeads and nanorods made in the the groups of F. Cichos and M. Orrit. We introduce the theoretical concept of PhoCS, an innovative technique which puts the selective heating of nanoscopic tracer particles to good use. We conclude in chapter six with some preliminary results about the self-phoretic motion of so-called Janus particles. These two-faced hybrids with a hotter and a cooler side perform a persistent random walk with the persistence only limited by their hot rotational Brownian motion. Such particles could act as versatile laser-controlled nanotransporters or nanomachines, to mention just the most obvious future nanotechnological applications of hot Brownian motion.