Esta dissertação busca compreender o processo de produção do espaço urbano através de \"comunidades planejadas\" promovidas pelo mercado imobiliário (setor privado) no Brasil. Conhecidas também como \"bairros estruturados\", tratam-se de projetos urbanísticos de grande dimensão, sendo loteamentos abertos, variando de 75 até 1000 hectares. Na verdade, nada mais são do que expansões urbanas desenvolvidas e implantadas diretamente pelo setor privado, sempre com aval e incentivo do setor público, tendo como foco o consumidor de renda média e média alta. Para tal análise, foram selecionados dois projetos em estado avançado de implantação: Cidade Criativa Pedra Branca, no Estado de Santa Catarina e Granja Marileusa, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Estes projetos se localizam próximos às franjas urbanas e se constituem em áreas de expansão destes municípios, sendo que o Estado atua apenas como sancionador, deixando a cargo do incorporador a concepção do empreendimento. As análises realizadas focaram em grandes temas: a visão socioeconômica em que estes projetos surgiriam como deslocamento temporal do capital excedente para o mercado imobiliário; a criação da imagem da cidade através de conceitos de marketing fortemente ancorados nos conceitos de cidade ideal; as novas formas urbanas opostas aos conceitos modernistas de cidade e suas características pós-modernas ou contemporâneas; a pretensão destes bairros empreendedores em serem um elemento ativo, capaz de induzir o desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios em questão através de suas qualidades; a adaptação de ideais e conceitos internacionais ao território brasileiro com suas particularidades; a crítica de Rem Koolhaas de que, apesar de todo o esforço, estaríamos criando um espaço vazio de significado, o chamado \"Espaço Lixo\" (Junkspace), e que as formas isoladas não seriam capazes de entregar a prometida diversidade e dinamismo almejados. / This research seeks to understand the process of urban space production through \"planned communities\" realized by the real estate market (private sector) in Brazil. Also known as \"structured neighborhoods\", they are large sized urban developments, not gated, ranging from 75 to 1000 hectares. In fact, they are nothing more than urban expansions developed and implemented directly by the private sector, always with the endorsement and encouragement of the public sector, focused on the middle and upper middle income customers. Two projects in an advanced stage of implementation have been selected for this analysis: Cidade Criativa Pedra Branca, in the State of Santa Catarina and Granja Marileusa, in the State of Minas Gerais. These projects are located close to the urban fringe and constitute areas of urban expansion of these municipalities. The public sector only acts as a sanctioner, leaving to the developer the complete master plan of the development. This analysis focused on these main themes: the socioeconomic vision in which these projects would appear as a temporary displacement of surplus capital that migrates to the real estate market; the creation of the city image through marketing strongly anchored in the ideal city concept; the new urban forms opposed to the modernist concepts of cities and its postmodern or contemporary characteristics; the intention of these entrepreneurial neighborhoods to be an active element, capable of inducing economic development to the municipalities where they are located through their qualities; the adaptation of international ideas and concepts to the Brazilian territory with its particularities; Rem Koolhaas\'s criticism that despite all the effort we would be creating an space empty of meaning, the so-called junkspace, and that isolated forms would not be able to deliver the promised diversity and desired dynamism.

Esta dissertação busca compreender o processo de produção do espaço urbano através de \"comunidades planejadas\" promovidas pelo mercado imobiliário (setor privado) no Brasil. Conhecidas também como \"bairros estruturados\", tratam-se de projetos urbanísticos de grande dimensão, sendo loteamentos abertos, variando de 75 até 1000 hectares. Na verdade, nada mais são do que expansões urbanas desenvolvidas e implantadas diretamente pelo setor privado, sempre com aval e incentivo do setor público, tendo como foco o consumidor de renda média e média alta. Para tal análise, foram selecionados dois projetos em estado avançado de implantação: Cidade Criativa Pedra Branca, no Estado de Santa Catarina e Granja Marileusa, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Estes projetos se localizam próximos às franjas urbanas e se constituem em áreas de expansão destes municípios, sendo que o Estado atua apenas como sancionador, deixando a cargo do incorporador a concepção do empreendimento. As análises realizadas focaram em grandes temas: a visão socioeconômica em que estes projetos surgiriam como deslocamento temporal do capital excedente para o mercado imobiliário; a criação da imagem da cidade através de conceitos de marketing fortemente ancorados nos conceitos de cidade ideal; as novas formas urbanas opostas aos conceitos modernistas de cidade e suas características pós-modernas ou contemporâneas; a pretensão destes bairros empreendedores em serem um elemento ativo, capaz de induzir o desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios em questão através de suas qualidades; a adaptação de ideais e conceitos internacionais ao território brasileiro com suas particularidades; a crítica de Rem Koolhaas de que, apesar de todo o esforço, estaríamos criando um espaço vazio de significado, o chamado \"Espaço Lixo\" (Junkspace), e que as formas isoladas não seriam capazes de entregar a prometida diversidade e dinamismo almejados. / This research seeks to understand the process of urban space production through \"planned communities\" realized by the real estate market (private sector) in Brazil. Also known as \"structured neighborhoods\", they are large sized urban developments, not gated, ranging from 75 to 1000 hectares. In fact, they are nothing more than urban expansions developed and implemented directly by the private sector, always with the endorsement and encouragement of the public sector, focused on the middle and upper middle income customers. Two projects in an advanced stage of implementation have been selected for this analysis: Cidade Criativa Pedra Branca, in the State of Santa Catarina and Granja Marileusa, in the State of Minas Gerais. These projects are located close to the urban fringe and constitute areas of urban expansion of these municipalities. The public sector only acts as a sanctioner, leaving to the developer the complete master plan of the development. This analysis focused on these main themes: the socioeconomic vision in which these projects would appear as a temporary displacement of surplus capital that migrates to the real estate market; the creation of the city image through marketing strongly anchored in the ideal city concept; the new urban forms opposed to the modernist concepts of cities and its postmodern or contemporary characteristics; the intention of these entrepreneurial neighborhoods to be an active element, capable of inducing economic development to the municipalities where they are located through their qualities; the adaptation of international ideas and concepts to the Brazilian territory with its particularities; Rem Koolhaas\'s criticism that despite all the effort we would be creating an space empty of meaning, the so-called junkspace, and that isolated forms would not be able to deliver the promised diversity and desired dynamism.

In the United States, there is a growing trend towards livable cities that facilitate physical, psychological, and social well-being. According to Congress of the New Urbanism, the great American suburb served by the automobile, does not fulfill all these functions. Urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg points out three realms of satisfactory life as work, home and the ‘great good place’ as the third. The third place is one that facilitates barrier free social interaction, for example the American main-street, the English pub, French coffee house etc. Despite the ever existing need for such places, greater travel distances and the ever expanding needs of the automobile era have stripped our urban fabric of these. The Charter of the New Urbanism points out that in the American suburbs, neighborhood parks have the potential to serve as ‘third places.’ The twofold purpose of this research was to examine Steeplechase dog-park using Oldenburg’s Third Place construct as a starting point; and then to operationalize third place by establishing relationships between social characteristics and physical environment. Participant observation, casual conversations and ethnographic interviews were methods used to examine how residents use Steeplechase Park. The observation phase was used to understand on-site behavior, user interests and then establish contacts with participants for recruitment. In-depth interviews were then conducted to examine user history, relationships and attitudes toward the place. Data was coded and analyzed in NVivo 10 utilizing Oldenburg’s framework as a reference, the components of which were then examined for correlations to the physical elements. The findings of suggest that Steeplechase Park functions as a somewhat unique third place in terms of user motivation, companion animal/social lubricant, neutrality and inclusiveness of the place. Findings also establish useful links between the physical design of the space and the social activity; prospect-refuge supported by vegetation and layout, topography, shade, edges and access being the most important aspects. Additionally, lack of maintenance was established as a major concern to sustained use.

This research uses the recent development of bus rapid transit (BRT) on Cleveland, Ohio’s Euclid Avenue corridor as a case-study to explore the links between public transit, public space, and urban planning. Using Fredric Jameson’s (1981) method of textual analysis from The Political Unconscious, I explore the ways the BRT provides access to a buried class consciousness in the city as well as a “symbolic resolution” between conflicting agendas of development and equity. Contextualizing the new spaces of the BRT using a synthesis of Jameson’s (1984) theorization of postmodernism, Mike Davis’ (1990) militarization of public space, and Michel de Certeau’s (1984) spatial practices, I discuss the ways these spaces are remade by individual users as a vital public space despite the BRT’s embedded market ideology and repressive security apparatus. Additionally, I explore what BRT’s ‘ideology of form’ can tell us about the ideology of the dominant paradigm of planning today, New Urbanism, and use it as departure for a closing discussion of Utopian desires in planning. / text

世界衛生組織(WHO)意識到世界人口高齡化將如排山倒海而來，越來越長壽的高齡世代將不再是一種特殊的族群而是普遍活得老的一種現象，遂致力提倡創立有益於高齡者的環境。而人口為國家基本要素之一，其變遷關係著國家之發展與社會之福祉，因而高齡化人口結構變遷已成為世界性、國家性、地區性、家庭性的問題。綜觀，法國從高齡化社會至高齡社會歷時超過一世紀，德國40年，而我國將於2018年邁入高齡社會，期間僅歷時25年，顯示我國老化速度超快是不容忽視的重要課題。 都市是人與空間交織的產物，高齡化社會與都市空間兩者息息相關相互影響，而都市空間因應高齡化人口結構變遷，是否已關照到不同年齡世代的使用需求，此乃台灣將面臨的挑戰與應該思索的未來課題。是以本研究主要目的，希望藉由新都市主義人性尺度的規劃透過通用設計為所有人設計的具體實施，同時借鏡世界衛生組織「全球老年友好城市建設指南」，以及日本推動通用設計打造城市的經驗，並彙整受訪者對都市公共空間現況共通性課題、需求與高齡友善通用化都市空間設計原則之問卷調查結果，進而運用民生社區作為實例地區進行檢視與評估。最後，提出研擬之建構高齡友善的通用化都市空間設計原則。 研究結果發現，受訪者認同現況都市公共空間設施與空間設計已不符合高齡者的使用需求，其落在生活空間上產生的課題面向，包含：人行道、人行道設施帶、騎樓、斑馬線、設施接入點、樓梯、連結介面與照明設備等，普遍缺乏友善的、可及的、安全的、便利的、連續的及通用化的設計。綜合前述課題，本研究將連結整個都市空間系統的流動性加以分類，形成移動系統與連結系統，而移動系統中則再區分為平行移動系統與垂直移動系統，並運用通用設計為所有人設計的原則，提出解決現況都市空間因應高齡化社會需求，其相對應之高齡友善通用化都市空間設計原則。 因此，經過分析、探討與實例地區檢視與檢討後，本研究提出以下的建議：一、台灣未來都市空間規劃應以人本思維為規劃主軸，透過「人性尺度關懷的規劃，為所有人設計的理念」作為改善高齡化社會都市問題的途徑，以步行系統作為都市公共空間的連結元素，並將公共空間的整體性予以再結構，使其再度成為一項重要的都市設施，以建立高齡化社會下「不分年齡人人都能共享共用的友善通用化都市空間」，重塑都市空間資源的價值。二、建議政府應該爭取時間，加速建立具有規範性與整體性的主要上位計畫，並將通用設計準則納入都市設計中，同時整併現有相關法規，使各個城市在執行上有統一的公共空間政策做為推動的目標與遵循的依據，把建構高齡友善的通用化都市空間理念變成全國各地具體的行動。 【關鍵詞】高齡化、都市空間、通用設計、新都市主義

This thesis demonstrates that New Urbanism is both an advisable and feasible method for reducing carbon emissions to mitigate global climate change. New Urban areas commonly generate lower carbon emissions compared to conventional suburban development due to lower car use and higher levels of walking and use of other forms of transportation. Economic and political feasibility of New Urban development is determined by analyzing case studies, housing price premia, financing, and fiscal impact. The many contexts and perspectives involved in the planning process are analyzed to determine if New Urbanism is advisable in the larger setting in which developers, advocates, and governments operate. In order to enable the planning strategy to achieve a more positive effect and become more widespread, key policy changes and strategic enactment measures are delineated. This thesis finds that New Urbanism has very strong potential to have a significant positive impact on urban sustainability.

This study examines the LEED-ND pilot rating program created by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), the Congress for New Urbanism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) in 2007. The rating system is evaluated based on its application as a broad set of national standards meant to encourage green neighborhood development. The main case study is a master planned community in semi-rural Paso Robles, California. Among other things, the study discovers problems related to the application of the rating system in semi-rural and rural regions of the Western United States. Both the standards used by the rating system and the certification process itself were considered through a case study methodology.

This thesis aims to classify contemporary way of thought in the architecture and urbanism mainly in respect to the formation of public space. Generally, it seeks to identify ideological background of individual ways of thoughts and their genealogy – therefore it explores their historical roots too. The methodological framework of the thesis is grounded in the critical theory and production of (public) space as well as architectural production is therefore understood as a political act; not necessarily in terms of the established political parties or ideologies but rather in the sense of production of the city space as a social arena, in which completion of various agents, interests and notions is present including the architectural discourses. The resulting form of the public space is than a result of this competition and unavoidable ideological antagonism, which is present in the ideological basis of the individual way of thoughts in architecture and urbanism.

This study examines the manifestation of New Urbanism in the South African environment and applies the themes, characteristics and principles of New Urbanism to the landscape of Melrose Arch in Johannesburg. This precinct has been developed according to New Urban principles, and it is the aim of the author to assess whether these principles have been applied successfully, keeping in mind that since New Urbanism is an American design movement, some of its principles may be impractical to apply in a South African environment. In order to conceptualise the environment in which the analysis takes place, the author sketches a background of the origin and history of Johannesburg, including the development of the city centre and rise of the suburbs. Trends such as decentralisation and gentrification are also recognised and examined. A correlation is drawn between the Johannesburg of a few decades ago and the contemporary city to see how events and tendencies created the city of today. The current initiatives that are being undertaken to reinvent the CBD and other areas of the city are considered as well, in order to provide a context for Melrose Arch. The author also briefly examines the origin and history of leisure landscapes such as arcades, world fairs and expositions, shopping malls and themed landscapes. The purpose is not to give exact timelines and histories of these phenomena, but rather to provide a historic foundation to work from in order to sketch the context wherein developments such as Melrose Arch can be situated. The author examines the predecessors of and influences on New Urbanism in an attempt to understand this movement. Starting with the Classical Reformers and the concept of the Ideal City, a common theme runs through several other development theories, such as Garden Cities, Pedestrian Cities, as well as the more recent Edge Cities. The influence of Sprawl on cities is noted, and measures to reduce the occurrence of sprawling land by implementing solutions that are connected to New Urbanism are discussed. The author discusses the inception of New Urbanism, taking into account all the previous discussed development theories that influenced it in one way or another. Additionally, some variations on New Urbanism, such as Traditional Neighbourhood development (TND) and the Pedestrian Pocket (PP) are discussed. New Urbanism is thus placed in a contemporary context by regarding its history and influences. The application to Melrose Arch includes a brief history of this landscape, as well as its architecture and the articulation of space within the precinct. Some themes evident in Melrose Arch are discussed; many of these are based on popular myths and ideologies and how they are represented in this particular space. Issues such as Security and control, Class and status, Consumption and Utopianism are discussed and applied to Melrose Arch. Finally, the principles and characteristics of New Urbanism are applied to Melrose Arch in order to assess how successful the implementation of New Urbanism is in this precinct. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Visual Arts / MA / unrestricted

While there is considerable academic research on the intersection of comprehensive plans, finance policies, zoning policies and how these factors influence real estate developers' choice of what land to develop and what buildings to construct on that land, little is understood about whether these three variables promote or hinder real estate developers' choice of whether to build communities that promote healthy living. Using urban planning theory as the foundation, the purpose of this correlational study was to determine how real estate developers' decisions are made to support healthy New Urbanism development in the United States. Secondary data from the Urban Land Institute were used for this multiple regression study that explored the degree to which comprehensive plans, finance, and zoning policies predict the likelihood that real estate developers will build New Urbanism communities in the United States. Findings indicated that comprehensive plans, finance policies, and zoning policies had a statistically significant influence on real estate developers' decisions on the types of communities to build in the United States by 53.6%, 46.8%, and 71.6% respectively p < .05. The information presented in this study is important to urban planners/designers, health care professionals, and municipal officials because of the intra and interdisciplinary approach of the built environment as a nonmedical determinant of health. Cultivating public and private collaboration to develop public policy could affect social change by directly affect the alterations and improvements in the built environment health that either promote or impede healthy outcomes.