The study of flaked mammoth bone tools from the Late Pleistocene is a topic that has inspired great interest in the archaeological community for the last 40 years. The interpretation of evidence of culturally modified mammoth bone tools has varied widely across both time and space. At different times and in different places, flaked bone toolmaking has been interpreted across the geographic expanse of the North American continent, from Beringia to central Mexico, and through a vast timeframe, from 120,000 years ago, until as recently as 10,000 years ago. The study of these purported flaked bone tool assemblages has taken many forms, and has involved efforts to understand broken mammoth bone assemblages by drawing analogies to stone toolmaking strategies, by understanding the multitude of taphonomic processes that affect archaeological bone assemblages, and by attempting to differentiate the effects of natural and cultural processes. This thesis reports on a series of experiments designed to lend new actualistic evidence to the debate surrounding flaked bone toolmaking. These experiments include investigations into the effect of different environmental conditions on the degradation of bones, the flaking characteristics of both fresh and frozen bones, and the effect of rockfall as a taphonomic process on bones exposed to different real-world environments. These experiments, paired with a body of previous research, provide a basis in actualistic and taphonomic research that allows for the reassessment of archaeological and paleontological broken mammoth bone assemblages. This thesis includes the reassessment and detailed taphonomic analysis of four mammoth bone assemblages relevant to understanding cultural bone modification and the effect of non-cultural taphonomic processes. New interpretations of zooarchaeological assemblages from Lange/Ferguson (South Dakota, USA), Owl Cave (Idaho, USA), Inglewood (Maryland, USA), and Kent’s Cavern (Devon, UK) reveal new data that revise the understanding of the nature of these assemblages, and the effect of both natural and cultural bone fracturing agencies.

Thesis "Agency news in connection with conference on New World Communication and Information Order" deals with problems of foreign news coverage. In particular, it follows the role of multinational news agencies. The aim of this study was to assess whether the news agencies reporting has changed during the past thirty years. The first part of the thesis deals with the origin and circumstances of the debate about the New World Information and Communication Order. The second part summarizes and compares different studies on the issue of news reporting on the international level. The third part of the work is based on the findings of the first two chapters. Using quantitative content analysis I examine coverage of Latin America by the world news service of Reuters.

Titi monkeys have long been known for their complex vocal behaviour with numerous high- and low-pitched calls, which can be uttered singly or combined in more complex structures. However, up to date very little is known concerning the function, meaning and context-specific use of these vocal utterances, and virtually nothing is known about their vocalisations in the predation context. This thesis presents a detailed description of the form and function of the anti-predator behaviour of one species of titi monkeys, the black-fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons), with a specific focus on their alarm call behaviour. A second aim was to determine the exact mechanisms of alarm calling behaviour, with an emphasis on production and comprehension. Data were collected from several habituated groups in the Caraça Reserve, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results showed that, when detecting predator species, C nigrifrons produce sequences that initially contain two types of brief, high-pitched calls with distinct frequency contours. Further evidence suggested that some of these sequences are meaningful to conspecific receivers, by indicating the general predator class and location of threat. There were also indications that, within the terrestrial threats, additional information may be encoded by acoustic and compositional differences. Analyses of call order and number of calls per sequence suggested that callers may be able to convey information on both predator type and location. The black-fronted titi monkeys’ vocal system thus provides a further example of zoo-syntax, in which acoustically fixed units of a vocal repertoire are combined into higher order sequences that are meaningful to recipients. According to current definitions, this type of calling behaviour qualifies as functionally referential, by indicating general predator class, terrestrial predator type and location. As such, this is the first empirical demonstration of a sequence-based alarm call system that conveys information on both predator category and location.

by Leung Ada Nga Ting, Tsang Hin Kwok. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-104). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.viii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ix / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- NEW WORLD DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD --- p.3 / Introduction --- p.3 / Thesis --- p.3 / Company Background --- p.5 / Entrance into the Power/Infrastructure Business --- p.8 / The Spin-off of New World Infrastructure Ltd. (NWIL) --- p.9 / The Group's Strategy On Its Infrastructure Investments --- p.13 / Major Dates / Events --- p.14 / Analysis --- p.17 / New World's Project-Financing Structure --- p.17 / "Possible Reasons Underlying The ""Suboptimal"" Project-Financing Structure" --- p.19 / Strong Financial Affordability --- p.20 / Lack Of Access To External Project Debt Financing --- p.20 / Policy Not Welcome Use Of External Debt --- p.22 / The Structure Is Really Not So Suboptimal After All --- p.23 / Infrastructure Development As Only A Chinese Investment Vehicle --- p.24 / A Very Unique Set Of Arrangements At The Project Level --- p.34 / Extension Of Joint Venture Terms --- p.35 / PRC Joint Venture Partner Directly Bears The Losses Suffered By The Group --- p.35 / Renegotiation Of Revenue Terms To Ensure Repayment Schedule --- p.36 / Priority & Guaranteed Repayment Schedule On New World's Principal And Interest Payments --- p.36 / Limited Or No Responsibilities For Cost Overruns Or Delays --- p.39 / Guaranteed Minimum Revenues --- p.40 / Market Interpretations Of New World's Infrastructure Venture --- p.41 / Conclusions --- p.43 / A Final Assessment --- p.44 / Concluding Words --- p.45 / Chapter III. --- HUANENG POWER INTERNATIONAL INC --- p.47 / Introduction --- p.47 / Thesis --- p.47 / Company Background --- p.48 / HIPDC --- p.48 / The Formation of HPI --- p.48 / The Reorganization of HPI --- p.50 / Asset Transfer --- p.51 / Debt Transfer --- p.51 / Combined Offering (IPO) --- p.52 / Post-Offering Ownership --- p.53 / Major Events --- p.55 / Analysis --- p.57 / The New Tariff Setting Regulatory Policy And Its Advantages --- p.57 / Old Tariff Structure --- p.57 / New Tariff Structure --- p.58 / Tariff Rate Tied Into The Net Fixed Assets --- p.59 / The Result Of The NFA-Tied Rate Calculation --- p.61 / Other Features Of The Pricing Policy Include The Following: --- p.62 / A Capital Structure That Reduces Risk --- p.62 / Reviewing The Performance of HPI --- p.65 / An Analysis of The Performance of HPI's Stock Price --- p.65 / No Dividends Policy --- p.65 / Lack Of Confidence In The Chinese Government --- p.65 / Environmental Factors --- p.66 / Financing Good News --- p.66 / Downward Revisions In Earnings Forecasts --- p.67 / Conclusions --- p.68 / Concluding Words --- p.69 / Chapter IV. --- "SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS" --- p.70 / APPENDICES --- p.73 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.95

Dentre os gêneros atuais de Evaniidae, Hyptia Illiger é o quarto mais rico em espécies (50 spp.), somente atrás de Prosevania Kieffer (102), Evaniella Bradley (73) e Evania Fabricius (67). Apesar de importantes contribuições recentes de alguns pesquisadores, a quase totalidade das espécies de Hyptia é conhecida superficialmente. A insuficiência das descrições em geral é decorrente do dimorfismo sexual que dificulta o reconhecimento, convergência na aparência de espécies diferentes, descrições não condizentes com os conceitos atuais, existência de poucos dados de distribuição confiáveis, trabalhos baseados em muito poucos exemplares e ilustrações e chaves de identificação inadequadas. É, portanto, fundamental uma revisão global deste gênero.O presente estudo representa o primeiro esforço aliando a revisão taxonômica a análise filogenética interna das espécies do gênero Hyptia com base em caracteres de morfologia externa. A classificação mais atual considerava 50 nomes válidos para a categoria de espécies em Hyptia com 11 sinônimos, totalizando 61 nomes. A proposta de classificação que adoto após o presente estudo considera 80 espécies válidas e 14 sinônimos, totalizando 94 nomes, sendo 46 anteriormente espécies descritas e 34 espécies novas. No presente trabalh foram designados lectótipos para Hyptia amazonica, H. poeyi, H. petiolata e H. rufipes; propostas sinonímias de H. argenteiceps Kieffer, 1904 nov. sin. sob H. petiolata (Fabricius, 1798), H. hirsuta (Taschenberg, 1891) nov. sin. sob H. amazonica (Schletterer, 1886), H. stimulata (Schletterer, 1889) nov. sin. sob H. poeyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) e H. spinifera Frison, 1922 nov. sin. sob H. nigriventris Szépligeti, 1903). Proposta para emendas justificadas de H. peruanus (Enderlein, 1905) para H. peruana n. em. e de H. rufipectus Dewitz, 1881 para H. rufipecta n. em. Sugerida a elevação do status da subespécie H. brevicalcar sericea a espécie H. sericea (Kieffer, 1910a) stat. nov. e a transferência de H. festiva para Semaeomyia [S. festiva (Taschenberg, 1891)] nov. comb. Além das mudanças taxonômicas, os sexos dos espécimes-tipo de duas espécies haviam sido incorretamente determinados pelos autores originais: H. brasiliensis Szépligeti, 1903 identificado como fêmea e H. crassa (Cameron, 1888) como macho. Para a espécie H. hapyoides Bradley, 1908 o sexo não havia sido determinado (fêmea). O estudo dos 80 terminais, incluindo os grupos-externos mas não as espécies cujos holótipos não puideream ser estudados, resultou em uma matriz com 173 caracteres, sendo 41 baseados na morfologia da cabeça, 84 do mesossoma, 21 das pernas, 6 do metassoma e 21 das asas. Na forma como apresentados e discutidos, todos os caracteres são propostos e analisados pela primeira vez. A análise filogenética demonstra, pela primeira vez, a relação de grupo-irmão entre Hyptia e Decevania, apoiada por seis sinapomorfias e a monofilia de Hyptia, com pelo menos duas sinapomorfias sustentando esta hipótese. As relações internas apontam para a formação de dois clados maiores, as espécies com presença nas ilhas caribenhas e as espécies com distribuição pelos continentes americanos. Numa próxima etapa, a adição de novos caracteres de morfologia externa e da morfologia interna (apódemas e músculos) devem melhorar o suporte e revelar mais fielmente o relacionamento entre os clados do gênero, pois alguns clados não apresentaram resolução aceitável segundo a análise atual. A construção de um atlas de morfologia foi importante para o estabelecimento dos termos utilizados em Hyptia e, posteriormente, receberá adição de novos caracteres, a partir de estudos mais detalhados de sua morfologia interna, assim como um ferramenta importante para iniciantes na taxonomia da família. / Among the extant Evaniidae genera, Hyptia Illiger is the fourth richest in species (50 spp.), only behind Prosevania Kieffer (102), Evaniella Bradley (73) and Evania Fabricius (67). Despite major recent contributions, most Hyptia species are superficially known. The inadequacy of the descriptions is usually due to sexual dimorphism that hampers recogntion, convergence in appearance of different species, inadequate descriptions in face of current concepts, few reliable distribution data, work based on very few specimens and inadequate illustrations and identification keys. It is therefore imperative that a comprehensive review of this genus is performed. This study represents the first effort combining a taxonomic revision with a phylogenetic analysis of the internal classification of Hyptia species, based on external morphology. The current classification accepts 50 valid and 11 invalid species, in a total of 61 names.With the new proposal for Hyptia classification, 80 species are considered valid and 14 invalid, in a total of 94 names, 46 previously described and 34 undescribed species for Hyptia. In this study, lectotypes were designated for Hyptia amazonica, H. poeyi, H. petiolata and H. rufipes; the synonymy of H. argenteiceps Kieffer, 1904 syn. nov. (=H. petiolata (Fabricius, 1798)); H. hirsuta (Taschenberg, 1891) syn. nov. (=H. amazonica (Schletterer, 1886)), H. stimulata (Schletterer, 1889) syn. nov. (=H. poeyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)) and H. spinifera Frison, 1922 syn. nov. (=H. nigriventris Szépligeti, 1903). Proposal for justified emendation from H. peruanus (Enderlein, 1905) to H. peruana n. em. and from H. rufipectus Dewitz, 1881 to H. rufipecta n. em. Rank change from ssp. to sp., H. sericea (Kieffer, 1910a) stat. nov. and transfered from Hyptia to Semaeomyia, Semaeomyia festiva (Taschenberg, 1891) comb. nov. In addition to taxonomic changes, the sexes of the type specimens of two species were incorrectly determined by the original authors: H. brasiliensis Szépligeti, 1903 identified as a female and H. crassa (Cameron, 1888) as being a male., H. hapyoides Bradley, 1908 holotype sex has not been determined (female). The study of 80 terminals, including the outgroups but not those species which holotypes were not actually studied, resulted in a matrix with 173 characters, of which 41 in the head, 84 (mesossoma), 21 (legs), 6 (metassoma) and 21 (wings). As herte presented and discussed, all characters are proposed and analyzed for the first time. The phylogenetic analysis shows by the first time a sister relationship among Hyptia and Decevania, supported by six synapomorphies and the monophyly of Hyptia, with at least two synapomorphies supporting this hypothesis. Internal relationships indicate the existance of two major basal clades, the species present in the Caribbean islands and the species distributed throughout the American continents. The addition of new characters from external and internal morphologies (apodemes and muscles) should improve the support and reveal more accurately the relationship between the clades of the genus, as in the present analysis, some clades showed no acceptable resolution. The development of an morphological atlas for Hyptia was important for the establishment of the used terms and sforms the basis for further studies, as well as an incentive for beginners in the taxonomy of the family.

Propõe-se neste trabalho analisar as elaborações culturais relativas à política externa estadunidense no seriado televisivo Jornada nas Estrelas: Nova Geração em sua primeira temporada (1987-1988), produzido em um momento de mudanças históricas em que um discurso político de nova ordem mundial estava sendo gestado. Expectativas do fim da Guerra Fria trariam consigo, como evento simbólico, a necessidade de uma nova elaboração simbólica das relações entre Estados Unidos e o mundo. Assim, esta pesquisa buscou discernir na série as características de uma estrutura discursiva diferente dos discursos de guerra e paz mais típicos do período de Guerra Fria na ficção científica. Articulando-se, na série, com os temas da ajuda humanitária e da não interferência, articulação ambígua aqui denominada de militarismo benfazejo, o discurso do seriado antecede um debate que se intensifica na década de 1990 sobre a aceitação ou não do princípio de interferência em outros Estados por via das causas humanitárias. Na tentativa de acompanhar a dispersão do discurso de guerra e paz no campo discursivo, procurou-se ampliar a análise para as articulações discursivas de guerra e paz em ramos discursivos não ficcionais, mantendo como foco o discurso do seriado, na análise minuciosa de sua construção e da forma como este articulou valores pertinentes ao seu discurso de guerra e paz. Buscou-se nas narrativas das imagens o que se evidenciou como a formulação de um novo objeto simbólico para a política externa estadunidense daquele momento. / This work analyzes cultural elaborations relative to American international affairs in the first season of the television series Star Trek: the Next Generation (1987-1988). That moment of historical changes saw the dawn of a new world order discourse. Expectations of a nearing end to the Cold War brought forth the need of new symbolic elaborations concerning the relations between the United States and the rest of the world. Thus, this research aimed to pinpoint the features of a new war and peace discursive structure, differing, comparatively, from the war and peace discourses proper to Cold War culture. Preceding the intense 1990s debate about the admission of the principle of intervention in other states on humanitarian grounds, the series associates its war and peace discourse with themes of humanitarianism and non-interference in an ambiguous symbolic articulation here denominated benevolent militarism. In an attempt to follow its dispersion in the discursive field that permeates fictional and non-fictional discursivities, the discursive articulation of war and peace was, at least in part, observed in other fictional and non-fictional constructs. Yet, the main focus was kept on the series: a detailed analysis of its symbolic, imagerial and narrative construction was carried out, leading to the investigation of the ways in which the series articulated values pertaining to its war and peace discourse. This work addresses what seems to be partaking in the beginnings of the formulation of a new symbolic object of the American international affairs at the time.

Propõe-se neste trabalho analisar as elaborações culturais relativas à política externa estadunidense no seriado televisivo Jornada nas Estrelas: Nova Geração em sua primeira temporada (1987-1988), produzido em um momento de mudanças históricas em que um discurso político de nova ordem mundial estava sendo gestado. Expectativas do fim da Guerra Fria trariam consigo, como evento simbólico, a necessidade de uma nova elaboração simbólica das relações entre Estados Unidos e o mundo. Assim, esta pesquisa buscou discernir na série as características de uma estrutura discursiva diferente dos discursos de guerra e paz mais típicos do período de Guerra Fria na ficção científica. Articulando-se, na série, com os temas da ajuda humanitária e da não interferência, articulação ambígua aqui denominada de militarismo benfazejo, o discurso do seriado antecede um debate que se intensifica na década de 1990 sobre a aceitação ou não do princípio de interferência em outros Estados por via das causas humanitárias. Na tentativa de acompanhar a dispersão do discurso de guerra e paz no campo discursivo, procurou-se ampliar a análise para as articulações discursivas de guerra e paz em ramos discursivos não ficcionais, mantendo como foco o discurso do seriado, na análise minuciosa de sua construção e da forma como este articulou valores pertinentes ao seu discurso de guerra e paz. Buscou-se nas narrativas das imagens o que se evidenciou como a formulação de um novo objeto simbólico para a política externa estadunidense daquele momento. / This work analyzes cultural elaborations relative to American international affairs in the first season of the television series Star Trek: the Next Generation (1987-1988). That moment of historical changes saw the dawn of a new world order discourse. Expectations of a nearing end to the Cold War brought forth the need of new symbolic elaborations concerning the relations between the United States and the rest of the world. Thus, this research aimed to pinpoint the features of a new war and peace discursive structure, differing, comparatively, from the war and peace discourses proper to Cold War culture. Preceding the intense 1990s debate about the admission of the principle of intervention in other states on humanitarian grounds, the series associates its war and peace discourse with themes of humanitarianism and non-interference in an ambiguous symbolic articulation here denominated benevolent militarism. In an attempt to follow its dispersion in the discursive field that permeates fictional and non-fictional discursivities, the discursive articulation of war and peace was, at least in part, observed in other fictional and non-fictional constructs. Yet, the main focus was kept on the series: a detailed analysis of its symbolic, imagerial and narrative construction was carried out, leading to the investigation of the ways in which the series articulated values pertaining to its war and peace discourse. This work addresses what seems to be partaking in the beginnings of the formulation of a new symbolic object of the American international affairs at the time.

The thesis deals with the issue of the representation of the New World conquest in literature most accessible to the Czech reader, i.e. not only literature of Czech origin but also translations. The thesis contains representation of different kinds of literature and a narratological analysis of work with the selected topic. The work will point out the plurality and diversity of approaches to the topic and the individual authors who interpret the historical event through their texts. Then, with the help of comparing the individual publications, it will identify the author's possibilities to shape the reader's awareness and knowledge of the conquest but also how these can be manipulated. Diachronic comparisons will also point to changes in reception over time.

關於<<保佑我, 烏荻瑪>>這本書, 我主要想討論兩個重點. 首先, 是書中主角安東尼之奧德賽式之心路歷程, 第二則是要討論安東尼之人格發展在其特殊之奇哥拿(Chicano)文化背景下所受到之影響與其因應之道. 基本上, 我對此小說之討論著重在其文化背景之論述上, 故關於安東尼之人格發展之討論上, 我著眼其族群意識上之發展, 從小說中找出他如何去認同其奇哥拿族群. 而關於奇哥拿之特殊生活背景, 我將會引用奇哥拿族群中發展出來之觀念—“族群混和(mestizaje).” 由於這種不尋常的生活條件, 造就了奇哥拿族群生存之曖昧和矛盾性, 但他們也因此因應出其對策, 也就是墨藉女批評家安則杜雅(Gloria Anzaldua)提出之邊域意識理論 (borderland consciousness), 強調其政治地位上之流動性與多變性. 另一方面, <<保佑我, 烏荻瑪>>此書中採用了很多奇哥拿文化中深具本土印第安色彩之民俗神話. 就安東尼之族群意識發展來看, 這些神話具有極大之重要性, 但另一方面, 這部份之描寫也常常使此小說被評為流於懷舊式之民俗地方志. 我也將探討種族歷史與時代性之間之關係. 在此書中, 我們可看到此二者並非是以絕對之衝突關係, 而是一具銜結性/因果性之存在. 此外, 書中穿插了安東尼之富戲劇性之夢境, 我也將討論這些夢對整體結構與安東尼人格發展之間的關係. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Chinese Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi English Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Introduction History of Struggles: The Chicanos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Chapter One Myth as the Cultural Root: Ethnic Consolidation . . . . . . . . 29 Chapter Two The Process to Individuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Chapter Three Man of Synthesis: The New World Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Conclusion The Hard-won Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Works Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 / From Bless Me, Ultima, I would like to present two major themes. First of all, it is the spiritual odyssey of the protagonist, Antonio. Second, my contention will move to Antonio’s psychological development, which is much under his Chicano cultural influences, and further on to his responding strategies. Basically, my emphasis will be laid on his gradual realization of his ethnic identity, regarding to the development of his personality. From the text, my task is to trace Antonio’s process of identification with his Chicano peers. I would apply to my discussion of the Chicano cultural background the idea of “mestizaje,” which is unique and evolved by Chicanos themselves. Such an unusual living condition creates a great degree of ambiguity and dilemma, but otherwise, Chicanos in response come out with their own strategy, which is called by Gloria Anzaldua “the borderland consciousness.” This notion largely draws from the dynamics and fluidity of their political status. On the other hand, Bless Me, Ultima is inserted greatly with indigenous Chicano/Indian folklore and legends. As far as Antonio’s ethnic consciousness is concerned, these myths contain a great importance. Whereas, this mythic aspect also tends to draw for the text negative criticism and hence the story is degraded as mere ethnography. From this discrepancy, I would lead my discussion of the novel further to the relation between ethnic history and contemporarity. In the text, these two units exist in a supplementary form, instead of being conflicting. In addition, the text is also inserted with a long sequence of dramatic dreams. I would like to discuss how these dreams affect the overall structure of the book and their relation to Antonio’s personality development.

In this thesis,it has been aimed to evaluate the claims of which argue that the human rights thought has been firstly formulated by Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolome de Las Casas in the early sixteenth century Spain.