This paper uses the current organizational ecology theory to clearly define organizational population ecology constructs of non-governmental development organizations, and offers specific terminology and understanding of main organizational forms and relational dynamics that define the population ecology of these organizations. The paper examines closely the significance of such interaction and interdependence through transactional relationship of obtaining and distributing of resources and forces of competition. Original organizational theory frameworks are offered for future NGDO organizational research.

Выпускная квалификационная работа посвящена проблеме разработки, организации и реализации инклюзивных туров в деятельности НКО. В работе поставлено три гипотезы, главная из которых направлена на то, что инклюзивный туризм может быть формой реабилитации и абилитации инвалидов. Кроме теоретико-методологической части ВКР содержит исследовательскую часть, а также список рекомендаций по разработке инклюзивных туров для людей с ОВЗ, которые имеет практическую значимость. / The final qualification work is devoted to the problem of the development, organization and implementation of inclusive tours in the activities of NGOs. The work poses three hypotheses, the main of which is aimed at the fact that inclusive tourism can be a form of rehabilitation and habilitation of people with disabilities. In addition to the theoretical and methodological part, the final qualification work contains a research part, as well as a list of recommendations for the development of inclusive tours for people with disabilities, which are of practical importance.

Women’s involvement in the fishing sector has been overlooked. The underlying cause of many global conflicts is a lack of access to natural resources. For that reason, it is important to empower women in natural resources. Empowering women to work leads to better growth in third-world countries. Moreover, studying women’s empowerment and gender equality is fundamental to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Women and girls in Tanzania are subjected to discrimination and violence. This study aims to understand women’s role in the fishing sector, their challenges, and how civil society organization works with women’s empowerment in Mwanza, Tanzania. To understand these questions, this study will be based on a case study and use qualitative method to answer the questions. The analytical framework used in this thesis is Kabeer (1999:2005). To understand women's challenges and the view on gender equality in the fishing sector in Mwanza, 28 respondents were interviewed. The study came to the conclusion that women are facing serval challenges for that reason, they can not participate in the fishing sector. However, the government and the village councilors can overcome these challenges.

No description available.

The project examines the construction of state space and the contestation of the EUropean borderscape through the work of non-state actors in the Mediterranean Sea. In response to the precarity of irregularized migrant journeys, there has been a rise in Search and Rescue (SAR) NGOs committed to assisting people on the move through upholding the basic human rights and dignity of migrants. Increasingly, NGOs are criminalized for providing basic necessities like food, water and shelter to migrants passing through the peripheral spaces of the state. Not only does irregular migration through the borderlands of the Global North directly confront state efforts to exclude through violent bordering practices, but NGO acts of solidarity also transform the harsh environment of the sea into contested spaces of political action. The lifesaving actions of NGOs operating in the Mediterranean directly challenge state authority and governance at sea while laying bare the violence inherent in state bordering practices. Conversely, the disruptive politics of these NGOs serve as a form of resistance to these same bordering practices and operate as a means of contesting state exclusion. Situating NGO SAR operations within the wider context of the securitization of borders, the repression and criminalization of solidarity in the Mediterranean highlights state efforts to reassert sovereign authority over the sea. This ongoing research contextualises the spatial politics of the Mediterranean borderscape at the intersections of migration governance and acts of solidarity by European NGOs. The research conducted for my doctoral project was driven by an ethnographic methodology that included six months working with SAR NGOs active in the Central Mediterranean while gathering over 50 interviews with activists working in the region. More directly, this also involved three months living and working alongside the German SAR organization, Sea-Watch, in France and Italy during periods of legal and administrative detention. My work bridges the opportunity to write about these movements and resistance efforts, with direct involvement in these struggles for rights, recognition, and freedom of movement, in solidarity with people on the move. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The notion of democratic deficit has been at the centre of many debates on theEuropean Union for the last 30 years. The reason is, to a certain degree, linked to the lack oflegitimacy of the European Commission, which is not elected and remote from the Europeancitizens. However, the Commission seems to have found a positive way to increase itslegitimacy by the inclusion of civil-society in the decision-making process. The interactionbetween the Commission and two Environmental NGOs will therefore be analysed in order tomake a constructive contribution to the debate. The present paper does not limit itself tonormative statements on reality and considers that there is more to socio-political relationsthan “true” verifiable facts. Therefore, it is not limited to the formal decision-making process,and goes deeper into the socialisation process at play between the different actors. Theoutcome is that the Environmental NGOs studied appears as valuable models for theimplementation of new democratic channels for the representation and participation ofEuropean citizens.

This paper investigates the view that non-governmental organizations have on childhood and child soldiers, and what its implications on the rehabilitation and reintegration of former child soldiers can be. Four documents produced by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers are examined by using qualitative discourse analysis. Postcolonial theory and new sociology of childhood are the main theoretical frameworks applied to the study. The study finds that the documents share a certain view of childhood, and that the aim of rehabilitation is to reproduce the child in that image. As the discourse may not be shared with local community, it is necessary to become aware of the different discourses and attempt to reconcile them.

Over the past twelve years, Philadelphia has undergone an unparalleled large scale shift in the way maternity care is provided, accessed, and considered. Key aspects of the changes to the landscape of birth in Philadelphia include: the closure of the majority of hospital-based maternity units, the activities of local women's health non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the new set of pregnancy care and birth choices that parents navigate. One of the most striking results of the restructuring of Philadelphia's maternity care system is a drastic reduction in the number of hospitals with maternity units. While the birth rate in Philadelphia has remained consistent around 22,000 per year, since 1997 two-thirds of the hospitals in Philadelphia have eliminated their maternity services. During this time, numerous local women's health-oriented NGOs worked to established themselves in Philadelphia. The aim of each NGO has been to respond to inadequacies in the provision of maternity services that develop as hospitals, the dominant resource for maternity care, withdraw from the maternity care business. With only six hospital maternity units remaining and a couple of local nonprofit organizations attempting to supplement the dearth of services, the current system within which parents and health care providers maneuver is both unstable and inadequate for meeting the maternity care needs of the community. In this research project, I explore the processes through which this new maternity care system is being established in Philadelphia with a particular focus on the influence of neoliberalism as an active force in the restructuring process. I examine the outcomes of this restructured system in terms of how lived experiences are influenced by the social, political, and economic reconfiguration of birth. The case of Philadelphia is of particular value as the City's maternity care system has undergone an accelerated restructuring that is unmatched in other areas of the US. While a similar trend in restructuring can now be found in other locations, these changes happened earlier and have continued in a more extreme manner in Philadelphia, marking Philadelphia as a possible canary in a coal mine. Understanding the outcomes of this large scale change in the system of care provides a basis for contending with similar trends elsewhere. My ethnographic work focuses on the experiences of particular individuals as they navigate Philadelphia's new system of maternity care. Within this restructured system of maternity care, the interests of parents and health care practitioners are increasingly devalued or disregarded, particularly for those whose philosophy of birth differs from dominant biomedical maternity care practices. Midwives, whose non-interventionalist methods of care starkly contrast with the biomedical model of care, and parents who wish to have a low-intervention or natural childbirth struggle to achieve their goals within the confines of Philadelphia's maternity care system. Similarly, individuals running local NGOs strain to intervene in the process of restructuring, and often face the dilemma of remaining true to their mission on one hand or preserving financial security by meeting the imperatives of funders on the other hand. Therefore, I have made the stories of midwives and parents seeking alternatives to biomedical care central to my analysis in addition to conducting in-depth fieldwork with three local women's health-oriented NGOs. This project adds to our understanding of how broad political and economic trends in health care translate into select cultural formations which inform the life choices of individuals. In times such as now, when national policy regarding the provision of health care is under scrutiny, it is essential to connect the dots between the circumstances of individuals and the structure of systems of health care. This research project fuses analyses of civil society institutions, the politics of reproduction, national ideology, and local political and economic agenda to present a complex and inclusive assessment of the landscape of birth in the uniquely positioned city of Philadelphia. / Anthropology

Although all Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) interact with non-state actors (NSAs) in some capacity, the extent to which NSAs are granted participatory roles in the governance of IGOs varies substantially. Why do some intergovernmental organizations - intergovernmental clubs of sovereign states - extend access, participatory opportunity or even participatory rights, to non-state actors? The goal of this project is to address the question of variation. I investigate the interests of the actors with power to determine the rules regarding engagement with NSAs - member states and IGO secretariats - and identify specific incentives for each actor to establish rules or practice of engagement with NSAs in each type of engagement. I find that the member states and secretariats that determine these engagement practices benefit from the inclusion or participation of NSAs in specific and predictable ways. By identifying the interests and incentives of the relevant actors, it is possible to predict the creation of particular sorts of engagement and explain variation in those engagement mechanisms across different intergovernmental organizations. I test the proposed relationship between IGO interests and participatory rules through examination of the United Nations system and three UN organizations: The UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). I find that the historical evidence supports an interest-based theory for the granting of participation rights to NSAs within IGOS. Secretariats frequently support selective partnerships with NSAs for the purpose of advancing their mission, and assemblies generally prefer to establish informal consultation mechanisms rather than formal rights of participation for NSAs. Formal participation rights linked to the member-state venue of an IGO assembly are advanced only when in the shadow of strong support from states, or where the assembly recognizes that NSA participation provides benefits that cannot be gained through informal consultation alone. / Political Science

Der Klimawandel birgt globale Risiken. Dies ist weithin anerkannt. Umstritten ist die Frage, wie diesen Gefahren zu begegnen ist. 14 Jahre nach Kyoto ist klar: Klimapolitik ist Interessenpolitik. Das zeigte zuletzt die UN-Klimakonferenz 2011 in Durban mit ihren unverbindlichen Ergebnissen. In diesem Sammelband analysieren Experten Ursachen für das Scheitern der vergangenen Klima-Konferenzen und Konsequenzen für die künftige Klimapolitik. Insbesondere geht es um die Politik der Akteure China und Indien, um die Rolle der NGOs und die Klimafrage in der Entwicklungspolitik. Zugleich wird die deutsche Klimapolitik diskutiert und die Politik Brandenburgs von der verantwortlichen Ministerin vorgestellt.