Nevyriausybinės organizacijos Europos sąjungoje yra pilietinės visuomenės garantas, leidžiantis vyriausybei, savivaldybėms padėti žmonėms tapti pilietiškais, tobulėti įvairiose gyvenimiškose srityse, aktyviai dalyvauti kuriant stabilią valstybę. Šiam tikslui pasiekti vyriausybės, ministerijos, savivaldybės ir privatūs asmenys skiria lėšas nevyriausybinių organizacijų veikloms finansuoti, užsibrėždamos tikslus, tokius kaip žmoniškumo ir tolerancijos skatinimas bendruomenėse, miesto ir kaimo atotrūkio mažinimas, jaunimo iniciatyvos ir užimtumas regionuose, kurie įsikūrimų provincijoje, naujų technologijų skverbimasis ir kūrybiškumo skatinimas. . Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti finansavimo šaltinio poveikio nevyriausybinėms organizacijoms, veikiančioms prie savivaldybių, problematiką. Darbą sudaro keturios pagrindinės dalys, įvadas ir išvados. Pirmojoje dalyje, kitaip dar vadinamoje teoriniu pagrindimu yra nagrinėjami užsakovo – vykdytojo teorijos problematika bei projektinės veiklos finansavimo principai ir metodai. Šis skyrius yra labai svarbus, leidęs atrinkti tinkamas sąvokas ir konceptualizuoti tyrimą. Antroji dalis skirta nevyriausybinių organizacijų, veikiančių prie savivaldybių sąvokų ir sampratų analizei. Šioje dalyje gilinimąsi į nevyriausybinių organizacijų apibrėžtis skirstant jas ne tik pagal tipus, bet ir pagal veiklos pobūdį, lokalinę padėtį. Trečioji dalis skirta nevyriausybinių organizacijų finansavimo niuansams paaiškinti, gilinimąsi savivaldybių kaip paslaugos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Non-government organizations in European Union are civic society‘s guarantee, which lets the government and municipalities help people get more public, improve in various life fields and actively participate in creating a stable country. To achieve this purpose, governments, ministries, municipalities and private persons provide financial help to non-goverment organizations with a purpose of encouraging tolerance and humanity in society, reducing the distance between country and town, keeping the youth busy in more distant regions, spread of new technology and creativity. The aim of this Master's thesis – to analyze the problems of financial sourcing to non-government organizations which work with municipalities. The work consists of four main parts, introduction and conclusion. First part, which can be called reasoning of theory, takes the problems of principal – agent’s theory and project-based sponsorship methods and rules. It is a very important part, which enabled to gather appropriate ideas and conceptualize the research. Second part analyzes the conceptions and ideas of non-government organizations working with municipalities. It concentrates on definitions of non-goverment organizations not by types, but work order and local placement. Third part is for the explanation of financing of non-goverment organizations. It takes the municipalities’ role as principal and non-goverment organization as agent and their interests. Methodology of research is described here... [to full text]

This dissertation focuses on the nature of governance of the urban poor and examines the 'behind the scene' politics as well as the 'side effects' of a recent good governance project designed to serve six million poor citizens in Delhi, India's capital city-state with a total population over 14 million. Over the past decade, Delhi's march to become a world-class city has further marginalized its poor residents as the government has demolished slums, threatened informal livelihoods, and diverted social welfare funds to host international events like the recent Commonwealth Games 2010. Overwhelmed by the growing disparity and a concern for its impact on attracting global trade and tourism, the Delhi government initiated Mission Convergence in 2008, a 'good governance' project implemented in partnership with over hundred community-based Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), to survey every poor person in Delhi, streamline and extend welfare service delivery, and to empower poor women across all low income areas in the city-state. The slogan of this initiative was "reaching the unreached" ? to make the aspiring world-class city inclusive and caring of its poor citizens. Twelve months of ethnographic research with slum residents, partnering NGOs, elected politicians, and government officials, indicates that Mission Convergence introduced a new institutional arrangement for the exclusive governance of the poor in Delhi as an additional two million poor citizens entered the government's welfare registers and more than 400,000 poor women participated in Mission's women's empowerment programs. Such tangible results defined Mission as a successful example of efficient inter-sectoral governance in the global South, but also disturbed the political economy of pre-embedded traditional service providers like elected politicians, local leaders, and welfare staff. This dissertation examines the competing logics of good governance as traditional and new arrangements wrestled to claim authority over serving the poor as the world-class city aspirations continued the social and spatial marginalization of the poor. Mission Convergence was expected to reduce the growing disparity that spawns out of exclusionary urban development policies. However, this dissertation engages with theories of neoliberal governmentality, neoliberal urban development, and feminist economics, to show that supposedly efficient inter-sectoral arrangements could disturb regressive power relations and streamline services for the benefit of the poor, but work in nuanced ways to enable the state to sustain its political legitimacy and to create an aura of its caring and inclusive intentions towards the poor at a time when fast-paced city modernization violated their basic rights to shelter and livelihood in the aspiring world-class Delhi.

This bachelor thesis is based on interviews with staff from three Egyptian NGOs in Cairo during the spring of 2013. The study examines how three Egyptian NGOs discuss the woman’s situation within the Islamic legal discourse in the contemporary Egypt. The empiric material was analysed through a theoretical framework of gender in Islam, and a discussion of the concept of human rights laws in a local context. The respondents emphasize the societies gender stereotypes as obstacles in the discussion regarding women’s rights. A woman is first and foremost a mother and wife, according to the local culture as well as the religion. The respondents are very critical towards the Muslim Brotherhoods political agenda, and claim that “they”(the respondents repeatedly referred to the MB as “they” in the empiric material) turn to interpretations of the religion to receive legitimacy as religious role models. According to the respondents the woman has legal rights but the implementation and interpretation of the Islamic law is problematic. Some of the respondents accuse the current political Islamic regime for deliberate neglect in the educational sector, and calls for a reform in the religious schooling system as well as informing women of their legal rights. This thesis also analyses the tension between western human rights laws and a local community, where human rights discourse is associated with an imperialistic and colonial power.

This is a Participatory Approach (PA) study done in Ghana, West Africa. We focus on two Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) in Ghana which uses a PA in their development work. Historically the development work in most African countries has been influenced by western countries, where development often was imposed from the top down, but nowadays, with PA, development seek to engage the local population in a community during the development process. Ghana has been struggling with poverty for several years, and the NGOs are of importance for the development in the country. The purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of development workers’ perception of Participatory Approach and to increase the knowledge about how development workers’ at NGOs in Ghana are working with Participatory Approach. This is a qualitative research and we have used three methods in this Bachelor’s thesis. We have done six semi - structured interviews, one focus group and one field research. We had the interviews and the focus group with development workers at two NGOs. At the field research we had the opportunity to observe the development workers in action. The research questions in this Bachelor’s thesis are: - At two NGOs in Ghana, in what ways can the development workers’ perception of Participatory Approach be understood? - At two NGOs in Ghana, in what ways can the practise of Participatory Approach be understood? The development workers perception of PA, is that PA is important to get sustainable projects and to ensure ownership for all stakeholders in the development process. PA is an empowering process with focus on capacity building. The acceptance of oneself being in need is as important as the participation. Their perception about PA also include some challenges. PA is time- and money consuming , the flexibility that PA need is limited by deadlines and budgets. There are challenges related to social- and cultural values, your own as a development worker and the community’s. The contextual knowledge must be highlighted and the limitations of the organizations must be considered. Another concern is when peoples opinions are influenced by their expectaitions from what the NGOs can provide. The practise of PA is understood as a process where all stakeholders are involved from the beginning, a process to engage the community and make them active participants in every step in a development project. The development workers main role is to build capacity of the people on the field. They uses different tools to ensure participation; Stakeholder analyses, Community conversations and Key informants interviews. The practise can be understood in terms of different levels of participation and different intensity within different cycles in a development project. Depending of the role of the actor and the stage the process are going through, some actors are more active than others.

The debate regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using DDT for IRS has divided the scientific community. The health benefits of reducing malaria spreading are weighed against the potential health and environmental consequences of the chemical, and opinions also differ regarding the cost-effectiveness of the use of DDT. Global recommendations regarding use of DDT for IRS have been issued by the WHO, and the receipt of these on the local level is determined by the intended beneficiaries’ perception of legitimacy of the organisation. The WHO recommendations on DDT as well as interviews conducted with residents of a South African village and representatives for two South African NGOs have been reviewed using qualitative content analysis. This method was used to highlight different perceptions of and views on DDT use, as well as for examining the potential effect that the interviewees’ perception of international institutions’ legitimacy has on their views on DDT. This study shows that the controversy regarding DDT is not as prominent on the local level as on the global level, and that the perceptions of IRS with DDT differ between the WHO, the NGOs and the residents of the village. Further, this study shows that assessing legitimacy is dependent on a definition of “the people” in question, and that the accountability of authoritative actors on different levels needs to be evaluated further.

This study analyzes the current situation women&rsquo / s NGOs in Ankara in terms of the organizational structure and networks. A total of 28 interviews were realized with active women&rsquo / s NGOs located in Ankara on identification of not only organizational structure such as age, type, focus, target group, ICT infrastructure but also communication and collaboration pattern. Both descriptive analysis and network analysis were performed. The main concern is whether women&rsquo / s NGOs collaborate with each other? Results demonstrate that women&rsquo / s NGOs in Ankara mostly use informal linkages based on friendship but do not work with each other in the same projects or campaign. Main reasons behind reluctance to collaborate with the women&rsquo / s NGOs are loss of autonomy, performing the same activities, lack of trust, and ideological differences.

Background: While entrepreneurship is now seen as an important focus in Egypt to elevatepoverty and improve the economic status, a strong and coherent entrepreneurialecosystem is necessary to achieve this. The Egyptian ecosystem is lacking a lotof principal elements such as access to finance, proper entrepreneurialeducation, and a culture that supports entrepreneurship. Developmentorganizations, whose aim is to sustainably develop the society, have recentlyjoined the Egyptian entrepreneurial ecosystem, equipped with funding,knowledge, and capacity. They aim to contribute to the Egyptian entrepreneurialecosystem and support entrepreneurship as a mean for sustainable development. Purpose: Despite their promising role, development organizations have not beenemphasized in the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems. This could bereturned to the fact that most of the research on ecosystems is done in the contextof developed countries. Our aim is to shed light on the new role of developmentorganizations in the Egyptian ecosystem, explore what they offer toentrepreneurs, understand their impact, and analyze how they can improve theecosystem further. Method: The study is conducted through a multiple case study approach. Data is collectedthrough in-depth interviews with 21 employees and entrepreneurs from 3different development organizations in Egypt Conclusion: The results show that development organizations have a massive impact on theentrepreneurial ecosystem in Egypt. On the Isenberg model, developmentorganizations have the highest impact on market, support, and finance. Whilethey already impact culture and human capital, more emphasis needs to be puton these two domains to improve the mindset of entrepreneurs and the differentplayers in the ecosystem. Development organizations do not contribute to thepolicy domain since its mostly dominated by the government.

The increase in the presence and influence of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) locally and internationally is having a noticeable effect on the policy process at a national level. While the NGO sector is more commonly examined at an international level, its impact at the state and sub-state level remains unexplored. This gap in the literature is addressed as a primary problem in this thesis. By exploring the relationship between the NGO and the state, the significance of this relationship is emphasised as a necessary inclusion in International Relations literature. The NGO sector presents civil society with a road into, and in some cases an alternative to, traditional modes of political advocacy. This increases civil society's ability to impact the policy process by creating, what is identified in this thesis as, a dialogical space. The dialogical space allows for an exchange of ideas and thus influences the decision-making process of the state, if and when it is explored. Furthermore, the dialogical space facilitates, as is shown here, learning through the conversations that take place between NGOs and the state. This thesis asks ‘what do NGOs learn from their conversations with states?' and presents the ‘lessons learned' from Scottish and Zambian case studies. NGOs are identified here as civil society in organisation and have a particular relationship with the communities they represent. This relationship is empirically examined and presented here in the Scottish and Zambian case studies. This thesis examines the relationship between the NGO and civil society, and most importantly the relationship between the NGO and the state using the ethic of care as a theoretical lens. Conclusions are drawn from the interviews conducted during the fieldwork. The ethic of care is located in practice and used as a theoretical lens to examine what the local NGOs learn from their interactions with the state. Both case studies confirm that an ethic of care is a prevalent ethic in NGO practice, as identified by the NGO workers interviewed. Furthermore, when used as an analytical lens the ethic of care is shown to be used as a tool by NGOs to nurture an ethic of care in statesmanship. The thesis specifically highlights that NGOs have learned from their conversations with states and that, through the creation and use of the dialogical space, an ethic of care in practice can be traced. The greater significance of this thesis is that it addresses the relationship between the NGO and the state at a local and national level; a topic which is lacking in current IR literature, despite being of crucial value for understanding the state's interaction with non-state actors, in this case local NGOs. Furthermore, through the use of the ethic of care both as an exploratory lens and in its identification as a practical ethic, this thesis highlights the importance of an ethic of care in theory and practice.

A number of NGOs follow the international development debate and are active in trying to influence important actors in the field. The impact of NGOs on large international actors such as the World Bank has for example been an important topic of discussion. The continuance of research on the development of NGOs in the World Bank is important for future work in the sector, both for NGOs and for the civil society. As important representatives of the civil society, NGOs have been the force to rely on and confine to. When examining NGOs impact on the World Bank, there are two levels to the research. Most previous research on NGOs as influencers in the World Bank has dealt with the overall impact of NGOs on the World Bank on policy level. This research sets out to investigate the second level of impact that NGOs have on the World Bank on project level to a major extent it relates to NGOs in the partner states. The study uses qualitative methods and an abductive approach in a desk study as the chosen method for collecting and assessing data. It takes its basis in Gramsci’s theory on civil society when examining existing work and uses as the theoretical framework. From the findings of the study it can be deduced that that NGOs impact on the World Bank projects can be essential for the success of the Bank. Starting from a small platform where NGOs were only invited on occasion to play ‘roles’ as a favor to the Bank, the NGOs are today recognized for their efficiency in Bank-financed projects where a good cooperation with locals is seen as important for the success of the project.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O atual contexto das OrganizaÃÃes NÃo-Governamentais (ONG) no Brasil vem apresentando mudanÃas na forma de atuaÃÃo dessas instituiÃÃes em relaÃÃo ao surgimento das mesmas nos anos 90 do sÃculo XX. Diante desse novo cenÃrio, formula-se a questÃo central da presente investigaÃÃo: qual a relaÃÃo existente entre uma ONG que trabalha com projetos envolvendo a comunicaÃÃo e a cultura e a comunidade na qual ela està inserida? A ONG FundaÃÃo Casa Grande â Memorial do Homem Kariri surge como objeto de estudo da pesquisa aqui apresentada. Analisar a contribuiÃÃo da ONG na formaÃÃo cultural de jovens moradores da cidade à o objetivo geral deste estudo, que se ampara na busca por objetivos especÃficos como investigar com qual concepÃÃo de cultura a fundaÃÃo trabalha nos projetos que ela desenvolve; identificar como a ONG và e retrata a cultura local do Cariri; e compreender como esses jovens, participantes atuais ou nÃo da Casa Grande, percebem a proposta dessa organizaÃÃo na formaÃÃo cultural deles e da cidade de Nova Olinda. A pesquisa de campo e a discussÃo de conceitos como: ONG (COUTINHO, 2005; GOHN, 2000, 2004, 2010; SCHERER-WARREN, 2006), cultura (CUCHE, 2002; LARAIA, 2009) e o diÃlogo entre a cultura popular e a cultura de massa (MAGNANI, 2003; OLIVEIRA, 2007), globalizaÃÃo (GIDDENS, 1999, 2001; HELD e MECGREW, 2001; SANTOS, 2002) e a relaÃÃo entre o local e o global (HALL, 2006) direcionaram a metodologia da investigaÃÃo para um estudo etnogrÃfico (ANGROSINO, 2009; BEAUD e WEBER, 2007) sob a perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais (ESCOSTEGUY, 2010; MARTÃN-BARBERO, 2003). Assim, aliaram-se à observaÃÃo participante e ao diÃrio de campo, essenciais na metodologia seguida, estratÃgias de pesquisa como entrevista antropolÃgica (GUBER, 2004), anÃlise de documentos e vÃdeos e relatos de vida (BERTAUX, 2005), alÃm da realizaÃÃo de uma oficina sobre escolha musical como forma de ampliaÃÃo do mÃtodo etnogrÃfico. Os resultados da investigaÃÃo apontam que a ONG FundaÃÃo Casa Grande â Memorial do Homem Kariri atua na formaÃÃo cultural dos jovens moradores de Nova Olinda aliando-se a concepÃÃes de cultura, no plural, e nÃo somente a uma Ãnica concepÃÃo, direcionando o olhar da mesma para uma cultura local do Cariri mais voltada a manifestaÃÃes tradicionais. Esse propÃsito ocorre mesmo que algumas produÃÃes da ONG ampliem essa visÃo ao nÃo conseguir esconder o popular, dialogando com o massivo, resultado dos processos de globalizaÃÃo. / The current situation of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Brazil has shown changes in the activities of these institutions in relation to their appearance in the 90s of the twentieth century. In this new context, we have formulated the central question of this research: what is the relationship between an NGO working with projects involving communication, culture and the community in which it is embedded? The NGO âCasa Grande Foundation - Memorial of the Kariri Manâ emerges as our object of study. Analyze the contribution of NGOs in the cultural formation of young city dwellers is the aim of this study, which is supported by the search for specific goals as: investigate what is the conception of culture that Foundation works on projects it develops; identify how the NGO sees and portrays Cariri local culture; and understand how these young people, current participants or not of Casa Grande, realize the purpose of this organization in their cultural backgrounds and the city of Nova Olinda. The field research and discussion of concepts such as: NGO (COUTINHO, 2005; GOHN, 2000, 2004, 2010; SCHERER-WARREN, 2006), culture (CUCHE, 2002; LARAIA, 2009), dialogue between popular and mass culture (MAGNANI, 2003; OLIVEIRA, 2007), globalization (GIDDENS, 1999, 2001; HELD e MECGREW, 2001; SANTOS, 2002), and the relation between local and global (HALL, 2006) guided the research methodology for an ethnographic study (ANGROSINO, 2009; BEAUD e WEBER, 2007) from the perspective of Cultural Studies (ESCOSTEGUY, 2010; MARTÃN-BARBERO, 2003). Thus, allied to the participant observation and the field diary, essential to that methodology, research strategies as anthropological interview (GUBER, 2004), analysis of documents, videos and life stories (BERTAUX, 2005), in addition to holding a workshop on musical choice as a way of broadening of Ethnography. Research results indicate that the NGO âCasa Grande Foundation - Memorial of the Kariri Manâ operates in the cultural formation of young residents of Nova Olinda, aligning itself with notions of culture, in the plural, and not only to a single concept, directing the look of it to the Cariri local culture more focused on traditional manifestations. This purpose occurs even though some productions of NGOs expand this view when they cannot hide the popular dialogue with the massive, result of globalization processes.