Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-09-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sebrian_rnn_me_assis.pdf: 1569869 bytes, checksum: 40da4f54799f365e16eb3cfe74a02354 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho objetiva-se analisar, no período de 1926 a 1934, e de forma comparativa, a produção jornalística a respeito do conflito entre Nicarágua e EUA, e suas diversas configurações e desdobramentos, produzida pelos periódicos Folha da Manhã, Folha da Noite, O Tempo, Correio da Manhã e O Estado de S. Paulo. Procuraremos fundamentalmente compreender como cada periódico se posicionou em relação à questão da intervenção e ao movimento sandinista, quais foram os aspectos privilegiados por cada um dos jornais, e se houve mudanças na postura dos mesmos em relação ao conflito, dentre outros aspectos. / This work aims to analyse, comparatively, the production by the newspapers Folha da Manhã, Folha da Noite, O Tempo, Correio da Manhã and O Estado de S. Paulo on the conflict between Nicaragua and the USA from the year 1926 to 1934 as well as its various configurations and implications. We will fundamentally seek to understand which position each newspaper took regarding the intervention matter and the sandinist movement, which aspects were privileged by each newspaper, and whether changes in their posture regarding the conflict occurred, among other aspects.

Magíster en Gestión y Dirección de Empresas / El presente plan de negocio, tiene como objetivo principal, estudiar la viabilidad de la construcción de una planta que elabore cerveza de una manera artesanal en Nicaragua, y distribuirla a nivel nacional. Se toma en cuenta que esta sería la primera empresa que elabore este producto, entrando en una industria monopolística. Por lo tanto, también se buscará la mejor estrategia para poder entrar en esta industria, y convertirse en un actor relevante. En el plan de negocio, se inicia con el tema estratégico, haciendo un análisis ambiental (Político, económico, social, tecnológico), un análisis de industria, y por último, un análisis interno de cómo estaría trabajando la empresa. De esta forma se encuentran los criterios necesarios para un análisis FODA, llegando a la formulación de la estrategia competitiva, y la elaboración del producto. Seguido por el plan de marketing, para poder competir a nivel nacional con la empresa monopólica. Luego, se realizó un análisis de todos los costos asociados a la construcción de la planta, y todos los demás para la producción. Desde toda la maquinaria necesaria, hasta la localización de las materias primas para producción, y así llegar a un resultado detallado, de lo que se necesita para la inversión inicial. Una vez obtenidos estos resultados, se realizaron las proyecciones de ventas, asumiendo que durante el primer año, se logra capturar un 0.7% de la participación de mercado, tomándolo como un dato muy conservador. A partir de esto, se realiza el análisis financiero, viendo las diferentes utilidades a través de los primeros años, y realizando los flujos de caja descontados para estos años. Finalmente, se realiza la evaluación de la inversión en el proyecto, y se concluye que es muy rentable, tomando una tasa de descuento de 14.28%. Por último, se concluye que el proyecto es muy rentable, y se recomienda realizar la inversión. Es muy importante tomar en cuenta que la empresa monopólica contraatacará, y se tiene que estar preparado en poder competir con ellos, a través de la misma estrategia de diferenciación y precio alto. Y enfocándose en aquellos canales donde no es parte de sus estrategias la exclusividad de ciertas cervezas.

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The current policy of the Reagan administration is designed to overthrow the Sandinist system in Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan revolution has produced a fascinating model of Socialism, in which the Sandinistas are trying to combine elements of pragmatic Marxism, Catholic humanism and revolutionary nationalism. In the first three years after the revolution, the Sandinist government was fairly successful and the country made enormous social and political progress. In 1983 Nicaragua entered a severe systemic crisis, which has been aggravated by the economic and military policy of the Reagan administration. This paper argues that the US counter strategy is based upon a number of contradictions and inconsistencies inherent in the Sandinist system. The main targets of the US strategy are the social accomplishments that provided the FSLN's popularity among the rural population, as well as the middle-class upon whose co-operation the success of the Sandinista model depends. The US strategy consists of three components: a) economic sanctions, b) overt and covert military threat, and c) additional supportive policy measures. This paper is a preliminary analysis offering suggestions and direction for future research. / Master of Arts

To produce enough food for a growing population, soil remediation is crucial unless more forests are to be cleared to make way for agriculture land. Finely ground rocks have been proposed as a soil amendment for highly weathered soils. In Chontales, Nicaragua most of the forest has been converted to cattle pasture. In fertile soils, crop agriculture is more lucrative per unit of area than cattle grazing, but the low nutrient content of Chontales soils makes it uneconomic. The purpose of the study was to examine whether incorporation of rock dust is a sustainable way to increase the fertility in Chontales and thus can be part of a strategy that encourages farmers to adopt crop agriculture as an alternative to animal husbandry. A field experiment was conducted in which basaltic rock dust and compost was applied to soil for cultivation of common beans. Three sustainability parameters were analyzed and the diffusion potential of the proposed technology was assessed. The experiment failed to confirm the positive result obtained in previous studies on yield in similar soils and no correlation between pest resistance and rock dust applications was found. The failure to produce a confident result on yield was partly due to a leaf hoppers invasion and harm caused by intruding calves into the experiment site. Rock dust was found to be typically free of toxic agents and little environmental damage is associated with the practice, provided that the source of extraction is close to the application site. The relative disadvantage in terms of social prestige and incompatibility with the current cattle oriented production system were found to be the main obstacles for diffusion of the technique in Chontales.

International migration has grown in both scope and scale in recent decades. Almost half of the world's migrants move between countries lying within the global economic South, yet scholarship remains focused on South-to-North routes. This dissertation is a qualitative study of South-to-South migration experience of Nicaraguan women living in Costa Rica. In the mid-1990s, Costa Rica surpassed the United States as the primary destination for Nicaraguan migrants due to the coincided effects of economic distress in Nicaragua and economic developments in Costa Rica, creating gaps in the labor market that Nicaraguans filled.During the 1990s, the number of Nicaraguan migrants tripled to compose eight to sixteen percent of the Costa Rican population; women make up around half of the migrant population. What does the experience of moving between destination and origin contexts characterized by relative geographic, cultural, linguistic, economic and historical proximity reveal about the often juxtaposed social processes of integration and transnationalism? To explore this question, over a year of continuous ethnographic field research and systematic archival review of newspaper accounts were pursued in Costa Rica and Nicaragua (2005-06). Participant observation and 138 in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 43 migrant women, of whom two thirds were undocumented, and 12 Costa Rican health care workers. For its symbolic and material value to migrants and host country nationals, the health care system was the lens for examining migration issues and experience.Study findings suggest that multi-dimensional social forms of proximity for this migration circuit do not uniformly facilitate integration or transnationalism but rather the "paradoxes of proximity." Nicaraguan migrant women articulated feelings of profound exclusion and ambivalence about their lives. For Costa Ricans, migrants represented a threat to national ideals of "exceptionalism" central to historical accounts of their national identity. Ideals included racial and class homogeneity as well as the welfare state's successes in providing health care for all. By drawing on multiple theoretical perspectives from critical and clinical medical anthropology, feminist and historical anthropology, the study illustrates the importance of attending to paradoxical, local health-related experiences as a reflection of macro-level processes of globalization.

Supporters of free trade argue that one of its benefits is to increase wellbeing and enhance respect for workers’ rights. Nevertheless, this will not happen unless concrete requirements concerning such protection are inserted within the actual agreements. This thesis argues that trade agreements should include labor provisions that provide effective protection for core labor rights and that those rights are enforced by the Parties. In the case of Taiwan, it has signed Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with Panama, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras; but only in the FTA with Nicaragua, a Labor Chapter (No. 18) has been introduced in the accord. It follows the United States- Dominican Republic- Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) design, and the signatories agree to enforce their own domestic labor laws and reaffirm their commitment to the internationally recognized labor rights. However, the language of the agreement is merely aspirational, directing Parties to strive to improve their laws, but providing no effective reward or sanction in this reward.

Foreign aid has become more and more popular after World War II; aiming to support undeveloped countries to accomplish economic growth. It is common for countries that once achieved a development stage to support other countries that haven’t; but aid as an instrument for promoting economic growth has had its difficulties to be effective and efficient. Many types of aid are used to maximize its impact and support among their recipient’s countries, nevertheless intentions from donors or surrounding conditions from recipients has not been the best to do so. Taiwan, who previously was a recipient of aid, has become a donor; it has aimed its support to those countries that not only support Taiwan’s international status but also need to achieve economic growth. Nicaragua is one of the countries who are supported by the ROC government. The main problem when supporting other countries development is evaluating the impact or efficiency with which aid is handed; therefore it is crucial for the donor country, in this case the ROC to estimate the effectiveness and efficiency of their aid. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Taiwan’s ICDF aid to the Nicaraguan society by SWOT analysis. This evaluation is important in order to establish if Taiwan’s aid has been effective or efficient; and for Nicaraguan society to acknowledge if economic growth is being achieved and how. Taiwan’s ICDF has cooperated in the country by promoting not only funding for Nicaraguan government projects but also throughout technical assistance to locals; which aim to improve their productions, auto sustainability and technical skills. This research will prove that indeed Taiwan ICDF has helped Nicaraguan society to accomplish economic growth throughout their projects, and will also provide some suggestions to maximize even more their impact among Nicaraguans. Keywords: Aid, Taiwan ICDF, Projects, Taiwan, ROC, Nicaragua, Bilateral Relations, Economic growth, SWOT analysis.

Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study was to find the prevalence of different ocular changes in the anterior segment of the eye and changes in the crystalline lens among Nicaraguan population. Method: The study was done during a journey to Nicaragua with the organization VFA and Synoptik that lasted for two weeks in March/April. There were a total of 134 participants with 71 females and 63 males. The average age of the study participants was 50 (±20) years and the age ranged from 7 to 97 years. The total sample size was collected in the three towns that we visited during the journey: Ticuantepe, Léon and Estéli. The changes were evaluated by direct ophthalmoscopy. Conjunctiva was examined by asking the patients to look into different gaze directions. Cornea and crystalline lens was examined by asking the patient to look directly at the ophthalmoscope. Results: 31% out of the participants enrolled in this study were healthy with no visible ocular changes. The remaining 69% had ocular changes with majority of them having either cataract, pterygium or pinguecula. The prevalence of cataract was 24%, pterygium 20%, pinguecula 10%. There were other minor ocular changes such as red eye in 4%, arcus senilis in 4%, ptosis in 1%, and aphakia in 1% seen in these participants. Conclusion: The UV related changes had the highest prevalence. This study like previous studies have shown that cataract was most prevalent ocular change in this population.

Understanding how change occurs in lesser developed countries, particularly in Latin America has been the subject of a prolonged theoretical academic debate. That debate has emphasized economics more that politics in general and predictability over unpredictability in the Latin American region. This paper challenges these approaches. Explaining change requires an examination of the politics of public policy as much as its economic dimensions. Second, change in the Latin American region may be less predictable than it appears. Scholars maintain that change in Latin America occurs when contending elites negotiate it. Their power comes from the various resources they possess. Change, therefore, is not expected to occur as a function of regime change per se. This paper considers the treatment of education policy in Nicaragua during the regimes of the dynastic authoritarianism of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1967-1979), the revolutionary governments of the Sandinistas (1979-1990), and the democratic-centrist government of Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (1990-1996). The central research question is: When regimes change, do policies change? The methodology defines the independent variable as the regime and education policy as the dependent variable. It posits three hypotheses. The right-wing regime of Somoza was expected to restrict both the qualitative aspects and the financing of education; (2) the left-wing regimes of the Sandinistas were hypothesized to have expanded both; and (3) the democratic-centrist regime of Chamorro was expected to have both expanded and restricted certain aspects of education policy. Several chapters describe these regimes' expansive or restrictive education strategies. A comparative analysis of these 26 years demonstrates several variables' effect over time. An OLS regression and a times series analysis specifies the relationship between regime change and percent of GDP each regime devoted to education. Both the statistical and qualitative findings of this study confirm the hypotheses. The study reveals that, as regimes changed, education strategies and policies changed. Such findings challenge some current thought about political behavior with respect to Latin American development in particular and development theory in general.