Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

abstract: The revolution that took place in Nicaragua during the 70's led the country into misery; this war was a consequence of the Somoza dictatorship that had been in power for forty-five years. The Nicaraguan people were hoping to recover their peace and freedom by rising in arms against the dictatorship. Augusto Cesar Sandino is known to be the most significant patriotic figure for the Sandinista revolutionaries. His legacy inspired the foundation of the revolutionary party Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN). The FSLN was able to overthrow the Anastasio Somoza regime and declared their victory on July 19, 1979. The memories of the Sandinista Revolution are portrayed in the autobiographies of two Nicaraguan writers: Gioconda Belli and Sergio Ramirez. El país bajo mi piel (2001) y Adiós muchachos. Una memoria de la revolución sandinista (1999) are the texts analyzed in this study as part of those remembrances that revive the most significant events of the revolution from very unique perspectives. In order to develop this analysis we have consider the theoretical work of Phillip Lejeune. We have based our research in his definition of autobiography, his concept of autobiographical pact and the idea of contract between author and reader. Also, we have incorporated Evelyne Ender´s research on memory as the principal element in the literary construction of reminiscences. Ender explains the role of the rememberer, who is responsible of constructing their memories based on a subjective, cognitive, emotional and esthetic performance. At the same time, we have included the concept of biographical space explained by Leonor Arfuch, which is perceived as multi-faced space where different tendencies coexist. The purpose of this study is to explore the autobiographies of these Nicaraguan writers as an esthetical process where remembrances of the Sandinista Revolution come to live in a prose reflective narrative. Analyzing Belli and Ramirez's memoirs, we perceived their private and public stories of life that depict the most significant events of their lives and nation. The Sandinista Revolution is part of the Nicaraguan history and it cannot be forgotten that's the purpose behind this autobiographies to document these transcendental happenings. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Spanish 2012

Submitted by Maria Patriarca (mariaclariceufg@gmail.com) on 2013-11-21T19:22:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - VERSÃO FINAL COM FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA 1.pdf: 3683561 bytes, checksum: e924476c0191e5849d703d02b5c0fd0b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-11-22T11:36:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - VERSÃO FINAL COM FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA 1.pdf: 3683561 bytes, checksum: e924476c0191e5849d703d02b5c0fd0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-22T15:58:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - VERSÃO FINAL COM FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA 1.pdf: 3683561 bytes, checksum: e924476c0191e5849d703d02b5c0fd0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / This research aims to verify the role of cooperatives and associations in the development of entrepreneurial ceramists in Brazil and Nicaragua. Therefore, two associations in Brazil and two cooperatives in Nicaragua were selected. These organizations were chosen owing to the similiarities between them. The research was developed as a multiple case study, and the interviews were conducted through semi-structured questions. The interviewers were free to add any information they thought necessary. We identified eight general categories, which were reduced to three main categories. The data obtained were analyzed using content analysis, and as a result, among other things, may verify the impacts generated by the potters participation in associations and cooperatives, from personal, family and social aspects, in addition to issues involving the community in which they live. Also verified was the need for dissemination and the development of public policies with the final objective being to publicise the artisans, and the different characteristics between the focus given to participation in associations, in both Brazil, and cooperatives in Nicaragua. Talk in Brazil indicates the emphasis placed by the associated issues in relation to social life, and talk in Nicaragua, suggests a greater concern about financial issues. Perhaps these characteristics are related in the end, to the type of organization chosen to unite the groups in the two countries. The contributions of this work are generated by the amplification of the literature related to women entrepreneurship and also by launching a different look at the reality of enterprising potters, due to their involvement with cooperatives and associations, in relation to aspects of personal, family, economic and social. Finally, this work presents possible topics for future research, including those related to further studies that take into account the concept of entrepreneurship defined here-in, studies that deepen the understanding of the psychological impacts generated by the entrepreneurship of women involved with subsistence activities, and furthermore the possibilities of studying the actions of training and development of public policies aimed at this audience. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar qual é o papel das cooperativas e associações no desenvolvimento das empreendedoras ceramistas no Brasil e na Nicaragua. Para tanto, foram escolhidas duas associações no Brasil e duas cooperativas na Nicaragua. A definição das organizações se deu pelas semelhanças que elas apresentam. A pesquisa se desenvolveu como um estudo de caso múltiplo, e as entrevistas foram realizadas através de questões semiestruturadas. Os sujeitos tiveram liberdade para acrescentar quaisquer informações que achassem necessárias. Foram identificadas oito categorias gerais, que foram reduzidas a três categorias principais. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através da Análise de Conteúdo e, como resultado, podem-se verificar, entre outras coisas, os impactos gerados aos ceramistas pela participação em associações e cooperativas, tanto em aspectos pessoais, familiares e sociais, além das questões que envolvem a comunidade onde estão inseridos. Verificou-se, também, a necessidade de divulgação e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que tenham como objetivo final os artesãos, e as características diferenciadas entre o foco dado à participação nas associações, no Brasil, e nas cooperativas, na Nicaragua. No Brasil as falas indicam o destaque dado pelos associados às questões relativas ao convívio social e, na Nicaragua, as falas sugerem uma maior preocupação com as questões financeiras. Talvez essas características estejam relacionadas, ao final, com o tipo de organização escolhido para reunir os grupos nos dois países. As contribuições geradas por este trabalho passam pela ampliação da literatura relacionada ao empreendedorismo de mulheres e, também, por lançar um olhar diferenciado sobre a realidade das empreendedoras ceramistas, devido ao seu envolvimento com as cooperativas e associações, em relação aos aspectos pessoais, familiares, econômicos e sociais. Por fim, este trabalho apresenta a possibilidade de tópicos para futuras pesquisas, entre eles, os relacionados ao aprofundamento de estudos que levem em consideração o conceito de empreendedorismo aqui definido, estudos que aprofundem no entendimento dos impactos psicológicos gerados pelo empreendedorismo de mulheres envolvidas com atividades de subsistência, além das possibilidades de se estudar as ações de capacitação e de desenvolvimento de políticas públicas voltadas para esse público.

The purpose of this study was to identify the role of nongovernmental organizations in Nicaragua and their impact on the status of women. The study analyzed the status of women at the beginning of the revolution, starting in 1980. The study then examined the evolution of non-governmental organizations deriving from the original group named the Luisa Amanda Espinosa Association of Nicaraguan Women (AMNLAE). It then described the impact of non-governmental organizations on policy making and building civic societies. Ultimately, this study analyzed the status of women thirty years after the revolution and demonstrates through institutionalism that because of the effect of non-governmental organizations on society, the status of women has improved. It then concluded that nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations are necessary for building civic societies wherein gender equality is accepted.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a produção de imaginários políticos e culturais orientados pela Teologia da Libertação durante o governo sandinista na Nicarágua (1979 1990) procurando mostrar a mescla que aí se deu entre religião e revolução. Pretendemos investigar como se constituíram esses imaginários expressos em discursos de políticos e religiosos, jornais, livros, cartilhas, músicas, poemas, fontes visuais produzidas por membros das Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEBs) atuantes na Nicarágua, com a meta de ampliar a adesão de setores populares à Revolução Sandinista. Procuramos averiguar em que medida uma comunidade de fé atuou, através da cultura, da educação e das ações políticas, no sentido de colaborar com o projeto revolucionário da Frente Sandinista de Libertação Nacional (FSLN). Uma questão que aqui se coloca é a da identificação entre os ideais revolucionários no poder que se orientavam por concepções marxistas e os dos cristãos que, a partir do Concílio Vaticano II e das Conferências de Medellín e Puebla fizeram a opção preferencial pelos pobres, inserindo-se nas lutas sociais da América Latina. Pretendemos discutir as possibilidades e limites de uma proposta socialista cristã que se constrói a partir de pressupostos teóricos conflitantes como é o caso do materialismo marxista e a doutrina católica que o recusa. A relação entre imaginários sociais e práticas políticas constitui o eixo central desta análise que se propõe verificar como os imaginários se constituem a partir de conflitos diversos e se transformam em armas de luta que orientam as práticas dos agentes envolvidos nesse processo. / The present study has the objective to analyse the production of political and cultural imaginariness oriented by the Theology of Liberation during the sandinist government in Nicaragua (1979-1990) trying to demonstrate the mixture of religion and revolution. Our intention is to investigate how were constituted the imaginariness expressed on political and religious speeches, newspapers, books, spelling books, music, poems and visual materials produced by members of the Base Communities (CEBs) acting in Nicaragua, with the goal to increase the adherence of popular sectors to the Sandinist Revolution. We attempt inquiring in what extension a community of faith acted through the culture, the education and political actions, with the objective to collaborate with the revolucionary project of the Sandinist National Liberation Front (FSLN). One question here presented is the one of the identification between the revolucionay ideals in power that were oriented by marxist conceptions and the christian ones that, with the Vatican II Council and the Conferences of Medellin and Puebla, made a preferred option for the poor, inserting themselves in the social fights in Latin America. We intent to discuss the possibilities and limits of a christian socialist proposal built based on conflicting teorical purposes which is the case of the marxist materialism and the catolic doutrine that refuses it. The relationship between social imaginariness and political practices constitutes the main point of this analysis which has the purpose to verify how the imaginariness constitutes itself from different conflicts transforming itself in weapons of fight which orients the practices of the agents involved in this process.

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<p>This dissertation examines the impact of the expansion of renewable technology at both national and local level, through distinct essays. At the national level, the first paper analyzes the effects of economic and distributional impacts of climate mitigation policy, in the context of a developing country, to understand the interactions between the energy system and the macroeconomic environment. In the case of the local level, the second paper uses synthetic control method, to estimate the effect at the county level of utility scale wind in the development indicators for two counties in the U.S. </p> <p>The first paper assesses the economic and distributional impacts of Nicaragua’s commitments to limit future greenhouse gas emissions in the context of the Paris Agreement, known as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The analysis relies on two distinct models. The first is a top-down approach based on a single-country computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, known as the Mitigation, Adaptation and New Technologies Applied General Equilibrium (MANAGE) Model. The second is a bottom-up approach based on the Open-Source energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS), which is technology rich energy model. The combined model is calibrated to an updated social accounting matrix for Nicaragua, which disaggregates households into 20 representative types: 10 rural and 10 urban households. For the household disaggregation we have used information from the 2014 Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) for Nicaragua. Our analysis focuses on the distributional impacts of meeting the NDCs as well as additional scenarios—in a dynamic framework as the MANAGE model is a (recursive) dynamic model. The results show that a carbon tax has greatest potential for reduction in emissions, with modest impact in macro variables. An expansion of the renewable sources in the electricity matrix also leads to significant reduction in emissions. Only a carbon tax achieves a reduction in emissions consistent with keeping global warming below 2°C. Nicaragua’s NDC alone would not achieve the target and mitigation instruments are needed. An expansion of generation from renewable sources, does not lead to a scenario consistent with a 2°C pathway. </p> <p>The second paper measures the impact of wind generation on county level outcomes through the use of the Synthetic Control Method (SCM). SCM avoids the pitfalls of other methods such as input-output models and project level case studies that do not provide county level estimates. We find that the local per capita income effect of utility wind scale is 6 percent (translate into an increase of $1,511 in per capita income for 2019) for Benton County and 8 percent for White county in Indiana (an increase of $2,100 in per capita income for 2019). The per capita income effect measures the average impact, which includes the gains in rents from capital, land, and labor from wind power in these counties. Moreover, we find that most of the rents from wind power accrue to the owners of capital and labor. Even assuming the lowest projections of electricity prices and the highest reasonable cost we still find a 10 percent minimum rate of return to capital for both Benton and White counties’ wind power generators. Furthermore, we find that there are excess rents that could be taxed and redistributed at the county, state, or federal level without disincentivizing investment in wind power.</p>

This thesis covers the methods and the goals of organizations located in Costa Rica working for the good of Nicaraguan citizens. Through a thematic analysis of 10 Facebook posts per 8 civil society organizations, four different themes within the posts were found: active action, cooperation, informing, and political speech. These themes as well as different extracts from the posts have together given a picture of the methods and goals of the organizations. Active action, cooperation and informing are used to see the methods of the organizations, while political speech and some cases of informing show the goals of the organizations. Through the extracts there are examples of what they do and why they do it. What has been found is that the organizations are different from each other in some respects. The organizations with a focus on Nicaraguans who are in Costa Rica have a higher count of posts using active action while those focusing on the situation in Nicaragua use more political speech. It has also been found that theories regarding the development of social movements, activism and peaceful disobedience can be used to understand the actions and the goals of the organizations.

In this novella the main character, David Crumm, is getting older and decides not to wait around and die on his frozen ranch, but to retire to warmer climates. He leaves everything with his daughter, gets in his truck and drives south with his dog. In Florida, he accidentally hits and kills a migrant woman on her bicycle. The woman has a young son who survives the accident and, through a number of converging factors, David is compelled to personally take the boy back to his relatives in Nicaragua. The book then deals with David's experiences as he heads farther south, picking up more passengers along the way including his old friend Tom, on the run from the law; Frank, a strange American ex-patriot; and a beautiful tourist in Acapulco named Sheila.

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