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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Metody pro určování charakteristických parametrů procesů spalování na bázi experimentů a modelování / Methods for Determination of Characteristic Parameters of Combustion Processes on the Basis of Experiments and Modeling

Bělohradský, Petr January 2010 (has links)
The present thesis is concerned with methods for determination and modeling of characteristic parameters of combustion of gaseous fuels. The focus is stressed on formation of nitrogen oxides and heat transfer from hot flue gases into combustion chamber’s walls. Experimental work, which is focused on testing of two burners with suppressed formation of nitrogen oxides, is an important part of the thesis. Its aim is to obtain data that is necessary for further processing and modeling. The work presents two methods that may be used in modeling of characteristic combustion parameters, namely the method based on statistical processing of data and the method based on computational fluid dynamics. The approaches are applied to two devices (burner with two-staged fuel supply, burner with two-staged air supply) with the objective to analyze their parameters. First approach covers detailed planning of burner test prior to its own carrying out (definition of the goal of experiment, choice of input factors and response, experimental plan) and subsequent statistical processing of experimental data. On the contrary, CFD approach offers simulations as an alternative option to traditional experimental methods. The simulation of combustion includes building of computational grid, setup of boundary conditions, turbulence model, heat transfer model and chemical kinetics. Results of simulations are compared with experimental measured data.
182

A 2009 Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Of The University Of Central Florida

Clifford, Johanna Marie 01 January 2011 (has links)
This thesis reports on the results of a mobile source emissions inventory for the University of Central Florida (UCF). For a large urban university, the majority of volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from onroad sources: personal vehicles and campus shuttles carrying students, faculty, staff, and administrators to and from the university, as well as university business trips. In addition to emissions from daily commutes, non-road equipment such as lawnmowers, leaf blowers, small maintenance vehicles, and other such equipment utilized on campus contributes to a significant portion to the total emissions from the university. UCF has recently become the second largest university in the nation (with over 56,000 students enrolled in the fall 2010 semester), and contributes significantly to VOC, NOx, and CO2 emissions in Central Florida area. In this project, students, faculty, staff, and administrators were first surveyed to determine their commuting distances and frequencies. Information was also gathered on vehicle type, and age distribution of the personal vehicles of students, faculty, administration, and staff as well as their bus, carpool, and alternate transportation usage. The EPA approved mobile source emissions model, Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES2010a), was used to calculate the emissions from on-road vehicles, and UCF fleet gasoline consumption records were used to calculate the emissions from non-road equipment and on campus UCF fleet vehicles. The results of the UCF mobile source emissions inventory are reported and compared to a recently completed emissions inventory for the entire three-county area in Central Florida.
183

Исследование тепловой и экологической эффективности работы оборудования цеха №1 минераловатных плит завода «Эковер» : магистерская диссертация / Research of thermal and ecological performance of the workshop №1 equipment of the mineral-wool plates plant «Ekover»

Kholzakov, D. A., Холзаков, Д. А. January 2014 (has links)
In the thesis researches of overall performance of the polymerization furnace of Uralasbest plant are executed. The existing thermal scheme and a design of the furnace is considered, thermal calculation is carried out and technical solutions on improvement of thermal and ecological characteristics of the furnace operation are proposed. Researches showed that ecological characteristics mineral-wool production doesn't satisfy to requirements to environmental standards, and for decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides more effective burner system is proposed. On the basis of the executed measurements and balance calculations technical actions on decrease in thermal losses with the leaving gases are offered. / В диссертации выполнены исследования эффективности работы печи полимеризации цеха ОАО «Ураласбест». Рассмотрена существующая тепловая схема и конструкция печи, проведен тепловой расчет и предложены технические решения по совершенствованию тепловых и экологических характеристик работы печи. Исследования показали, что с точки зрения экологических характеристик минераловатное производство не соответствует требованиям к экологическим нормам, и для снижения выбросов оксидов азота предложена более эффективная горелочных система..На основе выполненных измерений и балансовых расчетов предложены технические мероприятия по снижения тепловых потерь с уходящими газами.
184

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper-Exchanged Zeolite Catalysts and Kinetic Studies on NOx Selective Catalytic Reduction with Ammonia

Arthur J. Shih (5930264) 16 January 2019 (has links)
<p>Although Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites are used commercially in diesel engine exhaust after-treatment for abatement of toxic NO<sub>x</sub> pollutants via selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with NH<sub>3</sub>, molecular details of its active centers and mechanistic details of the redox reactions they catalyze, specifically of the Cu(I) to Cu(II) oxidation half-reaction, are not well understood. A detailed understanding of the SCR reaction mechanism and nature of the Cu active site would provide insight into their catalytic performance and guidance on synthesizing materials with improved low temperature (< 473 K) reactivity and stability against deactivation (e.g. hydrothermal, sulfur oxides). We use computational, titration, spectroscopic, and kinetic techniques to elucidate (1) the presence of two types of Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions in Cu-SSZ-13 materials, (2) molecular details on how these Cu cations, facilitated by NH<sub>3</sub> solvation, undergo a reduction-oxidation catalytic cycle, and (3) that sulfur oxides poison the two different types of Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions to different extents at via different mechanisms. </p><p><br></p> <p> </p> <p>Copper was exchanged onto H-SSZ-13 samples with different Si:Al ratios (4.5, 15, and 25) via liquid-phase ion exchange using Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> as the precursor. The speciation of copper started from the most stable Cu<sup>2+</sup> coordinated to two anionic sites on the zeolite framework to [CuOH]<sup>+</sup> coordinated to only one anionic site on the zeolite framework with increasing Cu:Al ratios. The number of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and [CuOH]<sup>+</sup> sites was quantified by selective NH<sub>3</sub> titration of the number of residual Brønsted acid sites after Cu exchange, and by quantification of Brønsted acidic Si(OH)Al and CuOH stretching vibrations from IR spectra. Cu-SSZ-13 with similar Cu densities and anionic framework site densities exhibit similar standard SCR rates, apparent activation energies, and orders regardless of the fraction of Z<sub>2</sub>Cu and ZCuOH sites, indicating that both sites are equally active within measurable error for SCR. </p><p><br></p> <p> </p> <p>The standard SCR reaction uses O<sub>2</sub> as the oxidant (4NH<sub>3</sub> + 4NO + O<sub>2</sub> -> 6H<sub>2</sub>O + 4N<sub>2</sub>) and involves a Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox cycle, with Cu(II) reduction mediated by NO and NH<sub>3</sub>, and Cu(I) oxidation mediated by NO and O<sub>2</sub>. In contrast, the fast SCR reaction (4NH<sub>3</sub> + 2NO + 2NO<sub>2</sub> -> 6H<sub>2</sub>O + 4N<sub>2</sub>) uses NO<sub>2</sub> as the oxidant. Low temperature (437 K) standard SCR reaction kinetics over Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites depend on the spatial density and distribution of Cu ions, varied by changing the Cu:Al and Si:Al ratio. Facilitated by NH<sub>3</sub> solvation, mobile Cu(I) complexes can dimerize with other Cu(I) complexes within diffusion distances to activate O<sub>2</sub>, as demonstrated through X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Monte Carlo simulations are used to define average Cu-Cu distances. In contrast with O<sub>2</sub>-assisted oxidation reactions, NO<sub>2</sub> oxidizes single Cu(I) complexes with similar kinetics among samples of varying Cu spatial density. These findings demonstrate that low temperature standard SCR is dependent on Cu spatial density and requires NH<sub>3</sub> solvation to mobilize Cu(I) sites to activate O<sub>2</sub>, while in contrast fast SCR uses NO<sub>2</sub> to oxidize single Cu(I) sites. </p><p><br></p> <p> </p> <p>We also studied the effect of sulfur oxides, a common poison in diesel exhaust, on Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites. Model Cu-SSZ-13 samples exposed to dry SO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> streams at 473 and 673 K. These Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites were synthesized and characterized to contain distinct Cu active site types, predominantly either divalent Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions exchanged at proximal framework Al sites (Z<sub>2</sub>Cu), or monovalent CuOH+ complexes exchanged at isolated framework Al sites (ZCuOH). On the model Z<sub>2</sub>Cu sample, SCR turnover rates (473 K, per Cu) catalyst decreased linearly with increasing S content to undetectable values at equimolar S:Cu molar ratios, while apparent activation energies remained constant at ~65 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, consistent with poisoning of each Z<sub>2</sub>Cu site with one SO<sub>2</sub>-derived intermediate. On the model ZCuOH sample, SCR turnover rates also decreased linearly with increasing S content, yet apparent activation energies decreased monotonically from ~50 to ~10 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, suggesting that multiple phenomena are responsible for the observed poisoning behavior and consistent with findings that SO<sub>2</sub> exposure led to additional storage of SO<sub>2</sub>-derived intermediates on non-Cu surface sites. Changes to Cu<sup>2+</sup> charge transfer features in UV-Visible spectra were more pronounced for SO<sub>2</sub>-poisoned ZCuOH than Z<sub>2</sub>Cu sites, while X-ray diffraction and micropore volume measurements show evidence of partial occlusion of microporous voids by SO<sub>2</sub>-derived deposits, suggesting that deactivation may not only reflect Cu site poisoning. Density functional theory calculations are used to identify the structures and binding energies of different SO<sub>2</sub>-derived intermediates at Z<sub>2</sub>Cu and ZCuOH sites. It is found that bisulfates are particularly low in energy, and residual Brønsted protons are liberated as these bisulfates are formed. These findings indicate that Z<sub>2</sub>Cu sites are more resistant to SO<sub>2</sub> poisoning than ZCuOH sites, and are easier to regenerate once poisoned. </p>
185

Catalytic Consequences of Active Site Speciation, Density, Mobility and Stability on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO<sub>x</sub> with Ammonia over Cu-Exchanged Zeolites

Ishant Khurana (7307489) 16 October 2019 (has links)
<p>Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO<sub>x </sub>using NH<sub>3 </sub>as a reductant (4NH<sub>3</sub>+ 4NO + O<sub>2</sub> 6H<sub>2</sub>O + 4N<sub>2</sub>) over Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites is a commercial technology used to meet emissions targets in lean-burn and diesel engine exhaust. Optimization of catalyst design parameters to improve catalyst reactivity and stability against deactivation (hydrothermal and sulfur poisoning) necessitates detailed molecular level understanding of structurally different active Cu sites and the reaction mechanism. With the help of synthetic, titrimetric, spectroscopic, kinetic and computational techniques, we established new molecular level details regarding 1) active Cu site speciation in monomeric and dimeric complexes in Cu-SSZ-13, 2) elementary steps in the catalytic reaction mechanism, 3) and deactivation mechanisms upon hydrothermal treatment and sulfur poisoning.</p><p>We have demonstrated that Cu in Cu-SSZ-13 speciates as two distinct isolated sites, nominally divalent Cu<sup>II </sup>and monovalent [Cu<sup>II</sup>(OH)]<sup>+ </sup>complexes exchanged at paired Al and isolated Al sites, respectively. This Cu site model accurately described a wide range of zeolite chemical composition, as evidenced by spectroscopic (Infrared and X-ray absorption) and titrimetric characterization of Cu sites under <i>ex situ </i>conditions and <i>in situ </i>and <i>operando </i>SCR reaction conditions. Monovalent [Cu<sup>II</sup>(OH)]<sup>+ </sup>complexes have been further found to condense to form multinuclear Cu-oxo complexes upon high temperature oxidative treatment, which have been characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, CO-temperature programmed reduction and dry NO oxidation as a probe reaction. Structurally different isolated Cu sites have different susceptibilities to H<sub>2 </sub>and He reductions, but are similarly susceptible to NO+NH<sub>3 </sub>reduction and have been found to catalyze NO<sub>x </sub>SCR reaction at similar turnover rates (per Cu<sup>II</sup>; 473 K) via a Cu<sup>II</sup>/Cu<sup>I </sup>redox cycle, as their structurally different identities are masked by NH<sub>3 </sub>solvation during reaction. </p><p><br></p><p>Molecular level insights on the low temperature Cu<sup>II</sup>/Cu<sup>I </sup>redox mechanism have been obtained using experiments performed <i>in situ</i>and <i>in operando </i>coupled with<i></i>theory. Evidence has been provided to show that the Cu<sup>II</sup> to Cu<sup>I </sup>reduction half-cycle involves single-site Cu reduction of isolated Cu<sup>II </sup>sites with NO+NH<sub>3</sub>, which is independent of Cu spatial density. In contrast, the Cu<sup>I</sup> to Cu<sup>II </sup>oxidation half-cycle involves dual-site Cu oxidation with O<sub>2 </sub>to form dimeric Cu-oxo complexes, which is dependent on Cu spatial density. Such dual-site oxidation during the SCR Cu<sup>II</sup>/Cu<sup>I </sup>redox cycle requires two Cu<sup>I</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>sites, which is enabled by NH<sub>3</sub>solvation that confers mobility to isolated Cu<sup>I </sup>sites and allows reactions between two Cu<sup>I</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>species and O<sub>2</sub>. As a result, standard SCR rates depend on Cu proximity in Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites when Cu<sup>I </sup>oxidation steps are kinetically relevant. Additional unresolved pieces of mechanism have been investigated, such as the reactivity of Cu dimers, the types of reaction intermediates involved, and the debated role of Brønsted acid sites in the SCR cycle, to postulate a detailed reaction mechanism. A strategy has been discussed to operate either in oxidation or reduction-limited kinetic regimes, to extract oxidation and reduction rate constants, and better interpret the kinetic differences among Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts.</p><p><br></p><p>The stability of active Cu sites upon sulfur oxide poisoning has been assessed by exposing model Cu-zeolite samples to dry SO<sub>2 </sub>and O<sub>2 </sub>streams at 473 and 673 K, and then analyzing the surface intermediates formed via spectroscopic and kinetic assessments. Model Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites were synthesized to contain distinct Cu active site types, predominantly either divalent Cu<sup>II </sup>ions exchanged at proximal framework Al (Z<sub>2</sub>Cu), or monovalent [Cu<sup>II</sup>OH]<sup>+ </sup>complexes exchanged at isolated framework Al (ZCuOH). SCR turnover rates (473 K, per Cu) decreased linearly with increasing S content to undetectable values at equimolar S:Cu ratios, consistent with poisoning of each Cu site with one SO<sub>2</sub>-derived intermediate. Cu and S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations were used to identify the structures and binding energies of different SO<sub>2</sub>-derived intermediates at Z<sub>2</sub>Cu and ZCuOH sites, revealing that bisulfates are particularly low in energy, and residual Brønsted protons are liberated at Z<sub>2</sub>Cu sites as bisulfates are formed. Molecular dynamics simulations also show that Cu sites bound to one HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>- </sup>are immobile, but become liberated from the framework and more mobile when bound to two HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>. These findings indicate that Z<sub>2</sub>Cu sites are more resistant to SO<sub>2</sub>poisoning than ZCuOH sites, and are easier to regenerate once poisoned.</p><p><br></p><p>The stability of active Cu sites on various small-pore Cu-zeolites during hydrothermal deactivation (high temperature steaming conditions) has also been assessed by probing the structural and kinetic changes to active Cu sites. Three small-pore, eight-membered ring (8-MR) zeolites of different cage-based topology (CHA, AEI, RTH) have been investigated. With the help of UV-visible spectroscopy to probe the Cu structure, in conjunction with measuring differential reaction kinetics before and after subsequent treatments, it has been suggested that the RTH framework imposes internal transport restrictions, effectively functioning as a 1-D framework during SCR catalysis. Hydrothermal aging of Cu-RTH results in complete deactivation and undetectable SCR rates, despite no changes in long-range structure or micropore volume after hydrothermal aging treatments and subsequent SCR exposure, highlighting beneficial properties conferred by double six-membered ring (D6R) composite building units. Exposure aging conditions and SCR reactants resulted in deleterious structural changes to Cu sites, likely reflecting the formation of inactive copper-aluminate domains. Therefore, the viability of Cu-zeolites for practical low temperature NO<sub>x </sub>SCR catalysis cannot be inferred solely from assessments of framework structural integrity after aging treatments, but also require Cu active site and kinetic characterization after aged zeolites are exposed to low temperature SCR conditions.</p>
186

CFD Simulation of Urea Evaporation in STAR-CCM+

Ottosson, Oscar January 2019 (has links)
Diesel engines produce large amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOX) while running. Nitrogen oxides are highly toxic and also contribute towards the formation of tropospheric ozone. Increasingly stringent legislation regarding the amount of nitrogen oxides that are allowed to be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles has forced manufacturers of diesel-engines to develop after-treatment systems that reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust. One of the main components in such a system is selective catalytic reduction (SCR), where nitrogen oxides are reduced to diatomic nitrogen and water with the help of ammonia. A vital part of this process is the spraying of a urea-water-solution (UWS), which is needed in order to produce the reducing agent ammonia. UWS spraying introduces the risk of solid deposits (such as biuret, ammelide and ammeline) forming in the after-treatment system, should the flow conditions be unfavourable. Risk factors include high temperatures, but also low dynamics and high thickness of the resulting liquid film that forms as the UWS spray hits the surfaces of the after-treatment system. It is thus essential that manufacturers of SCR after-treatment systems have correct data on how much UWS that should be sprayed into the exhaust for any given flow condition. Experimental tests are thoroughly used to assess this but are very expensive and are thus limited to prototype testing during product development. When assessing a wider range of concepts and geometries early on in the product development stage, simulation tools such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used instead. One of the most computationally heavy processes to simulate within a SCR after-treatment system is the UWS spray and its interaction with surfaces inside the after-treatment system, where correct prediction of the formation of solid deposits are of great importance. Most CFD models used for this purpose hold a relatively good level of accuracy and are utilized throughout the whole industry where SCR aftertreatment is applied. Despite this, these models are limited in the fact that they are only able to cover timescales in the scope of seconds to minutes while using a tolerable amount of computational power. However, the time spectrum for solid deposit formation is minutes to hours. Scania is one of Sweden’s biggest developers of SCR after-treatment, with the technology being incorporated directly into its silencers. AVL Fire is the main UWS spray simulation tool for engineers at Scania at the moment. One major drawback of using AVL Fire for UWS spray simulations is that it is deemed too time-consuming to set up new cases and too unstable during simulation, which makes it too costly in terms of expensive engineering hours. This project has investigated the potential of using STAR-CCM+ for UWS spray simulations at Scania instead. A standard method has been evaluated, as well as parameters that will prove useful in further investigations of a potential speedup method. The studied method in STAR-CCM+ is easy to setup and the simulation process is robust and stable. Various other perks come from using STAR-CCM+ as well, such as: a user-friendly interface, easy and powerful mesh-generation and great post-process capabilities. Several different parameters have been investigated for their impact on the studied method, such as mesh refinement of the spray injector area and the number of parcels injected every time-step through the spray injector (simply put the resolution of the spray). A possible speedup by freezing the momentum equations when allowed and lowering the amount of inner iterations has also been investigated. A handful of operating conditions have been studied for two different geometries. The attained simulation results display correlations with physical measurements, but further assessment for identifying the risk of solid deposit needs to be performed on the studied cases to assess the full accuracy of solid deposit prediction of the studied method. Recommendations for future work includes fully implementing and evaluating the speedup method available for spray simulations in STAR-CCM+ as well as directly comparing how the accuracy and performance of the method relates to that of the method used in AVL Fire for spray simulations. / Dieselmotorer producerar under körning stora mängder kväveoxider (NOx). Kväve-oxider är starkt giftiga föreningar som även bidrar till att öka mängden marknära ozon. Allt strängare lagstiftning gällande mängden kväveoxider som får släppas ut från fordon med dieselmotorer har lett till att tillverkare av dieselmotorer blivit tvingade att utveckla efterbehandlingssystem som renar avgasen från motorn. En av huvudkomponenterna i ett sådant system idag är selective catalytic reduction (SCR; på svenska selektiv katalytisk reduktion), där kväveoxider omvandlas till kvävgas och vatten med hjälp av ammoniak. För att producera ammoniak används en lösning av urea och vatten (t.ex. AdBlue®), som introduceras till efterbehandlingssystemet via spray. Denna process har dock en stor nackdel, då det under omvandlingsprocessen kan finnas risk för klumpbildning av ämnen som biuret, ammelid och ammelin ifall flödesförhållandena är ogynnsamma. Riskfaktorer för klumpbildning inkluderar höga temperaturer samt låg dynamik och hög tjocklek för den vätskefilm som bildas när sprayen med urea-lösning kommer i kontakt med ytor i efterbehandlingssystemet. Det är därför av stor vikt för tillverkare av efterbehandlingssystem som använder SCR att känna till hur mycket urealösning som kan sprayas in för varje givet flöde. Experimentella tester används till stor del för att utvärdera detta, men är väldigt dyra och kan endast göras för ett fåtal prototyper under en produkts utveckling. För att kunna utvärdera ett större antal koncept och geometrier tidigare i utvecklingsstadiet av en ny produkt används därför ofta datorkraft med simuleringsverktyg som CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). En av de mest beräkningstunga processerna att simulera i ett efterbehandlingssystem med SCR är sprayandet av urea-lösning och dess interaktion med ytor, där korrekta förutbestämmelser av huruvida det finns risk för klumpbildning eller inte är av stor betydelse. De flesta CFD modeller som används i detta syfte har förhållandevis god noggrannhet och används i stor utsträckning i den bransch där efterbehandling med SCR tillämpas. Däremot är dessa modeller begränsade i att de endast kan åstadkomma simuleringar (med en acceptabel mängd datorkraft) som sträcker sig i tidsintervallet sekunder till minuter. Bildningen av klump är dock en process som kan ta upp till flera timmar. Scania är en av Sveriges största tillämpare av SCR, då tekniken används i de efterbehandlingssystem som finns inbyggda i tillverkarens ljuddämpare. Scania använder främst AVL Fire för simulering av spray med urea. AVL Fire anses dock vara för tidskrävande vid skapelsen av nya simuleringsfall och för instabilt under simulering. Detta projekt har därför undersökt möjligheten att använda STAR-CCM+ för simulering av spray med urea hos Scania. Den metod i STAR-CCM+ som utvärderats är enkel att använda då nya simuleringsfall ska skapas, samtidigt som den är robust och stabil under simulering. Relevanta parametrar för en potentiell uppsnabbningsmetod har också undersökts. STAR-CCM+ i sin helhet är användarvänligt, där verktyget för att skapa och generera mesh är enkelt att använda såväl som kraftfullt när mer avancerade operationer krävs. Möjligheterna för postprocessing är väldigt smidiga för transienta förlopp, vilket är ett stort plus för simuleringar med urea-spray, vars injektion och resulterande processer är väldigt transienta skeenden i sig. Flera olika parametrar har undersökts, för att granska hur stor påverkan de har på prestandan och noggrannheten hos den studerade metoden. Två av dessa är tätheten av beräkningsnoder i den region där spray-munstycket är placerat samt antalet paket med urea-vatten lösning som injiceras varje tidssteg via spray-munstycket. En möjlig uppsnabbning av metoden, som går ut på att frysa ekvationerna för bevarelse av rörelsemängd (eng - momentum equations) när det är tillåtet och samtidigt minska antalet inre iterationer för varje tidssteg, har också undersökts. Ett flertal olika flödesförhållanden har också undersökts för två olika geometrier. De erhållna resultaten tyder på korrelation med data från fysiska experiment. Dock bör ytterligare hydrodynamiska utvärderingar tillämpas för att ordentligt kunna redogöra för hur väl STAR-CCM+ kan användas för att förutse risken för klump- bildning i en spray-process med urea-vatten lösning. Framtida arbete borde fokusera på att utvärdera den uppsnabbningsmetod som finns för spray-simuleringar i STAR-CCM+, samt direkt jämföra hur väl metodens noggrannhet och prestanda står sig gentemot den metod som används i AVL Fire för spray-simuleringar.
187

Soil nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from a tropical lowland and montane forest exposed to elevated nitrogen input / Auswirkungen erhöhter Stickstoffzufuhr auf die Stickoxid- und Kohlenstoffdioxid-Emissionen von Waldböden im tropischen Tief- und Bergland

Köhler, Birgit 18 February 2009 (has links)
No description available.
188

Catalizadores metálicos estructurados en reacciones de Química Sostenible

López Hernández, Irene 02 September 2021 (has links)
[ES] En esta tesis doctoral se ha investigado sobre el empleo de catalizadores metálicos estructurados en diversas reacciones de Química Sostenible. En primer lugar, se ha estudiado la eliminación de los NOX mediante su reducción catalítica selectiva empleando amoniaco. Se han empleado catalizadores de Mn-Fe soportados sobre zeolitas con distinta relación Si/Al y morfología (BEA, CHA, ITQ-2 y FAU), materiales mesoporosos (MCM-41 y SBA-15) y óxidos metálicos (MgO, TiO2 y γ-Al2O3). Se ha comprobado que existe una fuerte influencia del tipo de soporte sobre la actividad catalítica, obteniéndose los mejores resultados con los catalizadores cuyos soportes presentaban propiedades ácidas y que tenían una elevada área superficial. Para el caso de las zeolitas, su morfología no influye tanto en la actividad catalítica como la relación Si/Al, obteniéndose los mejores resultados con los catalizadores soportados sobre zeolitas con alta relación Si/Al. En cuanto a los catalizadores soportados sobre óxidos metálicos, se han obtenido los mejores resultados con aquellos catalizadores soportados en óxidos con alta área superficial y propiedades ácidas. Los resultados más prometedores, sobre todo por su elevada estabilidad hidrotérmica, se obtuvieron con el catalizador preparado con la zeolita CHA (Si/Al = 10), que mantiene toda su actividad después de ser sometido a envejecimiento. En segundo lugar, se ha estudiado la reacción de oxidación de CO utilizando catalizadores basados en Ag y Ag-Au, soportados en la zeolita ITQ-2. Los catalizadores de plata se han empleado para estudiar la influencia de las especies de Ag en la actividad catalítica. Para ello, los catalizadores se han preparado mediante tres métodos diferentes que conducen a la formación de distintas especies de plata: impregnación a volumen de poro, intercambio iónico, y con nanoclusters de Ag25(SR)18 soportados. El análisis de los resultados catalíticos obtenidos, junto con los resultados de caracterización han permitido determinar que la especie activa es la plata metálica, logrando los mejores resultados con los catalizadores que presentaban una mayor cantidad de esta especie en su superficie, lo cual viene determinado por el método de adición de la plata y por la evolución de estas especies durante su activación y durante los sucesivos ciclos de reacción. Los catalizadores bimetálicos Ag-Au fueron preparados mediante la impregnación de nanoclusters AgxAu25-x(SR)18 sobre la zeolita ITQ-2. Los resultados mostraron que la mejor actividad era obtenida cuando se producía la formación de nanopartículas aleadas de Ag-Au, que favorecían la adsorción del CO y del O2. Estas partículas se formaban tras la destrucción parcial de los ligandos tiolatos. Se ha comprobado que, durante la reacción, todos los nanoclusters evolucionaban hacia la formación de nanopartículas Ag-Au independientemente del pretratamiento aplicado. Estos resultados, han permitido mostrar que la reacción de oxidación de CO es una herramienta muy útil para seguir la evolución de los nanoclusters metálicos durante los procesos de activación, y durante la reacción. Por último, se ha estudiado la actividad en la semihidrogenación del fenilacetileno a estireno de los catalizadores con nanoclusters de oro con distinto número de átomos, Au25 y Au11, y con diferentes ligandos (tiolato para Au25 y fosfina para Au11). Estos catalizadores fueron soportados sobre óxidos metálicos (MgO, γ-Al2O3 e hidrotalcita Mg/Al), observándose que la actividad depende tanto de la composición de los nanoclusters, como del soporte y del pretratamiento. Se ha determinado que la activación parcial del H2 es un factor clave, y está relacionado con las propiedades ácido/base del soporte. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con los catalizadores con nanoclusters Au25 sobre la hidrotalcita Mg/Al, la cual presenta una basicidad intermedia, lo que favorece la activación del hidrógeno, pero evita la sobrehidrogenación de los alquinos a alcanos. Los resultados obtenidos en las distintas reacciones con los diferentes catalizadores han mostrado que la interacción soporte-metal es fundamental a la hora de diseñar catalizadores activos para una reacción concreta. Esta interacción depende en gran medida de las propiedades ácido/base del soporte y de los pretratamientos aplicados a los catalizadores, y estos deben ser seleccionados para cualquier reacción en particular. Se ha comprobado, además, que los centros metálicos evolucionan a lo largo de la reacción pudiendo llevar a la formación de nuevas especies que serán más o menos activas según la reacción estudiada. / [CA] En aquesta tesi doctoral s'ha investigat sobre l'ús de catalitzadors metàl·lics estructurats en reaccions relacionades amb la Química Sostenible. En primer lloc, s'ha estudiat l'eliminació dels òxids de nitrogen mitjançant la seua reducció catalítica selectiva emprant amoníac. S'han emprat catalitzadors bimetàlics Mn-Fe suportats sobre zeolites amb diferent relació Si/Al i morfologia (BEA, CHA, ITQ-2 and FAU), materials mesoporosos (MCM-41 and SBA-15) i òxids metàl·lics (MgO, TiO2 and γ-Al2O3). S'ha comprovat que existeix una forta influència del tipus de suport sobre l'activitat catalítica, obtenint-se els millors resultats amb els catalitzadors els suports dels quals presentaven propietats àcides i que tenien una elevada àrea superficial. Per al cas de les zeolites, la seua morfologia no influeix tant en l'activitat catalítica com la relació Si/Al, obtenint-se els millors resultats amb els catalitzadors suportats sobre zeolites amb alta relació Si/Al. Els catalitzadors suportats sobre òxids metàl·lics han mostrat millors resultats amb aquells catalitzadors suportats en òxids que presenten alta àrea superficial i propietats àcides. Els resultats més prometedors, sobretot per la seua elevada estabilitat hidrotèrmica, es van obtindre amb el catalitzador preparat amb la zeolita CHA (Si/Al = 10), que manté tota la seua activitat després de ser sotmés a un envelliment. En segon lloc, s'ha estudiat l'activitat en l'oxidació de CO de catalitzadors basats en Ag i Ag-Au, suportats sobre la zeolita ITQ-2. Els catalitzadors de plata es van emprar per a estudiar la influència de la naturalesa de les espècies de Ag en l'activitat catalítica. Per a això, els catalitzadors s'han preparat mitjançant tres mètodes diferents: impregnació a volum de porus, intercanvi iònic, i amb nanoclusters de Ag25(SR)18 suportats. L'anàlisi dels resultats catalítics obtinguts amb els diferents materials, juntament amb els resultats de caracterització han permés determinar que l'espècie activa en aquesta reacció és la plata metàl·lica, aconseguint els millors resultats amb els catalitzadors que presentaven una major quantitat de d'aquesta espècie en la seua superfície, la qual cosa ve determinada pel mètode d'addició de la plata i per l'evolució de les espècies durant la seua activació i durant els cicles de reacció. D'altra banda, els catalitzadors bimetàl·lics Ag-Au van ser preparats mitjançant la impregnació de nanoclusters AgxAu25-x(SR)18 sobre la zeolita ITQ-2. Els resultats van mostrar que la millor activitat era obtinguda quan es produïa la formació de nanopartícules aliades de Ag-Au, que afavorien l'adsorció del CO i del O2. Aquestes partícules es formaven després de la destrucció incompleta dels lligands tiolats. Es va comprobar que, durant les condicions de reacció, tots els nanoclusters evolucionaven cap a la formació de nanopartícules Ag-Au independentment del pretractament aplicat. Aquests resultats han permés mostrar que la reacció d'oxidació de CO és una eina molt útil per a seguir l'evolució dels nanoclusters metàl·lics durant els processos d'activació i durant la reacción. Finalment, s'ha estudiat l'activitat en la semihidrogenació del fenilacetilè a estiré dels catalitzadors basats en nanoclusters d'or amb diferent nombre d'àtoms, Au25 i Au11, i amb diferents lligands (tiolat per a Au25 i fosfina per a Au11). Aquests catalitzadors van ser suportats sobre òxids metàl·lics (MgO, γ-Al2O3 i hidrotalcita Mg/Al), observant-se que l'activitat depén tant de la composició dels nanoclusters, com del suport i del pretractament emprat. S'ha determinat que l'activació de l'hidrogen és un factor clau, estant això directament relacionat amb les propietats àcid/base del suport. Els millors resultats es van obtindre amb els catalitzadors preparats amb nanoclusters Au25 sobre la hidrotalcita Mg/Al, la qual presenta una basicitat intermèdia, la qual cosa afavoreix l'activació de l'hidrogen, però evita la sobrehidrogenación dels alquins als alcans. Els resultats obtinguts en les diferents reaccions amb els diferents catalitzadors han mostrat que la interacció suport-metall és fonamental a l'hora de dissenyar catalitzadors actius en les reaccions estudiades. Aquesta interacció depén en gran manera de les propietats àcid/base del suport i dels pretractaments aplicats als catalitzadors. S'ha comprovat, a més, que els centres metàl·lics evolucionen al llarg de la reacción, podent portar a la formació de noves espècies que poden ser més o menys actives segons la reacció estudiada. / [EN] The use of structured metallic catalysts in reactions related to Sustainable Chemistry have been investigated in this Doctoral Thesis. Firstly, the removal of NOX through the selective catalytic reduction with ammonia has been studied. Mn-Fe catalysts supported on zeolites with different Si/Al ratio and morphology (BEA, CHA, ITQ-2 and FAU), on mesoporous materials (MCM-41 and SBA-15) and on metallic oxides (MgO, TiO2 and γ-Al2O3) have been employed. It has been proved that there is a strong influence of the type of support in the catalytic activity, obtaining the best results with the catalysts supported on materials with acidic properties and high surface area. The morphology of zeolite-based catalysts does not influence the catalytic activity as much as the Si/Al ratio does, obtaining the best results with the catalysts supported on zeolites with high Si/Al. It has been shown that the activity of the catalysts supported on metallic oxides is strongly influenced by the surface area of the support and by its acid/base properties, obtaining the best results with the catalysts supported on oxides with high surface area and acidic properties. Furthermore, all catalysts present a selectivity towards N2 greater than 90 %. The most promising results, mainly for its hydrothermal stability, are obtained with the catalysts prepared with CHA zeolite (Si/Al = 10), that maintain the activity after the aging. Secondly, the activity in the catalytic oxidation of CO of Ag and Ag-Au catalysts supported on ITQ-2 zeolite has been studied. Silver-based catalysts were used in order to investigate the influence of the nature of silver species in the catalytic activity. For this, catalysts were prepared using different methods, leading to different silver species: incipient wetness impregnation, ion exchange, and as supported Ag25(SR)18 nanoclusters. The catalytic results together with the characterization results have allowed to determine that metallic silver is the active specie in this reaction, obtaining the best results with the catalysts containing a higher concentration of this species on the surface. This is determined by the preparation method and by the evolution of these species during the activation and the reaction cycles. In the other hand, the Ag-Au bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the impregnation of AgxAu25-x(SR)18 nanoclusters on the ITQ-2 zeolite. The results showed that the best activity is obtained when Ag-Au alloy nanoparticles are formed, favouring the CO and O2 adsorption. These types of particles were formed after the partial destruction of thiolate ligands that are protecting the nanoclusters, that is favoured by the pretreatment with hydrogen. However, it has been shown that during reaction, nanoclusters evolved to the formation of Ag-Au alloyed nanoparticles regardless of the pretreatment applied. These results proved that the CO oxidation reaction is a useful tool to follow the metallic nanoclusters evolution during the activation processes and during reaction. Finally, the activity of catalysts based on gold nanoclusters with different number of atoms, Au25 y Au11, and different ligands (thiolates for Au25 and phosphines for Au11) in the semihydrogenation of phenylacetylene to styrene has been studied. These catalysts were supported on various metallic oxides (MgO, γ-Al2O3 and Mg/Al hydrotalcite), observing that catalytic activity depends on the nanoclusters composition, but also on the support and on the pretreatment. It has been shown that H2 partial activation is a key factor, which is directly related to the acid/base properties of the support. The best results were obtained with the catalysts prepared with Au25 nanoclusters supported on the Mg/Al hydrotalcite, that presents a medium basicity between MgO and alumina, favouring the hydrogen activation, but avoiding the overhydrogenation of alkynes to alkanes. The results obtained for the different reactions with the different catalysts have shown that the support-metal interaction is essential when designing active catalysts for a particular reaction. This interaction strongly depends on the acid/base properties of the supports and on the pretreatments, and they must be selected for any reaction. Moreover, it has been proved that metallic sites evolve during the reaction leading to new species that can be more or less active, depending on the studied reaction. / López Hernández, I. (2021). Catalizadores metálicos estructurados en reacciones de Química Sostenible [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172246 / TESIS
189

Ekologické aspekty paroplynové teplárny Červený Mlýn / Environmental aspects of steam-gas power station Červený Mlýn

Šilar, Martin January 2011 (has links)
The master’s thesis deals with the environmental aspects of combined heat and power station Červený Mlýn (Red Mill). The introductory part of the thesis focuses on the current production technology and the electricity balance of the power station. The heat and power station (also called combined cycle heat and power plant) is scrutinized in terms of emissions sources, focusing on pollutant emissions to air in the following chapter. In this part of the thesis the quantities of the released emissions, namely solid particulate matter (TZL), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2) are also calculated. The calculation is worked out according to the valid Czech legislation. Further on, the current production technology of the power station is compared with the best available technologies according to the valid directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. The last chapter presents the innovative technologies which could possibly be installed to reduce pollution emissions (especially nitrogen oxides - NOx) to air at the heat and power station Červený Mlýn.
190

Experimental Characterisation of Real Driving Cycles in Diesel Passenger Vehicles under Different Environmental Conditions

Redondo Puelles, Fernando 01 September 2023 (has links)
[ES] El futuro de los Motores de Combustión Interna en el sector de la automoción parece incierto, en cierta medida, debido a los cambios recientes en las normativas de homologación. Las regulaciones actuales han reducido considerablemente los límites de emisiones contaminantes , así como también han introducido pruebas más exigentes. La introducción de ciclos de conducción reales supuso un reto para los fabricantes de automóviles a la hora de homologar sus vehículos, ya que el tradicional y poco exigente ciclo de certificación del New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) ha sido sustituido por ciclos más severos como el World Light-Duty Test Cycle (WLTC) y Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Este estudio, en primer lugar, presenta una metodología para implementar ciclos RDE en un banco de ensayos de motores. Aun sabiendo que la esencia de la regulación RDE es evaluar las condiciones reales de conducción, reproducir los ciclos RDE en un banco de pruebas es de gran interés ya que las condiciones controladas y reproducibles que se pueden lograr en un laboratorio aportan información valiosa para entender el comportamiento del motor en conducción real, y por lo tanto contribuyen al desarrollo del motor. Este documento aplica la normativa más reciente de la Comunidad Europea y establece los pasos imprescindibles para realizar un ciclo RDE en un banco de pruebas de motores. En segundo lugar, gracias a que se ha demostrado la viabilidad de una sala de pruebas para realizar ciclos RDE, se han realizado diferentes ciclos RDE bajo diferentes solicitaciones dinámicas y condiciones externas como tempera- tura ambiente o temperatura del aire de admisión. Posteriormente, se analizó la emisión de contaminantes y el consumo de combustible con el fin de caracterizar los ciclos y condiciones de RDE. Además, se ha llevado a cabo una comparación de las emisiones y el consumo de combustible de las pruebas RDE frente a las obtenidas en las pruebas de estado estacionario, donde se encontraron discrepancias bastante bajas / [CA] El futur dels Motors de Combustió Interna al sector de l'automoció sembla incert, en certa mesura, a causa dels canvis recents a les normatives d'homologació. Les regulacions actuals han reduït considerablement els límits d'emissions contaminants i també han introduït proves més exigents. La introducció de cicles de conducció reals va suposar un repte per als fabricants d'automòbils a l'hora d'homologar els seus vehicles, ja que el tradicional i poc exigent cicle de certificació del New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) ha estat substituït per cicles més severs com el World Light-Duty Test Cycle (WLTC) i Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Aquest estudi, en primer lloc, presenta una metodologia per implemen- tar cicles RDE a un banc d'assajos de motors. Tot i saber que l'essència de la regulació RDE és avaluar les condicions reals de conducció, reproduir els cicles RDE en un banc de proves és de gran interès ja que les condicions controlades i reproduïbles que es poden aconseguir en un laboratori aporten informació valuosa per entendre el comportament del motor en conducció real, i per tant contribueixen al desenvolupament del motor. Aquest document aplica la normativa més recent de la Comunitat Europea i estableix els passos imprescindibles per fer un cicle RDE en un banc de proves de motors. En segon lloc, gràcies al fet que s'ha demostrat la viabilitat d'una sala de proves per fer cicles RDE, s'han realitzat diferents cicles RDE sota diferents sol·licitacions dinàmiques i condicions externes com ara temperatura ambient o temperatura de l'aire d'admissió. Posteriorment, es va analitzar l'emissió de contaminants i el consum de combustible per tal de caracteritzar els cicles i les condicions de RDE. A més, s'ha dut a terme una comparació de les emissions i el consum de combustible de les proves RDE davant de les obtingudes a les proves d’estat estacionari, on es van trobar discrepàncies força baixes- / [EN] The future of Internal Combustion Engines in the automotive sector seems uncertain, to some extent, due to the recent changes in type approval regulations. Current regulations have considerably reduced the engine pollutant emissions limits, as well as introduced more demanding testing conditions. The introduction of real driving cycles presented a challenging issue for car manufacturers when homologating their vehicles, since the traditional and undemanding New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) certification cycle has been replaced by more severe cycles such as World Light-Duty Test Cycle (WLTC) and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). This study, in the first place, presents a methodology for implementing RDE cycles in an engine test bench. Even knowing that the essence of RDE regulation is to assess actual driving conditions, reproducing RDE cycles in a test bench is of great interest since, the controlled and reproducible conditions that can be achieved in a laboratory lead to valuable information to understand engine behaviour in real driving conditions, and therefore contribute to engine development. This document applies the most recent European Community regulation and sets the essential steps to carry out an RDE cycle in an engine test bench. Secondly, as the feasibility of a test bench to perform RDE cycles has been proven, different RDE cycles have been performed under different dynamic solicitations and external conditions such as ambient or intake air temperatures. After that, the pollutant's emission and fuel mass consumption were analysed with the aim of characterising RDE cycles and conditions. Furthermore, a comparison of RDE test emissions and fuel consumption versus those obtained from steady-state tests has been carried out, where very small discrepancies were found. / Redondo Puelles, F. (2023). Experimental Characterisation of Real Driving Cycles in Diesel Passenger Vehicles under Different Environmental Conditions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196653

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