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Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo de uma classe de funções contínuas e limitadas f : [0; \'INFINITO\') \'SETA\' X para as quais existe \'omega\' \'> OU =\' 0 tal que \'lim IND. t\' \'SETA\' \'INFINITO\' (f(t + \'omega\') - f(t)) = 0. No decorrer do trabalho, chamaremos estas funções de S-assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas. Nós discutiremos propriedades qualitativas para estas funções e algumas relações entre este tipo de funções e a classe de funções assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas. Também estudaremos a existência de soluções fracas S-assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas para uma classe de primeira ordem de um problema de Cauchy abstrato bem como para algumas classes de equações diferenciais funcionais parciais neutras com retardo não limitado. Algumas aplicações para equações diferenciais parciais serão consideradas / This work is devoted to the study of the class of continuous and bounded functions f : [0 \'INFINIT\') \'ARROW\' X for which there exists \'omega\' > 0 such that \'limt IND.t \'ARROW\' \'INFINIT\'(f(t + \'omega\'!) - f(t)) = 0 (in the sequel called S-asymptotically !-periodic functions). We discuss qualitative properties and establish some relationships between this type of functions and the class of asymptotically \'omega\'-periodic functions. We also study the existence of S-asymptotically \'omega\'-periodic mild solutions for a first-order abstract Cauchy problem in Banach spaces and for some classes of abstract neutral functional differential equations with infinite delay. Furthermore, applications to partial differential equations are given

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo de uma classe de funções contínuas e limitadas f : [0; \'INFINITO\') \'SETA\' X para as quais existe \'omega\' \'> OU =\' 0 tal que \'lim IND. t\' \'SETA\' \'INFINITO\' (f(t + \'omega\') - f(t)) = 0. No decorrer do trabalho, chamaremos estas funções de S-assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas. Nós discutiremos propriedades qualitativas para estas funções e algumas relações entre este tipo de funções e a classe de funções assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas. Também estudaremos a existência de soluções fracas S-assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas para uma classe de primeira ordem de um problema de Cauchy abstrato bem como para algumas classes de equações diferenciais funcionais parciais neutras com retardo não limitado. Algumas aplicações para equações diferenciais parciais serão consideradas / This work is devoted to the study of the class of continuous and bounded functions f : [0 \'INFINIT\') \'ARROW\' X for which there exists \'omega\' > 0 such that \'limt IND.t \'ARROW\' \'INFINIT\'(f(t + \'omega\'!) - f(t)) = 0 (in the sequel called S-asymptotically !-periodic functions). We discuss qualitative properties and establish some relationships between this type of functions and the class of asymptotically \'omega\'-periodic functions. We also study the existence of S-asymptotically \'omega\'-periodic mild solutions for a first-order abstract Cauchy problem in Banach spaces and for some classes of abstract neutral functional differential equations with infinite delay. Furthermore, applications to partial differential equations are given

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper presents the implementation of an artificial magnetic ground-plane with a low profile Log-periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) antennas. After the properties of three typical Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures are investigated and their bandwidth properties are studied, a mechanism is presented to improve the band-width over which the EBG surface acts as a perfect magnetic conductor (PMC). A low profile LPDA is modeled above this surface and the results indicate an improved band-width region. Compared with a LPDA in free space the frequency band is shifted higher by the EBG surface and the gain pattern is shifted from a horizontal orientation to a vertical orientation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie dokument stel voor die implementering van kunsmatige magnetiese grondvlakke met Logaritmiese Periodiese Dipool Samestelling (LPDS) antennas. Die eienskappe van drie tipiese Elektromagnetiese Bandgaping (EBG) strukture word ondersoek en hul bandwydte eienskappe word bestudeer. ’n Meganisme word voorgestel om die bandwydte te verbeter waar die EBG oppervlakte soos n perfekte magnetiese geleier optree. ’n Lae profiel LPDS word bo hierdie oppervlakte geplaas. Die resultate dui aan ’n verbetering in the bandwydte. In vergelyking met ’n LPDS in vrye ruimte skuif die frekwensie band ho¨er as gevolg van die EBG oppervlakte en die aanwins patroon skuif van ’n horisontale orientasie na ’n vertikale orientasie.

In this thesis, we study the existence of random periodic solutions of random dynamical systems (RDS) by geometric and topological approach. We employed an extension of ergodic theory to random setting to prove that a random invariant set with some kind of dissipative structure, can be expressed as union of random periodic curves. We extensively characterize the dissipative structure by random invariant measures and Lyapunov exponents. For stochastic flows induced by stochastic differential equations (SDEs), we studied the dissipative structure by two point motion of the SDE and prove the existence exponential stable random periodic solutions.

Neste trabalho, estudamos equações diferenciais em espaços de Banach. Duas questões são abordadas: a robustez da estabilidade assintótica, e a aproximação de soluções de sistemas periódicos por wavelets. Observa-se que a estabilidade exponencial do sistema x = A(t)x é qualitativamente preservada pelo sistema perturbado x=A(t)x+B(t)x se B(t) for integralmente pequeno. Consequentemente, tal propriedade é preservada por uma perturbação B(wt)x para w suficientemente grande, mesmo se B(t) pertence a uma classe mais geral de funções do que as funções quase-periódicas, aqui apresentada. Além disso, estudamos o efeito de aproximações de uma função periódica f (t) por wavelets periódicas na solução de um sistema periódico x = Ax+ f (t). Conclui-se que as soluções do problema inicial podem inclusive ser aproximadas utilizando a wavelet base não-periódica. / In this work, we study differential equations in Banach spaces. Two questions were considered: the robustness of the asymptotic stability, and the approximation of solutions of periodic systems by wavelets. It is observed that the exponential stability of the system x = A(t)x is qualitatively preserved by the perturbed system x = A(t)x+B(t)x if B(t) is integrally small. As a consequence, this property is preserved by a perturbation B(wt) for w sufficiently large, even if B(t) is in a class of functions which is more general than almost-periodic functions, presented here. Furthermore, we study the effect of approximating a periodic function f (t) by periodic wavelets in the solution of a periodic system x = Ax+ f (t). It is concluded that the solutions of the initial problem can even be approximated using the non-periodic base wavelet.

Cette thèse se situe dans le cadre de l’analyse et de la synthèse des systèmes périodiques. Les contributions présentées dans ce mémoire portent sur la commande sous contraintes des systèmes linéaires discrets périodiques. Ces contraintes, portant sur l’état du système et/ ou sur la commande, peuvent être des contraintes de positivité ou de bornitude. Dans ce travail, des conditions d’analyse en stabilité et positivité des systèmes périodiques en termes de LMI (Inégalité Matricielle Linéaire) strictes, sont présentées. Ces outils d’analyse ont ensuite permis d’élaborer une loi de commande par retour d’état périodique. Les résultats obtenus sont exploités par la suite pour développer une commande par retour d’état périodique robuste pour les systèmes périodiques incertains. Des conditions de stabilisation robuste sont élaborées en utilisant la S-procédure. En outre, des conditions de stabilité et stabilisation par retour d’état périodique des systèmes périodiques avec retards sont établies. Le problème de stabilisation de ce type de systèmes sous un certain nombre de contraintes est résolu en suivant deux approches, la première est basée sur les techniques de Lyapunov la seconde fait appel à la programmation linéaire. Outre la notion de stabilité, la notion de performance des systèmes en boucle fermée est traitée. Pour cela, nous proposons une commande de type H∞ pour résoudre le problème de rejet de perturbations. / This thesis deals with the analysis and the control problem of periodic linear discrete systems (PLDS). The contributions presented in this work focuses on the constrained control of PLDS. Conditions for stability analysis and positivity are established in terms of strict LMI (Linear Matrix Inequalities). The stabilization of PLDS under the condition that the closed-loop system is positive and stable is addressed as well as the case of bounded state and/ or control variables. The obtained results are then extended to the synthesis of robust state feedback controllers, where some of which are based on the S − procedure technique. Furthermore, some conditions of stability and stabilization of PLDS with delays are established. The problem of stabilization of constrained PLDS is addressed based on the Lyapunov techniques or the Linear Programming techniques. The robust H∞ state feedback control in which both robust stability and a prescribed H∞ performance are required is investigated.

Consider an under-determined system of nonlinear equations F(x)=0, F:R^m→R^n, where F is continuously differentiable and m > n. This system appears in a variety of applications, including parameter-dependent systems, dynamical systems with periodic solutions, and nonlinear eigenvalue problems. Robust, efficient numerical methods are often required for the solution of this system. Newton's method is an iterative scheme for solving the nonlinear system of equations F(x)=0, F:R^n→R^n. Simple to implement and theoretically sound, it is not, however, often practical in its pure form. Inexact Newton methods and globalized inexact Newton methods are computationally efficient variations of Newton's method commonly used on large-scale problems. Frequently, these variations are more robust than Newton's method. Trust region methods, thought of here as globalized exact Newton methods, are not as computationally efficient in the large-scale case, yet notably more robust than Newton's method in practice. The normal flow method is a generalization of Newton's method for solving the system F:R^m→R^n, m > n. Easy to implement, this method has a simple and useful local convergence theory; however, in its pure form, it is not well suited for solving large-scale problems. This dissertation presents new methods that improve the efficiency and robustness of the normal flow method in the large-scale case. These are developed in direct analogy with inexact-Newton, globalized inexact-Newton, and trust-region methods, with particular consideration of the associated convergence theory. Included are selected problems of interest simulated in MATLAB.

Methods for and computed results of including the physics and spatial attributes of microstructures are presented for a number of materials applications in devices. The research in our group includes applications of computation of macroscopic response of material microstructures, the development of methods for calculating microstructural evolution, and the morphological stability of structures. In this review, research highlights are presented for particular methods for computing the response in: 1) ferroelectric materials for actuator devices; 2) coarse-graining of atomistic data for simulations of microstructural evolution during processing; 3) periodic and non-periodic photonic composites; and 4) re-chargeable battery microstructures. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Modern control theory is today an interdisciplinary area of research. Just as much as this can be problematic, it also provides a rich research environment where practice and theory meet. This Thesis is conducted in the borderline between computing science (numerical analysis) and applied control theory. The design and analysis of a modern control system is a complex problem that requires high qualitative software to accomplish. Ideally, such software should be based on robust methods and numerical stable algorithms that provide quantitative as well as qualitative information. The introduction of the Thesis is dedicated to the underlying control theory and to introduce the reader to the main subjects. Throughout the Thesis, the theory is illustrated with several examples, and similarities and differences between the terminology from mathematics, systems and control theory, and numerical linear algebra are highlighted. The main contributions of the Thesis are structured in two parts, dealing with two mainly unrelated subjects. Part I is devoted to the qualitative information which is provided by the stratification of orbits and bundles of matrices, matrix pencils and system pencils. Before the theory of stratification is established the reader is introduced to different canonical forms which reveal the system characteristics of the model under investigation. A stratification reveals which canonical structures of matrix (system) pencils are near each other in the sense of small perturbations of the data. Fundamental concepts in systems and control, like controllability and observability of linear continuous-time systems, are considered and it is shown how these system characteristics can be investigated using the stratification theory. New results are presented in the form of the cover relations (nearest neighbours) for controllability and observability pairs. Moreover, the permutation matrices which take a matrix pencil in the Kronecker canonical form to the corresponding system pencil in (generalized) Brunovsky canonical form are derived. Two novel algorithms for determining the permutation matrices are provided. Part II deals with numerical methods for solving periodic Riccati differential equations (PRDE:s). The PRDE:s under investigation arise when solving the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem for periodic linear time-varying (LTV) systems. These types of (periodic) LQR problems turn up for example in motion planning of underactuated mechanical systems, like a humanoid robot, the Furuta pendulum, and pendulums on carts. The constructions of the nonlinear controllers are based on linear versions found by stabilizing transverse dynamics of the systems along cycles. Three different methods explicitly designed for solving the PRDE are evaluated on both artificial systems and stabilizing problems originating from experimental control systems. The methods are the one-shot generator method and two recently proposed methods: the multi-shot method (two variants) and the SDP method. As these methods use different approaches to solve the PRDE, their numerical behavior and performance are dependent on the nature of the underlying control problem. Such method characteristics are investigated and summarized with respect to different user requirements (the need for accuracy and possible restrictions on the solution time). / Modern reglerteknik är idag i högsta grad ett interdisciplinärt forskningsområde. Lika mycket som detta kan vara problematiskt, resulterar det i en stimulerande forskningsmiljö där både praktik och teori knyts samman. Denna avhandling är utförd i gränsområdet mellan datavetenskap (numerisk analys) och tillämpad reglerteknik. Att designa och analysera ett modernt styrsystem är ett komplext problem som erfordrar högkvalitativ mjukvara. Det ideala är att mjukvaran består av robusta metoder och numeriskt stabila algoritmer som kan leverera både kvantitativ och kvalitativ information.Introduktionen till avhandlingen beskriver grundläggande styr- och reglerteori samt ger en introduktion till de huvudsakliga problemställningarna. Genom hela avhandlingen illustreras teori med exempel. Vidare belyses likheter och skillnader i terminologin som används inom matematik, styr- och reglerteori samt numerisk linjär algebra. Avhandlingen är uppdelade i två delar som behandlar två i huvudsak orelaterade problemklasser. Del I ägnas åt den kvalitativa informationen som ges av stratifiering av mångfalder (orbits och bundles) av matriser, matrisknippen och systemknippen. Innan teorin för stratifiering introduceras beskrivs olika kanoniska former, vilka var och en avslöjar olika systemegenskaper hos den undersökta modellen. En stratifiering ger information om bl.a. vilka kanoniska strukturer av matrisknippen (systemknippen) som är nära varandra med avseende på små störningar i datat. Fundamentala koncept i styr- och reglerteori behandlas, så som styrbarhet och observerbarhet av linjära tidskontinuerliga system, och hur dessa systemegenskaper kan undersökas med hjälp av stratifiering. Nya resultat presenteras i form av relationerna för täckande (närmsta grannar) styrbarhets- och observerbarhets-par. Dessutom härleds permutationsmatriserna som tar ett matrisknippe i Kroneckers kanoniska form till motsvarande systemknippe i (generaliserade) Brunovskys kanoniska form. Två algoritmer för att bestämma dessa permutationsmatriser presenteras. Del II avhandlar numeriska metoder för att lösa periodiska Riccati differentialekvationer (PRDE:er). De undersökta PRDE:erna uppkommer när ett linjärt kvadratiskt regulatorproblem för periodiska linjära tidsvariabla (LTV) system löses. Dessa typer av (periodiska) regulatorproblem dyker upp till exempel när man planerar rörelser för understyrda (underactuated) mekaniska system, så som en humanoid (mänsklig) robot, Furuta-pendeln och en vagn med en inverterad (stående) pendel. Konstruktionen av det icke-linjära styrsystemet är baserat på en linjär variant som bestäms via stabilisering av systemets transversella dynamik längs med cirkulära banor. Tre metoder explicit konstruerade för att lösa PRDE:er evalueras på både artificiella system och stabiliseringsproblem av experimentella styrsystem. Metoderna är sk. en- och flerskotts metoder (one-shot, multi-shot) och SDP-metoden. Då dessa metoder använder olika tillvägagångssätt för att lösa en PRDE, beror dess numeriska egenskaper och effektivitet på det underliggande styrproblemet. Sådana metodegenskaper undersöks och sammanfattas med avseende på olika användares behov, t.ex. önskad noggrannhet och tänkbar begränsning i hur lång tid det får ta att hitta en lösning.