Orientador: Renato José Pinto Ortiz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T15:45:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miraldi_JulianaClosel_M.pdf: 1217768 bytes, checksum: e7f77fb667c67642d022159e48d40765 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A definição conceitual de campos sociais na praxeologia bourdieusiana implica considerá-los como entidades nominais relativamente autônomas, portadoras de um efeito de illusio próprio que se apresenta aos agentes como regras específicas, determinantes e determinadas por práticas historicamente constituídas no interior de cada campo que impõe aos agentes que nele se encontram certo savoir faire possibilitando, assim, a diferenciação e a homogeneização entre as práticas no espaço social. Contudo a propriedade dos campos de serem relativamente autônomos nos incita a questão, relativos a que? A resposta, mesmo que necessária, não pode ser encontrada de maneira clara nos escritos de Bourdieu, uma vez que este não se atentou diretamente a ela, porém fora possível, dando consequências conceituais aos princípios epistemológicos da teoria, desenvolver três condições a partir das quais os campos relacionam-se entre si. As duas primeiras apresentam-se com causalidades, isto é, como condição de existência da própria teoria e a terceira como uma determinação que, dado seu poder de interferência coage a lógica interna dos campos. Denominamos a primeira de causalidade de transitiva e percebemos que ela corresponde ao movimento de inter-relação entre os campos, decorrente tanto da movimentação dos agentes de um campo ao outro, quanto pela reestruturação dos campos em si mesmos que afetam outros campos. A segunda relação causal é apreendida como imanente a formação dos campos e se refere a política da luta de classes que, transformada pelas regras específicas de cada campo, apresenta uma homologia entre as posições de dominância nos campos específicos com a posição de dominância e acúmulo de capitais no espaço social. Por fim, o terceiro elemento determinante na dinâmica diferencial dos campos é o Estado que atua, segundo Bourdieu, com golpes de tirania nos campos dada a posição assumida e o poder acumulado historicamente por ele. Estas três condições que se efetivam simultaneamente nos permitem observar que a ideia de autonomia relativa entre os campos assegura a univocidade e a diferenciação específica no espaço social / Abstract: In Bourdieu's praxeology, the theoretical definition of social fields implies considering them relatively autonomous nominal entities carrying an illusio effect, which presents itself to agents as specific rules that both determine and are determined by historically constituted practices set into each field. Fields, in turn, impose a savoir-faire to their members, enabling the differentiation and homogenizing of practices in social space. However, if social fields are indeed relatively autonomous, the question raised is: relative to what? In spite of its centrality, the answer to this question is not to be found clearly in Bourdieu¿s writings, as the author did not face it directly. Nevertheless, given the conceptual consequences and epistemological principles of his theory, it is possible to draw three conditions through which social fields could relate to one another. First and second conditions are presented as causalities, meaning they are prerequisites for the theory itself. The third condition is a determination which, given its power of interference, coerces the internal logic of the fields. The first condition is hereby called transitional causality and it corresponds to the movement of inter-relation between the fields, originated in both the agents¿ movement from one field into the other and the fields¿ own process of restructuring that may as well affect other fields. The second causal relation is immanent to the formation of fields and it refers to the class struggle politics that presents a homology between dominant positions in specific fields and the dominant position of accumulating capitals in social space. Finally, the third determinant element in the differential dynamics of fields is the State, an actor who, according to Bourdieu, promotes hits of tyranny in fields given the position and power it has accumulated in the course of history. These three simultaneously effective conditions allow us to observe the idea of relative autonomy among fields and ensures the persistence of univocity and the specific differentiation in social space / Mestrado / Sociologia / Mestre em Sociologia

The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between banking development and economic growth in Namibia. Namibia has eight licenced commercial banks, four of which have been operational prior to the country's independence; Bank Windhoek Limited, First National Bank Namibia Limited, Nedbank Namibia Limited and Standard Bank Namibia Limited (BON, 2018). The other four licenced commercial banks began operating post independence. The banking development indicators employed by this study were broad money to nominal GDP (M2), private sector credit to nominal GDP (PSC), and lending interest rates (INTR). The data used in this study is annual data, covering the period 1991 to 2018, engaging the VAR/VECM framework in order to determine the presence of a long-run and short-run association. In addition, this study engaged the Granger causality methodology in order to determine the casual association between banking development and economic growth. The error correction term equation suggested a long-run relationship between the variables in the VECM, while the results indicated that there are no short run associations amongst the variables. Further, the results of the Granger causality test indicated a bidirectional causality between LNRGDP and LNPSC. In addition, the causality test showed that lags of LNINTR Granger causes LNPSC, which is consistent with the neoclassical theory of interest rate, which pronounces that interest rates are determined by the demand and the supply of loanable funds. Moreover, lags of LNINTR and lags of LNM2 granger causes LNRGDP, which suggest that banking development causes economic growth. The study recommended that the Namibian banks should reform credit policies and decrease the cost of debt in an attempt to avail more credit to the private sector in order to sustain and stimulate economic growth.

Proefskrif ingelewer vir the Graad Doktor in die Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit van Zululand. = Submitted in fulfillment for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Literature and Languages at the University of Zululand, 2000. / Afr: In hierdie proefskrif doen ek verslag oor navorsing wat ek binne die raamwerk van die Kognitiewe Retoriek gedoen het oor die venvantskap tussen oorsaaklikheid en oorganklikheid in Afrikaans. Nadat ek die aard van oorsaaklikheid aan die hand van die jongste literatuur beskryfhet, het ek gewys hoe oorsaaklikheid saam met ander betekeniselemente soos beeldskemas, konseptuele melafore en semantiese rolle die grondslag vorm vir hoe die mens dink en praat oor die interaksies om hom wat hy oorganklike gebeure noem. = Engl: In this dissertation I am reporting the results of the research that I did within the framework of Cognitive Rhetoric regarding the relationship between causality and transitivity in Afrikaans. After describing the nature of causality based on the most recent literature in this regard, I demonstrate how causality, along with other elements of meaning such as image s enemas, conceptual metaphors and semantic roles form the basis of how humans think and-talk about the-interactions-around-them that they term transitive events. / National Research Foundation

No description available.

No description available.

The comprehensive effect of sleep deprivation on biological and behavioral functions largely remains unknown. There is evidence to support that human sleep must be of sufficient duration and physiological continuity to ensure neurocognitive performance while we are waking. Insufficient sleep would lead to high risk of human-error related to accidents, injuries or even fatal outcomes. However, in modern society, more and more people suffer from sleep deprivation because of the increasing social, academic or occupational demand. It is important to study the effect of sleep deprivation, not only on task performance, but also on neurocognitive functions. Recent research that has explored brain effective connectivity has demonstrated the directed inference interaction among pairs of brain areas, which may bring important insight to understand how brain works to support neurocognitive function. This research aimed to identify the brain effective connectivity pattern associated with changes of a task performance, response time, following sleep deprivation. Experiments were conducted by colleagues at Neuroergonomics Department at Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Ten healthy young women, with an average age of 23-year-old, performed visual spatial sustained-attention tasks under two conditions: (1) the rest-wakeful (RW) condition, where participants had their usual sleep and (2) the sleep-deprived (SD) condition, where participants had 3 hours less sleep than their usual sleep, for 7 nights (amounting to 21 h of sleep debt). Measures included eye tracking performance and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In each condition, each subject*s eye-position was monitored through 13 sessions, each with 46 trials, while fMRI data was recorded. There were two task performance measures, accuracy and response time. Accuracy measured the proportion of correct responses of all trials in each session. Response time measured the average amount of milliseconds until participants gazed at the target stimuli in each session. An experimental session could be treated as a short window. By splitting long trials of fMRI data into consecutive windows, Granger causality was applied based on short trials of fMRI data. This procedure helped to calculate pairwise causal influences with respect to time-varying property in brain causal interaction. Causal influence results were then averaged across sessions to create one matrix for each participant. This matrix was averaged within each condition to formulate a model of brain effective connectivity, which also served as a basis of comparison. In conclusion, significant effect of sleep deprivation was found on response time and brain effective connectivity. In addition, the change of brain effective connectivity after sleep deprivation was linked to the change of response time. First, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant difference for response time between the RW condition and the SD condition. No significant changes for accuracy were found. A paired t-test showed that response time was significantly shorter in sleep deprivation for the visual spatial sustained-attention task. Second, Granger causality analysis demonstrated a reduction of bidirectional connectivity and an increase of directed influences from low-level brain areas to high-level brain areas after sleep deprivation. This observation suggested that sleep deprivation provoked the effective connectivity engaged in salient stimuli processing, but inhibited the effective connectivity in biasing selection of attention on task and in maintaining self-awareness in day time. Furthermore, in the SD condition, attention at the visual spatial task seemed to be driven by a bottom-up modulation mechanism. Third, a relationship was found between brain effective connectivity with response time. Decreases of Granger causal influences in two directions, from medial frontal lobe to sub cortical gray nuclei and from medial parietal lobe to sub cortical gray nuclei, were associated with shorter response time in the SD condition. Additionally, an increase of Granger causal influence from medial parietal lobe to cerebellum was associated with longer response time in the SD condition.

This thesis represents a synthesis of relational learning and causal discovery, two subjects at the frontier of machine learning research. Relational learning investigates algorithms for constructing statistical models of data drawn from of multiple types of interrelated entities, and causal discovery investigates algorithms for constructing causal models from observational data. My work demonstrates that there exists a natural, methodological synergy between these two areas of study, and that despite the sometimes onerous nature of each, their combination (perhaps counterintuitively) can provide advances in the state of the art for both. Traditionally, propositional (or "flat") data representations have dominated the statistical sciences. These representations assume that data consist of independent and identically distributed (iid) entities which can be represented by a single data table. More recently, data scientists have increasingly focused on "relational" data sets that consist of interrelated, heterogeneous entities. However, relational learning and causal discovery are rarely combined. Relational representations are wholly absent from the literature where causality is discussed explicitly. Instead, the literature on causality that uses the framework of graphical models assumes that data are independent and identically distributed. This unexplored topical intersection represents an opportunity for advancement --- by combining relational learning with causal reasoning, we can provide insight into the challenges found in each subject area. By adopting a causal viewpoint, we can clarify the mechanisms that produce previously identified pathologies in relational learning. Analogously, we can utilize relational data to establish and strengthen causal claims in ways that are impossible using only propositional representations.

The problem of causal discovery is to learn the true causal relations among a system of random variables based on the available data. Learning the true causal structure of p variables can sometimes be difficult, but it is crucial in many fields of science, such as biology, sociology and artificial intelligence. Classically, it is assumed that the true causal relations are completely encoded via a directed acyclic graph (DAG), and there are numerous algorithms for estimating a DAG representative of a causal system from data. Assuming it is feasible, the most effective way of learning the true causal structure is through interventional experiments. Eberhardt et al. identified the sufficient and in the worst case necessary number of interventions needed to learn a DAG, and then studied this problem from a game theory perspective, providing an upper bound on the expected number of experiments needed to identify the causal DAG. Here, we consider more general causal models, the CStrees, which allow for the true causal relations to be context-specific. We extend the results of Eberhardt to the family of CStrees by finding the sufficient and in the worst case necessary number of experiments the Scientist must perform in order to discover the true CStree among p variables. We generalize the game theoretic approach presented in Eberhardt's paper, to the CStrees with a specified causal ordering. We also give a geometric description of context-specific hard interventions in CStrees, through a bijection between the stages of the CStree and the faces of a polytope. / Problemet med kausal upptäckt är att lära sig de verkliga orsakssambandet mellan ett system av slumpmässiga variabler baserat på tillgängliga data. Att lära sig den sanna kausala strukturen hos p variabler kan ibland vara svårt, men det är avgörande inom många vetenskapsområden, såsom biologi, sociologi och artificiell intelligens. Klassiskt antas det att de sanna orsakssambandet är helt kodade via en riktad acyklisk graf (DAG), och det finns många algoritmer för att uppskatta en DAG-representant för ett orsakssystem från data. Förutsatt att det är genomförbart är det mest effektiva sättet att lära sig den sanna kausala strukturen genom interventionella experiment. Eberhardt et al. identifierade det tillräckliga och i värsta fall nödvändiga antalet insatser som behövdes för att lära sig en DAG, och studerade sedan detta problem ur ett spelteoriperspektiv, vilket gav en övre gräns för det förväntade antalet experiment som behövs för att identifiera orsakssambandet DAG. Här anser vi att mer allmänna orsakssambandet, CStrees, gör det möjligt att vara kontextspecifik för de verkliga orsakssambandet. Vi utvidgar resultaten av Eberhardt till familjen CStrees genom att hitta det tillräckliga och i värsta fall nödvändiga antalet experiment som forskaren måste utföra för att upptäcka den sanna CStree bland p variabler. Vi generaliserar spelets teoretiska tillvägagångssätt som presenteras i Eberhardts papper, till CStrees med en specificerad kausal ordning. Vi ger också en geometrisk beskrivning av kontextspecifika hårda ingripanden i CStrees, genom ett bijection mellan stadierna i CStree och ansikten på en polytop.

Thesis advisor: Boyd Taylor Coolman / This dissertation investigates Thomas Aquinas’s understanding of the charisms (gratiae gratis datae) as distinctly social or ecclesial graces in light of his critical engagement with the Franciscan Summa Halensis. It first looks at the Summa Halensis’s christology and theology of the charisms to show the theological inseparability of charismatic grace from the threefold grace of Christ (the grace of union, capital grace, and the grace of the singular man). I then trace the development of Aquinas’s understanding of Christ’s humanity (in terms of the grace of Christ’s humanity) as a conjoined instrument of the Word and show how at every step Aquinas critically engaged the christology of the Summa Halensis. I bring that historical development in christology and its application to the sacraments to bear on Aquinas’s understanding of the charisms as social or ecclesial graces, graces given to one person for the sake of another’s salvation. Instrumental causality provided Aquinas a new conceptual framework with which to understand what it might mean for the charisms to be social graces, placing the charisms within a wider array of created causal agents in the economy of grace. I place this development within the context of the rise of Joachite prophecy as well as the secular/mendicant conflict at Paris, factors that motivated Aquinas to conceive these graces as distinctly mendicant charisms. Just as the development of instrumental causality in Christology propelled Aquinas’s understanding of charisms as social graces, so this application of instrumental causality reciprocally informed Aquinas’s account of the charismatic Christ in the Tertia Pars of the Summa Theologiae. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

No description available.