While many investigations have been performed to establish a better understanding of the effects that magnetic fields and nanoparticles have on cells, the fundamental mechanisms behind the interactions are still yet unknown, and investigations on concurrent exposure are quite limited in scope. This study was therefore established to investigate the biological impact of concurrent exposure to magnetic nanoparticles and extremely-low frequency magnetic fields using an in-vitro CHO-K1 cell line model, in an easily reproducible manner to establish grounds for further in-depth mechanistic, proteomic, and genomic studies. Cells were cultured and exposed to 10nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and DC or low frequency (0Hz, 50Hz, and 100Hz) 2.0mT magnetic fields produced by a Helmholtz coil pair. The cells were then observed under confocal fluorescence microscopy, and subject to MTT biological assay to determine the synergistic effects of these concurrent exposures. No effects were observed on cell morphology or microtubule network; however, cell viability was observed to decrease more drastically under the combined effects of magnetic field and nanoparticle exposures, as compared to independent exposures alone. It was concluded that no significant difference was observed between the types of magnetic fields, and their effects on the nanoparticle exposed cells, but quite clearly there are deleterious synergistic effects of these concurrent magnetic field and nanoparticle exposure conditions.

Les architectures multicœurs changent notre façon d'écrire des programmes. L'écriture de programmes concurrents est bien connue pour être difficile. Traditionnellement, l'utilisation de verrous (locks) permettant au code de s'exécuter en exclusion mutuelle, a été l'abstraction la plus largement utilisée pour l'écriture des programmes concurrents. Malheureusement, il est difficile d'écrire des programmes concurrents efficaces et corrects reposant sur des verrous. En outre, les verrous présentent d'autres problèmes, notamment celui du passage à l'échelle. Le concept de mémoire transactionnelle a été proposé comme une solution à ces difficultés. Les transactions peuvent être considérées comme une abstraction de haut niveau, ou une méthodologie pour l'écriture de programmes concurrents, ce qui permet au programmeur de pouvoir déclarer des sections de code devant être exécutés de façon atomique, sans avoir à se soucier des détails de synchronisation. Malheureusement, bien qu'assurément plus facile à utiliser que les verrous, la mémoire transactionnelle souffre encore de problèmes de performance et de facilité d'utilisation. En fait, de nombreux concepts relatifs à l'utilisation et à la sémantique des transactions n'ont pas encore des normes convenues. Cette thèse propose de nouvelles solutions permettant de faciliter l'utilisation des mémoires transactionellles. La thèse débute par un chapitre qui donne un bref aperçu de la mémoire transactionnelle logicielle (STM) ainsi qu'une discussion sur le problème de la facilité d'utilisation. Les contributions à la recherche sont ensuite divisées en quatre chapitres principaux, chacun proposant une approche différente afin de rendre les STMs plus facile à utiliser. / Multicore architectures are changing the way we write programs. Writing concurrent programs is well known to be difficult task. Traditionally, the use of locks allowing code to execute in mutual exclusion has been the most widely used abstraction to write concurrent programs. Unfortunately, using locks it is difficult to write correct concurrent programs that perform efficiently. Additionally, locks present other problems such as scalability issues. Transactional memory has been proposed as a possible promising solution to these difficulties of writing concurrent programs. Transactions can be viewed as a high level abstraction or methodology for writing concurrent programs, allowing the programmer to be able to declare what sections of his code should be executed atomically, without having to worry about synchronization details. Unfortunately, although arguably easier to use then locks, transactional memory still suffers from performance and ease of use problems. In fact many concepts surrounding the usage and semantics of transactions have no widely agreed upon standards. This thesis specifically focuses on these ease of use problems by discussing how previous research has dealt with them and proposing new solutions putting ease of use first. The thesis starts with a chapter giving a brief overview of software transactional memory (STM) as well as a discussion of the problem of ease of use that is focused on in the later chapters. The research contributions are then divided into four main chapters, each looking at different approaches working towards making transactional memory easier to use.

Thesis Title: Enhancing rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Context: Physical training with a neuromuscular focus has been shown to reduce anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, ACL injury remains prevalent and often leads to joint instability, which requires surgical reconstruction. Following reconstructive surgery, a minimum of 6 months supervised rehabilitation is recommended with associated with financial cost implications to the National Health Service (NHS), the patient and society. Traditionally rehabilitation is offered in a concurrent format, whereby strength and cardio-vascular endurance exercises are performed in the same session. However, accumulating evidence from healthy populations, suggests that the development of strength might be attenuated by cardio-vascular endurance conditioning performed in close temporal proximity. This thesis comprises an entirely novel investigation of potential attenuation of strength gains in rehabilitating clinical populations that is associated with temporal incompatibility of physiological conditioning stimuli. No study has previously investigated this phenomenon, whether it might compromise the efficacy of treatment or recovery, or its potential influence on objectively-measured and patients’ perception of functional, musculoskeletal and neuromuscular performance capabilities. Objectives: The purpose of this thesis was to assess the effects of reconstruction surgery and 24 weeks of non-concurrent strength and endurance rehabilitation (with 48 week post-operative follow-up) on (a) subjective (IKDC; KOOS; PP [Chapter 4]) and objective measures of function (HOP [Chapter 5]) (primary outcome measures for this thesis), and (b) objective measures of musculoskeletal (ATFD) and neuromuscular performance (PF, EMD, RFD, SMP [Chapter 5]) (secondary outcome measures), in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. The secondary aim was to evaluate the relationships amongst a subjective outcome of function (IKDC), an objective outcome of function (HOP), and the secondary objective outcomes of musculoskeletal (ATFD) and neuromuscular (PF, RFD, EMD, SMP) performance at pre-surgery and at 24 weeks post-surgery (Chapter 6). Setting: Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Design: Prospective random-allocation to group trial involving iso-volume rehabilitative intervention versus contemporary practice, using contralateral limb assessment and clinico-social approbation controls. The design compared the effects of experimental post-surgical rehabilitation comprising non-concurrent strength and endurance conditioning with two conditions of control reflecting contemporary clinical practice (matched versus minimal assessment interaction). Participants: Eighty two patients (69♂, 13♀, age: 35.4 ± 8.6 yr; time from injury to surgery 9.4 ± 6.9 months [mean ± SD]) electing to undergo unilateral ACL reconstructive surgery (semitendinosus and gracilis graft [n = 57]; central third, bone-patella tendon-bone graft [n = 25]); were allocated to groups (2:2:1 purposive sampling ratio, respectively). Nineteen patients were lost to follow-up. Intervention: A standardised traditional concurrent (CON) ACL rehabilitation programme acted as the control versus an experimental non-concurrent (NCON) ACL rehabilitation programme that involved separation of strength and cardio-vascular endurance conditioning. An additional control group (Limited testing CON) matched the CON group rehabilitation applied within contemporary clinical practice. Outcome Measures: Chapter 4: The self-perceived primary outcome measures of function IKDC, KOOS and PP were assessed on five separate occasions (pre-surgery, and at 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks post-surgery). However, assessment occasions were purposefully reduced to pre-operative and 48 weeks post-operative for the Limited testing CON group. Chapter 5: The primary objective outcome of function was HOP; the secondary outcomes were ATFD, PF, RFD, EMD and SMP associated with the knee extensors and flexors of the injured and non-injured legs. These objective outcomes were assessed on five separate occasions (pre-surgery, and at 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks post-surgery). However, assessment occasions were purposefully reduced to pre-operative and at 48 weeks post-operative only for the Limited testing CON group. Chapter 6 Self-perceived (IKDC) subjective knee evaluation and the objective outcome of function (HOP), and selected objective outcomes of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular performance including ATFD, PF, RFD, EMD and SMP of the knee extensors and flexors of the injured and non-injured legs where applicable; measured at pre-surgery and at 24 weeks post-surgery were analysed for association, using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. A priori alpha levels were set at p<0.05. Results: Chapter 4: Factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated-measures investigating the primary aim showed significant group (NCON; CON) by test occasion (pre-surgery, 6, 12. 24 and 48 weeks post-surgery) interactions for self-perceived outcomes of function IKDC, KOOS and PP confirmed increased clinical effectiveness of NCON conditioning (F(2.0, 82.9)GG = 4.0 p<0.05, F(2.2, 134.7)GG = 5.5 p<0.001, F(1.9, 121.4)GG = 14.6 p<0.001, respectively) and the group mean peak relative difference in improvement for NCON was ~5.9% - 12.7% superior to CON. The greatest interaction effect was found to occur between pre-surgery and the 12 weeks post-operative test occasion for IKDC and KOOS, and between pre-surgery and the 24 week test occasion for PP. Patterns of improvements in self-perceived fitness over time were represented by a relative effect size range of 0.71 to 1.92. Improvement patterns were not significantly different between control groups offering matched or minimised assessor-patient interaction (CON vs. Limited testing CON; pre-surgery vs. 48 weeks post-surgery) indicating that clinical approbation by patients had not contributed to the outcome. Chapter 5: Factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated-measures showed significant group (NCON; CON) by leg (injured/non-injured) by test occasion (pre-surgery, 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks post-surgery) interactions of the objective measure of function (HOP) together with the secondary outcomes of ATFD, PF, RFD, EMD and SMP. Similar responses were noted for the knee extensors and flexors of the injured and non-injured legs (F(2.1, 248) GG = 4.5 to 6.6; p<0.01) and confirmed increased clinical effectiveness of NCON conditioning (range ~4.7% - 15.3% [10.8%]) better than CON between 12 and 48 weeks. Patterns of improvements in physical fitness capabilities over time were represented by a relative effect size range of 1.92 to 2.89. Improvement patterns were not significantly different between control groups offering matched or minimised assessor-patient interaction (CON vs. Limited testing CON; pre-surgery versus 48 weeks post-surgery) indicating that clinical approbation by patients had not contributed to the outcome. Chapter 6: Two-tailed probabilities were used due to the exploratory nature of this study. A limited number of weak to moderate statistically significant correlations were confirmed (ranging from r = 0.262 – 0.404; p<0.05; n=48 [amalgamated NCON and CON groups] ) between IKDC and most notably, the neuromuscular performance outcome of EMD. Conclusion: Overall, the patterning and extent of changes amongst self-perceived, functional, musculoskeletal and neuromuscular performance scores offer support for the efficacy of using non-concurrent strength and endurance conditioning to enhance post-surgery rehabilitation. The limited robustness of relationships amongst the validated and frequently-used self-perceived outcome of function [IKDC], and objectively-measured outcomes of function and musculoskeletal and neuromuscular performance suggested that each might properly reflect an important but separate aspect of clinical response and should be deployed to detect change.

A engenharia simultânea e os sistemas de gerenciamento de dados de produto(PDM), apesar de serem uma ajuda preciosa para que as empresas enfrentem as novas condições de sobrevivência no mercado atual, não são muito conhecidos. Além disso, existem poucos trabalhos científicos relacionados à implantação e ao auxílio deste tipo sistema no gerenciamento de dados em ambiente de engenharia simultânea. Neste trabalho procura-se levantar, segundo a bibliografia, as necessidades de gerenciamento de dados em ambientes de engenharia simultânea, comparar as necessidades de gerenciamento de dados encontradas na bibliografia com as necessidades de um caso de implantação real, levantar quais funcionalidades de sistemas PDM (product data management) suprem as necessidades encontradas, e caracterizar um projeto de implantação real de um sistema PDM em um ambiente de engenharia simultânea. / The concurrent engineering and the product data management systems(PDM), although being a precious aid to allow the companies to face the new survival conditions in the current market, are not very well-known. Besides that, few scientific works related to the implementation of this kind of system and their usage in the data management of data in a concurrent engineering environment are available. The objectives of this work are: to rise, according to the bibliography, the needs of data management in a concurrent engineering environment, to compare those needs with the ones of a real implementation case, to rise which functionality of PDM (Product Data Management) systems supply the founded needs, and to characterize a project of a real PDM system implementation in an environment of concurrent engineering.

Os estudos sobre escolha e preferência do comportamento individual a partir de esquemas concorrentes tornaram mais clara a função relativa do reforço no comportamento. No nível cultural, por sua vez, não há estudos experimentais sobre a função relativa de consequências culturais a partir de metacontingências concorrentes, o que certamente limita a compreensão do que leva um grupo a escolher/preferir engajar-se em uma prática em detrimento de outra. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de aferir experimentalmente a frequência relativa de duas contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs) como função da exigência de dois esquemas de razão concorrentes para produção de consequências culturais. Os esquemas de razão para cada contingência entrelaçada foram diferentes a depender da condição (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1, FR3, FR2 FR2 e FR2 FR3). As duas contingências entrelaçadas relevantes para a produção de consequências culturais foram descritas na instrução, de modo a reduzir variações. Participaram do estudo 12 estudantes universitários divididos em quatro tríades. A tarefa experimental consistiu na escolha de linhas de uma matriz composta por dez linhas e dez colunas, sendo as linhas compostas por cinco cores diferentes alternadas, de modo que cada cor estivesse presente em uma linha par e outra ímpar. Consequências individuais (ganho de fichas trocáveis por dinheiro) foram contingentes a escolhas de linhas ímpares. Consequências culturais (itens escolares a serem doados a uma instituição) foram contingentes a sequências específicas de cores, que correspondiam às escolhas de linhas por cada um dos três participantes. Teve-se como resultados que as Tríades I e II tenderam à estereotipia da CCE associada ao esquema de menor razão ao final das condições, o que não ocorreu para as Tríades III e IV. Para as Tríades I e II, variações tenderam a ocorrer após mudanças de condições em que havia aumento da intermitência de consequências culturais associadas à CCE mais frequente. Também para as Tríades I e II, verbalizações sobre o procedimento foram mais frequentes nos períodos em que variações entre as CCEs relevantes foram mais frequentes. Para as Tríades III e IV, durante a maior parte do estudo não houve diferenciação da frequência entre as duas CCEs às quais consequências culturais eram contingentes, embora tenha havido diferenciação das duas CCEs em relação a outras / Studies about choice and preference using concurrent schedules contributed to better understand the relative function of the reinforcer on behavior. However, at the cultural level there are no experimental studies regarding the relative function of cultural consequences using concurrent metacontingencies, which certainly restricts the understanding about which variables lead a group to choose or prefer to engage in a practice over another. The objective of this experimental study was to assess the relative frequency of two interlocking behavior contingencies (IBCs) as a function of two fixed ratio schedules to produce cultural consequences. The ratio schedules to each interlocking contingency were different depending on the condition (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1 FR3, FR2 FR2 and FR2 FR3). Both relevant interlocks for the production of cultural consequences were described in the instructions in order to reduce variability. 12 college students participated, divided into four triads. The experimental task consisted of row choices in a matrix comprising ten rows and ten columns, the rows being composed of five different colors, so that each color was present in an even and in an odd row. Individual consequences (earn of coins interchangeable for money) were contingent to the choice of odd rows. Cultural consequences (school supplies to be donated) were contingent to specific sequences of colors that corresponded to the combined row choices of the three participants. The results showed that Triads I and II leaned towards IBC stereotypy associated to the low ratio schedule at the end of the conditions, which did not occur for Triads III and IV. Triads I and II showed that variations tended to occur after experimental condition changes in which there were increased of the ratio schedule to cultural consequences associated to the more frequent IBC. Also, for Triads I and II, verbalizations about the procedure were more frequent when variations between the two IBCs were higher. For Triads III and IV, for most of the study there was no difference in frequency of the two relevant IBCs, although there was difference between the two relevant IBCs in relation to others

O teste de programas concorrentes e uma atividade desaadora, devido a fatores que não estão presentes em programas sequenciais, como comunicação, sincronização e não determinismo. Algumas técnicas de teste têm sido propostas para o contexto de programação concorrente, mas raramente sua aplicabilidade e avaliada por estudos teóricos ou experimentais. Este trabalho contribui nesse sentido, propondo e conduzindo um estudo experimental para avaliar o custo, eficácia e aspecto complementar dos critérios de teste estruturais para programas concorrentes no contexto de memória compartilhada, implementados usando o padrão PThreads (Posix Threads). A ferramenta de teste ValiPThread e usada para auxiliar a condução do experimento. Os programas usados no experimento foram selecionados de benchmarks, como o Inspect, Helgrind e Rungta. Esses benchmarks são comumente usados no estudo de técnicas de teste para programas concorrentes. Programas que resolvem problemas clássicos da programação concorrente também foram incluídos no estudo. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi definida uma estratégia de aplicação, considerando aspectos de custo e eficácia dos critérios de teste. Além disso, todo o material utilizado e gerado durante o experimento foi reunido em um pacote de laboratório, a fim de contribuir com a comunidade de pesquisa, possibilitando replicações e comparações desses critérios com outras técnicas de teste no contexto de programas concorrentes / Concurrent program testing is a challenging activity due to the communication, synchronization and nondeterminism of this application domain. Despite that, some testing techniques for concurrent programs have been proposed, but their applicability is rarely evaluated by theoretical or experimental studies. This work contributes in this direction proposing and conducting an experimental study to evaluate the cost, effectiveness and strength of structural testing criteria for multithreaded programs, implemented using the Pthreads standard (POSIX Threads). The testing tool ValiPThread is used to support the conduction of the experiment. The programs used in this experiment were selected from classical benchmarks, such as Inspect, Helgring and Rungta. These benchmarks are commonly used to study testing techniques for concurrent programs. We also include programs that solve concurrent classical problems. Based on the obtained results, we defined an application testing strategy, considering cost and effectiveness aspects of the testing criteria. Furthermore, all material used and generated during the experiment was incorporated in a lab package, in order to contribute with further research studies making possible replications and comparisons of these testing criteria with other testing techniques in context of concurrent programs

O teste de programas concorrentes é uma atividade que envolve diferentes perspectivas. Uma das mais conhecidas refere-se ao desenvolvimento de novos conhecimentos sobre critérios, modelos e ferramentas de teste que auxiliem o testador nessa atividade. Outra perspectiva, igualmente importante, porém, ainda incipiente, é a avaliação da atividade de teste de programas concorrentes com relação à sua eficiência e eficácia para revelar defeitos de difícil detecção. O projeto TestPar em desenvolvimento no ICMC/USP tem abordado essas duas perspectivas ao longo dos últimos anos, onde novas tecnologias de teste vêm sendo desenvolvidas e avaliadas sistematicamente. Este trabalho inseriu-se no contexto do projeto TestPar e teve por objetivo principal contribuir para melhorar a avaliação da atividade de teste de programas concorrentes, através do desenvolvimento de benchmarks específicos para este contexto. Essa avaliação representa um desafio para a área de teste, sendo essencial a existência de benchmarks simples o bastante para serem validados manualmente, se necessário, e complexos o bastante para exercitar aspectos não triviais de comunicação e sincronização, encontrados de fato nos programas concorrentes. Assim, neste trabalho de mestrado foram desenvolvidos benchmarks livres de defeitos conhecidos e algumas versões de benchmarks com defeitos intencionalmente inseridos, baseados em taxonomias de defeitos. Esses benchmarks seguiram uma série de características bem definidas, contando ainda com uma documentação padronizada e completa. Os benchmarks foram validados através da condução de estudos experimentais, do uso em diferentes projetos de pesquisa e também com a verificação da sua aplicabilidade para fins educacionais. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os benchmarks atingiram os objetivos para os quais foram propostos, gerando uma demanda controlada e qualificada sobre modelo, critérios e a ferramenta de teste desenvolvidos no projeto TestPar. Os experimentos realizados permitiram destacar pontos positivos e limitações desses artefatos. Outra aplicação dos benchmarks foi como recurso educacional para o ensino em disciplinas como programação concorrente. / The testing of concurrent programs is an activity that involves distinct perspectives. One of the most known refers to the development of new knowledge about criteria, models and testing tools to support this activity. Other perspective, as important as the first one and still incipient, is the evaluation of the testing activity of concurrent programs with respect to its efficiency and effectiveness in revealing errors hard to detect. The TestPar project under development at ICMC/USP has addressed both these two perspectives over the past years, where new testing technologies are being proposed and evaluated systematically. This project belongs to the context of the TestPar project, aiming to improve the evaluation of the testing activity of concurrent programs through the development of benchmarks specific for this context. This evaluation represents a challenge to the testing area, which must consider benchmarks simple enough to be validated manually, if necessary, but also complex enough to exercise not trivial aspects of communication/synchronization, found in programs used indeed. Thus, in this work it were developed bug-free benchmarks and some versions of faulty benchmarks with bugs inserted, based on error taxonomies. These benchmarks followed a series of well-defined features, including also a standardized and complete documentation. Benchmarks were validated by means of diferent scenarios: experimental studies, their use by different on-going research projects and also with the verification of their applicability for educational aims. The results obtained show that our benchmarks have achieved their objectives, generating a controlled and qualified demand on model, criteria and the tool developed under TestPar project. The experiments reveal strengths and limitations of these artifacts. Benchmarks have been also used as educational resources for the teaching of concurrent programs.

Introdução: O exercício é conhecido como uma das ferramentas mais poderosas para prevenir e controlar a obesidade. No entanto, as razões pelas quais indivíduos obesos parecem ser menos dispostos do que aqueles com peso normal para participar e aderir a programas de exercícios são ainda desconhecidas. Uma das hipóteses é que as altas taxas de abandono tipicamente encontradas entre os adolescentes obesos pode ser devido ao tipo de exercício prescrito, e/ou uma capacidade termorregulatória comprometida. A interação entre exercício e excesso de peso pode alterar algumas variáveis, tais como, temperatura corporal, percepção de esforço, conforto térmico e irritabilidade, especialmente se os programas de exercícios são realizados em ambientes com altas temperaturas. Objetivo: Este estudo investigou as respostas fisiológicas e perceptivas em adolescentes obesas em sessões de exercícios concorrente (EC) e de exercícios aeróbico (EA), em duas condições ambientais: calor (C) e termoneutro (Tn). Métodos: Doze meninas púberes obesas (12,7±0,6 anos, 49,9± 3,0% de gordura) fisicamente ativas e aclimatizadas ao calor foram designadas para participar de quatro sessões de testes (EA e EC onde no EA foi de 40 minutos e consistia de cicloergômetro (60-70% do VO2pico) em duas condições ambientais: Aeróbico termoneutro (ATn) em que a temperatura foi mantida a 22-25 °C, humidade relativa entre 55-60 %; Aeróbico Calor (AC) em que a temperatura foi mantida entre 35-37 ºC, e uma humidade relativa entre 40-45%. As sessões EC foram organizados em quatro períodos (10 minutos cada), alternando cilcoergômetro (60-70% VO2pico) e duas séries de nove exercícios de força (12-15 repetições a 60-70% de 1-RM). As sessões de EC também foram testadas sob as mesmas condições acima mencionadas (concorrente termoneutra - CTn e concorrente calor - CC). As participantes foram autorizadas a beber cerca de 279ml (± 42.7ml) de água durante as sessões de exercício. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: temperatura retal (Tre), frequência cardíaca (FC), taxa percepção de esforço (TPE), escala de percepção de esforço para crianças (EPEC), sensação térmica, conforto térmico, irritabilidade, cor e densidade da urinária. ANOVA de um e dois caminhos; ANOVA para medidas repetidas e os testes de Friedman e Wilcoxon (p <0,05) foram realizados com os diferentes tipos de exercícios (EA e EC), e as condições de temperatura (Tn e C) como fatores. Resultados: A análise confirmou semelhantes (p> 0,05) os níveis de hidratação, Tre e UR, no início de cada sessão de exercícios confirmando a linha de base. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre pré e pós-exercício na Tre (AC: 37,1± 0,2 para 37,7±0,2ºC, e CC: 37,1±0,2 para 37,5±0,2°C) (p=0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças durante as sessões CTn (p=0,967). Durante as sessões ATn, a Tre diferiu (p = 0,016), apenas no vigésimo minuto (37,1±0,2 para 37,4 ± 0,3). Além disso, não houve diferença (p=1,000) entre as sessões ATn e CTn. No entanto, houve diferença (p = 0,016) comparando a AC e CC, no minuto 35 (AC= 37,6 ± 0,2; CC= 37,4 ± 0,2 °C), e no minuto 40 (AC = 37,7 ± 0,2 e CC= 37,5 ±0,2 °C). O conforto térmico e sensação térmica foram maiores durante as sessões de calor e no exercício aeróbio (p <0,05). Não houve diferença na EPEC e irritabilidade. Conclusão: Em geral, estes resultados concluem que as adolescentes obesas respondem melhor em termos fisiológicos e perceptivos durante o EC em comparação com as sessões de EA. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram que a percepção de esforço, sensação térmica, e conforto térmico conduziu a um aumento significativo do prazer relatado no EA independente da condição térmica. Portanto, o EC pode aumentar o prazer e motivação intrínseca para a atividade física, aumentando a adesão desta população específica. / Introduction: Exercise is well known as one of the most powerful tools to prevent and control obesity. However, the reasons why overweight individuals seem even less willing than normal-weight ones to participate in, and adhere to exercise programs remain largely unknown. One of the hypotheses is that the high rates of dropouts typically found among overweight teenagers might be due to the type of exercise prescribed, and/or compromised thermoregulatory ability. The interaction between exercise and excess body weight would alter some unique variables such as, body temperature, perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and irritability, especially if exercises programs are performed in environments with high temperatures. Aim: This study investigated physiological and perceptual responses in teenager women during concurrent (CE) and aerobic exercise (AE) sessions, under two distinct thermic environmental conditions: artificially heated (Ht) and thermoneutral (Tn). Methods: Twelve obese pubescent girls (12.7 ± 0.6 years, 49.9 ± 3.0% fat) physically active and heat-acclimatized were randomly assigned to participate in four differents sessions, the AE sessions last 40-minutes each and consisted of cycling (60-70% of VO2peak) under two environmental conditions: Aerobic Thermoneutral (ATn) in which the temperature was kept to 22-25°C, and relative humidity between 55-60%; and Aerobic Heated (AHt) in which the temperature was kept between 35-37ºC, and relative humidity between 40-45%. The CE sessions were organized into four periods (10 minutes each) alternating cycling (60-70% VO2peak) and two sets of nine strength exercises [12-15 repetitions at 60-70% of 1-RM]. The CE sessions were also tested under the same above-mentioned environmental conditions (concurrent thermoneutral - CTn and concurrent heated - CHt). Participants were allowed to drink about 279ml (± 42.7ml) of water during the exercise sessions. The following variables were assessed: rectal temperature (Tre), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived exertion scale for children (PESC), thermal sensation, thermal comfort, irritability, urine color, and urine specific gravity. One, and two way ANOVAs, repeated measures ANOVA, and Friedman and Wilcoxon tests (p <0.05) were performed using the different types of exercises (AE and CE), and temperature conditions (Tn and Ht) as factors. Results: The analysis confirmed similar (p> 0.05) hydration levels, Tre, and HR at the beginning of each exercise session confirming the baseline. The results showed differences between pre- and post-exercise Tre assessments (AHt: 37.1 ± 0.2 - 37.7 ± 0.2 ºC; and CHt: 37.1 ± 0.2 - 37.5 ± 0.2 °C) (p = 0.001). No differences were found during the CTn sessions (p = 0.967). During the ATn sessions, the Tre differed (p = 0.016) only during the first 20 minutes (37.1 ± 0.2 - 37.4 ± 0.3). Furthermore, no difference (p = 1.000) was found between the ATn and CTn sessions. However, the comparison between AHt and CHt differed (p = 0.016) at the 35 (AHt = 37.6 ± 0.2; and CHt = 37.4 ± 0.2 °C), and 40 minutes (AHt = 37.7 ± 0.2 and CHt = 37.5 ± 0.2 °C). The thermal comfort and thermal sensation were higher during the heated and aerobic sessions (p <0.05). No differences in the PESC, and irritability were found. Conclusion: Overall these findings conclude that overweight teenagers respond physiologically better during CE as compared to AE sessions. In addition, the results demonstrated that perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and thermal comfort led to a significant increase in reported pleasure on AE regardless of environmental condition. Over time, the CE could increase the enjoyment of and intrinsic motivation for physical activity, increasing adherence of this particular population.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Concurrency faults are difficult to reproduce and localize because they usually occur under specific inputs and thread interleavings. Most existing fault localization techniques focus on sequential programs but fail to identify faulty memory access patterns across threads, which are usually the root causes of concurrency faults. Moreover, existing techniques for sequential programs cannot be adapted to identify faulty paths in concurrent programs. While concurrency fault localization techniques have been proposed to analyze passing and failing executions obtained from running a set of test cases to identify faulty access patterns, they primarily focus on using statistical analysis. We present a novel approach to fault localization using feature selection techniques from machine learning. Our insight is that the concurrency access patterns obtained from a large volume of coverage data generally constitute high dimensional data sets, yet existing statistical analysis techniques for fault localization are usually applied to low dimensional data sets. Each additional failing or passing run can provide more diverse information, which can help localize faulty concurrency access patterns in code. The patterns with maximum feature diversity information can point to the most suspicious pattern. We then apply data mining technique and identify the interleaving patterns that are occurred most frequently and provide the possible faulty paths. We also evaluate the effectiveness of fault localization using test suites generated from different test adequacy criteria. We have evaluated Cadeco on 10 real-world multi-threaded Java applications. Results indicate that Cadeco outperforms state-of-the-art approaches for localizing concurrency faults.