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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Barcode e bioprospecção de metabólitos das algas marinhas Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea e Laurenciella sp. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) / Barcode and bioprospecting of metabolites from the marine algae Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea e Laurenciella sp. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta).

Stein, Erika Mattos 29 April 2016 (has links)
A natureza e diversidade das estruturas químicas com atividade farmacológica que se tem encontrado nos organismos marinhos justificam a busca por novos compostos que são de interesse nas mais diversas áreas de aplicação. As espécies de macroalgas vermelhas, em especial Laurencia spp., merecem destaque pela enorme variedade de terpenos e acetogeninas que produzem, sendo consideradas de grande potencial na produção de novos fármacos. O estudo de seus constituintes pode fornecer importantes subsídios para a quimiotaxonomia, ecologia química, caracterização das espécies e avaliação do potencial biotecnológico. Baseado nisso, Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea e Laurenciella sp. foram selecionadas para o presente estudo para isolamento, caracterização e teste de atividades biológicas dos seus compostos. A técnica do DNA barcoding foi utilizada como ferramenta de diagnóstico para garantir a similaridade entre as amostras de cada espécie, que foram coletadas em época e locais diferentes. Do extrato orgânico de Laurencia aldingensis, nove substâncias foram isoladas, sendo quatro esfingosinas (1-4), três terpenos (5-7) e duas novas substâncias halogenadas (8 e 9). Do extrato orgânico de Laurencia dendroidea formam isolados dois terpenos halogenados conhecidos (10, 11) e, do extrato de Laurenciella sp. três novas substâncias halogenadas alifáticas insaturadas (12-14), assim como um ácido graxo (15) e um esterol (16) conhecidos. Dentre elas, a 8 apresentou atividade citotóxica, mas não se mostrou seletivo, e as substâncias 4 e 11 apresentaram atividade esquistossomicida, bastante promissora. No entanto, nenhum deles apresentou atividade antioxidante. Diante desta investigação, podemos dizer que as informações geradas com os estudos de Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea e Laurenciella sp. expandiram significantemente o conhecimento no que tange a diversidade química no gênero e o potencial biológico-farmacêutico dos mesmos. / The nature and diversity of chemical structures with pharmacological activity that have been found in marine organisms justifies the search for new compounds that may have applications in various areas of interest. Species of red seaweeds, especially Laurencia spp., are special because of the unprecedented variety of terpenes and acetogenins they produce that are considered potentially useful for the production of new drugs. Study of their constituents can also provide important insights relating to their chemotaxonomy, chemical ecology, characterization of species and biotechnological potential. On this basis Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea and Laurenciella sp., were selected for study and isolation, characterization, and biological activity assessment of isolatable quantities of their compounds. The technique of DNA barcoding was used as a diagnostic tool to ensure similarity between samples of each species collected at different times and places. From the organic extract of Laurencia aldingensis nine compounds were isolated; four sphingosines (1-4), three terpenes (5-7) and other two new halogenated compound (8, 9). From the organic extract of Laurencia dendroidea two known halogenated terpenes (10, 11) were isolated while from a similar extract of Laurenciella sp., three new halogenated aliphatic compounds (12-14) were isolated together with known fatty acid (15) and sterol (16). Among all isolates, 8 demonstrated unspecific cytotoxic activity and compounds 4 and 11 showed promising schistosomicidal activity. In applied antioxidant assays none of the isolates we noted to have activity. From the overall investigation it is also clear that the information gleaned from the studies of Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea and Laurenciella sp., significantly expanded our knowledge base concerning chemical diversity in the genus Laurencia and their biological-pharmaceutical potential.
32

Theoretical Photochemistry : Halogenated Arenes, Phytochromobilin, Ru(II)polypyridyl complexes and 6-4 photoadducts

Borg, Anders January 2008 (has links)
This thesis presents Quantum Chemical calculations on the Photochemistry of Halogenated benzenes, Phytochromobilin, Ruthenium Polypyridyl complexes and 6-4 photoadducts in DNA. The work is focused on improving the understanding of a number of experimentally observed photochemical processes in these systems. New results regarding the mechanism of photodissociation of halogenated arenes, photointerconversion of phytochromobilin are presented, as well as of the photoprocesses of Ruthenium Polypyridyl complexes and new mechanistic insights in the repair of 6-4 photoadducts in DNA.
33

PARTIALLY HALOGENATED ACENES AND HETEROACENES FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONICS

Purushothaman, Balaji 01 January 2011 (has links)
Inorganic materials have dominated electronic applications such as photovoltaic cells, thin film transistors (TFTs) and light emitting diodes (LEDs). However developments in the field of organic electronics over the past three decades have enabled the use of organic materials in these devices. While significant improvements have been made to improve their electronic properties there are several road blocks towards commercial application. One of the significant obstacles is the poor charge carrier mobility associated with organic semiconductors processed by well established printing methods. The goal of my research project is to improve the charge carrier mobility of solution cast films of acene semiconductors by partial halogenation and heteroatom substitution. Spin coated films of triisopropylsilylethynylated difluoropentacene exhibited higher hole mobility compared to TIPS pentacene due to contact induced nucleation of pentacene on perfluorobenzenethiol treated gold electrodes. The success of this project allowed me to further investigate the effect of degree of fluorination on the electronic properties of pentacene. A series of trialkylsilylethynylated tetrafluoro and octafluoropentacenes were synthesized and their performances in thin film transistors and solar cells were explored. Solar cells made from these materials using poly(3-hexylthiophene) as donor exhibited poor open circuit voltages (Voc) resulting in low power conversion efficiency (PCE). Better device performances were achieved using pentacenes having single halogen substituent. In order to improve the charge carrier mobility in TFTs soluble trialkylsilylethynylated hexacenes were explored. However these molecules exhibited a greater tendency to photo-dimerize in solution and solid state. Partial halogenation was used as a tool to improve the solution stability of reactive hexacene. The improved solution stability of partially halogenated hexacenes allowed me to successfully extend this approach to heptacene and nonacene. Finally a series of new trialkylsilylethynylated anthradiselenophenes were synthesized to improve molecular ordering in the solid state by increasing non-bonding Se – Se interaction. However single crystal x-ray diffraction studies revealed no such interaction between the acene chromophore resulting in poor device performance.
34

Rutenioporfirinas: síntese e aplicação como catalisadores de reações de oxidação de ciclo-hexano, adamantano e Z-cicloocteno. / Rutheniumporphyrins: synthesis and application as catalysis in oxidation reactions of ciclohexane, adamantane and Z-ciclooctane.

Guimarães, Christian Alexander 21 February 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCAG.pdf: 1124932 bytes, checksum: 30b78e84bb7efa63456374d9a1b41d84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The porphyrin ligands, mesotetraphenyl-21H, 23Hporphyrin, meso-tetrakis(2-bromophenyl)-21H, 23H-porphyrin, meso-tetrakis(4- bromophenyl)-21H, 23H-porphyrin, meso-tetrakis(2-chlorophenyl)-21H, 23Hporphyrin, meso-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)-21H, 23H-porphyrin and meso-tetrakis(2,6- dichlorophenyl)-21H, 23H- porphyrins, were synthesized by the condensation reaction of pyrrol with aldehyde, under reflux in acetic acid. After purification and characterization, ruthenium was inserted into these ligands. A solution of ruthenium trichloride was added to a solution of the ligand in 2-metoxymethanol and/or 2,2- metoxyethoximethanol under reflux and under a constant flow of carbon monoxide. The complexes of first and second generations were obtained: (carbonyl)(methanol) mesotetraphenylporphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol) meso-tetrakis(2- bromophenil)porphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis (4- bromophenyl)porphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(2- chlorophenyl)porphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinateruthenium(II) and (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(2,6- dichlorophenyl)porphyrinateruthenium(II). Using these complexes as starting reagents, a new methodology was developed for the direct synthesis of third generation rutheniumporphyrin complexes, which are not yet reported in the literature. This methodology consisted of the reaction of the compounds of first and second generations with N-bromossuccynamide and/or N-chlorossuccynamide. The poly-chlorinated and poly-bromated compounds: (carbonyl)(methanol)mesotetraphenyl-β-octachloroporphyrinate ruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(2-bromophenyl)-β-octachloro-porphyrinate ruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)-β-octachloro porphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(2-chlorophenyl)-β- octachloroporphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(4-chloro phenyl)-β-octachloroporphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis (2,6-dichlorophenyl)-β-octachloroporphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol) mesotetraphenyl-β-octabromoporphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)mesotetrakis(2-bromophenyl)-β-octabromoporphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol) meso-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)-β- octabromoporphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl) (methanol)meso-tetrakis(2-chlorophenyl)-β-octabromoporphyrinateruthenium(II), (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)-β-octabromoporphyrinate ruthenium(II) and (carbonyl)(methanol)meso-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-β- octabromoporphyrinateruthenium(II), were obtained using this new synthetic method and sometimes using the conventional literature method. All the ligands and complexes were characterized by UV-VIS and Infrared spectrometry, elemental analysis CHN and nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen. After the characterizations, all the compounds were used as catalysts in oxidation reactions of ciclohexane, adamantane and Z-ciclooctene with iodosylbenzene, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite as oxygen donors. The effect of the aging of the catalysts was investigated. Rutheniumporphyrins recently-prepared and stored for two years were used in catalyzed reactions. For all the complexes significant results for the yields and selectivity of the formed products were obtained for almost all of the systems and for all of the used oxidizers. / Através da reação de condensação de pirrol e aldeído, em meio de ácido acético glacial, sintetizaram-se os ligantes porfirínicos: mesotetrafenil-21H, 23H-porfirina, meso-tetraquis(2-bromofenil)-21H, 23H-porfirina, meso-tetraquis(4-bromofenil)-21H, 23H-porfirina, meso-tetraquis(2-clorofenil)-21H, 23H-porfirina, meso-tetraquis(4-clorofenil)-21H, 23H-porfirina e meso-tetraquis(2,6- diclorofenil)-21H, 23H-porfirina. Após purificação e caracterização, estes ligantes foram metalados, em meio de 2-metoximetanol e/ou 2,2-metoxietoximetanol, com rutênio através da mistura de uma solução de tricloreto de rutênio hidratado à solução, sob refluxo e fluxo constante de monóxido de carbono contendo o ligante porfirínico. Obtiveram-se os complexos rutenioporfirínicos de primeira e segunda gerações: (carbonil)(metanol)mesotetrafenilporfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil)(metanol) meso-tetraquis(2-bromofenil)porfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil)(metanol)meso-tetraquis (4-bromofenil)porfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil)(metanol)meso-tetraquis(2-clorofenil) porfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil)(metanol)meso-tetraquis(4-clorofenil)porfirinato rutenio(II) e (carbonil)(metanol)meso-tetraquis(2,6-diclorofenil)porfirinatorutenio(II). Usando-se esses complexos como reagentes de partida, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de síntese, ainda não relatada na literatura, para a obtenção direta de complexos rutenioporfirínicos inéditos, de terceira geração. Essa metodologia consistiu na reação dos complexos de primeira e segunda gerações com Nbromossuccinamida e/ou N-clorossuccinamida sob condições especiais. Com o método de síntese desenvolvido, e também algumas vezes com o convencional, obtiveram-se os complexos poli-clorados: (carbonil)(metanol)mesotetrafenil-β- octacloroporfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(2-bromofenil)-β- octacloroporfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(4-bromofenil)-β- octacloroporfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(2-clorofenil)-β-octacloroporfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(4-clorofenil)-β- octacloroporfirinatorutenio(II) e (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(2,6-diclorofenil)-β-octacloroporfirinatorutenio(II) e os complexos poli-bromados: (carbonil)(metanol)mesotetrafenil-β-octabromo porfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(2-bromofenil)-β-octabromo porfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(4-bromofenil)-β-octabromoporfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(2-clorofenil)-β-octabromoporfirinatorutenio(II), (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(4-clorofenil)-β-octabromoporfirinatorutenio(II) e (carbonil) (metanol)meso-tetraquis(2,6-diclorofenil)-β-octabromoporfirinato rutenio(II). Os ligantes porfirínicos e os complexos rutenioporfirínicos foram caracterizados por espectrofotometria de absorção na região do ultravioleta/visível, espectrofotometria de absorção na região do infravermelho, análise elementar CHN e espectrometria de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio. Depois de caracterizados, todos os complexos foram utilizados como catalisadores em reações de oxidação de ciclohexano, adamantano e Z-cicloocteno com iodosilbenzeno, peróxido de hidrogênio e hipoclorito de sódio como doadores de oxigênio. Investigou-se o efeito do envelhecimento dos catalisadores em relação à atividade catalítica, utilizando-se catalisadores recém-preparados e armazenados por dois anos. Na aplicação dos complexos rutenioporfirínicos de primeira, segunda e terceira gerações como catalisadores, obtiveram-se resultados significativos como bons rendimentos e seletividade em quase todos os sistemas e para todos os oxidantes utilizados.
35

Dinâmica de íons temporários de biomoléculas halogenadas / Dynamics of halogenated biomolecules transient ions

Fábris Kossoski 29 February 2016 (has links)
Apresentamos resultados para o espectro de ânions e para a dinâmica vibracional induzida pela captura eletrônica, para uma série de moléculas halogenadas. Os estados do ânion foram caracterizados por meio de cálculos de espalhamento elástico realizados na aproximação de núcleos fixos, efetuados com o método multicanal de Schwinger com pseudopotenciais. Cálculos de dinâmica quântica do pacote de onda nuclear foram realizados a partir da propagação desse nas superfícies de energia potencial descritas na aproximação local. Foram alvo de estudo clorometano, cloroeteno, uracila, 5-fluorouracila, 5-clorouracila, 5-bromouracila, 5-iodouracila, 6-clorouracila, 2-tiouracila, adenina, 2-cloroadenina e 8-cloroadenina. Para o clorometano, calculamos seções de choque de excitação vibracional do estiramento C-Cl, e mostramos que esse modo é prontamente ativado pela presença da carga adicional. Para o cloroeteno, demonstramos que o mecanismo direto de dissociação é muito ineficiente, e também revelamos a interessante topologia de suas superfícies de energia potencial complexas. Os derivados de uracila apresentaram ricos espectros aniônicos, contando com três estados delocalizados p*, um estado s* localizado na ligação do átomo substituído com o anel, além de um estado ligado por dipolo. No geral, as energias obtidas estão em ótimo acordo com os valores experimentais. Análises dos espectros aniônicos e das superfícies de energia potencial indicam mecanismos em que o ânion é formado numa ressonância p* de longo tempo de vida, que muda de caráter para o estado dissociativo s*. Na 5-clorouracila em particular, esse acoplamento é mediado pelo movimento do cloro para fora do plano molecular. Conforme os estados do ânion progressivamente estabilizam com o aumento do número atômico do halogênio, os acoplamentos tornam-se mais favoráveis, o que responde pelas crescentes seções de choque de dissociação. Nossos resultados explicam muitas das características observadas na captura eletrônica dissociativa de halouracilas, fornecendo uma base teórica para sua habilidade radiossensibilizadora. Nas cloroadeninas, encontramos uma ressonância s* e quatro ressonâncias p*. Nós sustentamos que elas também poderiam atuar como potenciais radiossensibilizadores. / We present results on the anion spectrum and on the vibrational dynamics induced by electron capture, for a series of halogenated molecules. The anion states were characterized by means of elastic scattering calculations, in the fixed nuclei approximation, performed with the Schwinger multichannel method with pseudopotentials. Quantum dynamics calculations of the nuclear wavepacket were performed by the propagation on potential energy surfaces described in the local approximation. The target molecules comprise chloromethane, chloroethene, uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-iodouracil, 6-chlorouracil, 2-thiouracil, adenine, 2-chloroadenine and 8-chloroadenine. For chloromethane we computed vibrational excitation cross sections for the C-Cl stretching, and showed this mode is promptly activated by the presence of the extra charge. For chloroethene, we demonstrated that the direct mechanism of dissociation is very inefficient, and also revealed the interesting topology of its complex potential energy surfaces. The derivatives of uracil presented rich anionic spectra, as each one has three p* delocalized states, a s* state located at the bond between the substituted atom and the ring, and a dipole bound state. Overall, the obtained energetics are in very good agreement with experimental data. Analysis of the anionic spectra and the potential energy surfaces indicate mechanisms in which the anion is formed in a long-lived p* resonance and changes its character to the dissociative s* state. For 5-chlorouracil in particular, this coupling is mediated by an out-of-plane movement of the chlorine atom. As the anion states progressively stabilize as the halogen atomic number increases, the couplings become more favorable, and account for the increasing dissociation cross sections. Our results explain many of the observed features of dissociative electron attachment to halouracils, providing a theoretical basis for its radiosensitizing ability. In chloroadenines, we found a s* resonance and four p* resonances. We support they could also act as potential radiosensitizers.
36

Cometabolic biodegradation of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons by ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms naturally associated with wetland plant roots

Qin, Ke January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
37

Cometabolic Degradation of Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Aerobic Microorganisms Naturally Associated with Wetland Plant Roots

Smith, Madelyn M. 13 July 2012 (has links)
No description available.
38

Resolução cinética em reações de substituição nucleofílica mediadas por catalisadores por transferência de fase derivados da efedrina, cinchonidina e quinina / Kinetic resolution in nucleophilic substitution reactions mediated by phase transfer catalysts derived from ephedrine, cinchonidine and quinine

Fejfar, José Luiz 17 April 2001 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram estudadas reações de substituição nucleofílica alifática de seis substratos halogenados, na presença de sais quaternários de amônio quirais (catalisadores por transferência de fase), derivados de alcalóides naturais. O sistema usado durante os trabalhos foi o sólido-líquido, sendo utilizado o tolueno como solvente do substrato halogenado. Os eletrófilos escolhidos para este trabalho foram, em sua grande maioria, compostos halogenados na posição alfa à carbonila e o nucleófilo foi o fenilmercapteto de sódio. A estrutura do substratos, as condições de reação e o tipo de catalisador foram variados visando-se avaliar qual a melhor condição de interação entre o catalisador e o substrato, usando-se como parâmetro comparativo o excesso enantiomérico obtido em cada caso. Os substratos foram também colocados para reagir na ausência de catalisador (\"branco de reação\") para avaliar a possibilidade de haver reações não catalisadas competindo com a reação enantiosseletiva. Tais reações diminuiriam a enantiosseletividade do processo, o que tomou imprescindível determinar sua extensão. Métodos de análise do excesso enantiomérico dos produtos de reação obtidos, por CLAE utilizando fase estacionária quiral e/ou RMN de 1H na presença de reagentes de deslocamento quirais, foram desenvolvidos para cada caso. Os resultados experimentais permitiram propor e discutir um modelo de associação catalisador/tiolato/eletrófilo, baseado em interações do tipo π-π e ligação de hidrogênio. / The main focus of the present work was the investigation of some aliphatic nucleofilic substitution reactions of halogenated compounds in the presence of chiral phase transfer catalyst, in a solid-liquid two phase system, using toluene as solvent. Most electrophiles were carbonylic or carboxylic derivatives bearing a halogen atom in the a-position to the carbonyl group. As for the nucleophile, sodium thiophenolate was employed in all reactions. Factors such as molecular structure of the electrophile, reaction conditions and catalyst were varied in order to optimize product enantiomeric excesses, and to gain an insight into the mode of action of the chiral catalyst in the kinetic resolution. In all cases blank experiments in the absence of the catalyst were performed, considering the possibility of a competitive uncatalyzed reaction as being responsible for lower enantiomeric excesses. Methods for determining the enantiomeric excess, based on HPLC and/or 1H-NMR, were developed for each specific product. The mechanistic and geometrical factors responsible for the kinetic resolution are analyzed in each case. The structure of the catalyst/thiolate/electrofile is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions.
39

Resolução cinética em reações de substituição nucleofílica mediadas por catalisadores por transferência de fase derivados da efedrina, cinchonidina e quinina / Kinetic resolution in nucleophilic substitution reactions mediated by phase transfer catalysts derived from ephedrine, cinchonidine and quinine

José Luiz Fejfar 17 April 2001 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram estudadas reações de substituição nucleofílica alifática de seis substratos halogenados, na presença de sais quaternários de amônio quirais (catalisadores por transferência de fase), derivados de alcalóides naturais. O sistema usado durante os trabalhos foi o sólido-líquido, sendo utilizado o tolueno como solvente do substrato halogenado. Os eletrófilos escolhidos para este trabalho foram, em sua grande maioria, compostos halogenados na posição alfa à carbonila e o nucleófilo foi o fenilmercapteto de sódio. A estrutura do substratos, as condições de reação e o tipo de catalisador foram variados visando-se avaliar qual a melhor condição de interação entre o catalisador e o substrato, usando-se como parâmetro comparativo o excesso enantiomérico obtido em cada caso. Os substratos foram também colocados para reagir na ausência de catalisador (\"branco de reação\") para avaliar a possibilidade de haver reações não catalisadas competindo com a reação enantiosseletiva. Tais reações diminuiriam a enantiosseletividade do processo, o que tomou imprescindível determinar sua extensão. Métodos de análise do excesso enantiomérico dos produtos de reação obtidos, por CLAE utilizando fase estacionária quiral e/ou RMN de 1H na presença de reagentes de deslocamento quirais, foram desenvolvidos para cada caso. Os resultados experimentais permitiram propor e discutir um modelo de associação catalisador/tiolato/eletrófilo, baseado em interações do tipo π-π e ligação de hidrogênio. / The main focus of the present work was the investigation of some aliphatic nucleofilic substitution reactions of halogenated compounds in the presence of chiral phase transfer catalyst, in a solid-liquid two phase system, using toluene as solvent. Most electrophiles were carbonylic or carboxylic derivatives bearing a halogen atom in the a-position to the carbonyl group. As for the nucleophile, sodium thiophenolate was employed in all reactions. Factors such as molecular structure of the electrophile, reaction conditions and catalyst were varied in order to optimize product enantiomeric excesses, and to gain an insight into the mode of action of the chiral catalyst in the kinetic resolution. In all cases blank experiments in the absence of the catalyst were performed, considering the possibility of a competitive uncatalyzed reaction as being responsible for lower enantiomeric excesses. Methods for determining the enantiomeric excess, based on HPLC and/or 1H-NMR, were developed for each specific product. The mechanistic and geometrical factors responsible for the kinetic resolution are analyzed in each case. The structure of the catalyst/thiolate/electrofile is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions.
40

The Skeletal Amino Acid Composition of the Marine Demosponge Aplysina cavernicola

Ueberlein, Susanne, Machill, Susanne, Niemann, Hendrik, Proksch, Peter, Brunner, Eike 07 May 2015 (has links) (PDF)
It has been discovered during the past few years that demosponges of the order Verongida such as Aplysina cavernicola exhibit chitin-based skeletons. Verongida sponges are well known to produce bioactive brominated tyrosine derivatives. We could recently demonstrate that brominated compounds do not exclusively occur in the cellular matrix but also in the skeletons of the marine sponges Aplysina cavernicola and Ianthella basta. Our measurements imply that these yet unknown compounds are strongly, possibly covalently bound to the sponge skeletons. In the present work, we determined the skeletal amino acid composition of the demosponge A. cavernicola especially with respect to the presence of halogenated amino acids. The investigations of the skeletons before and after MeOH extraction confirmed that only a small amount of the brominated skeleton-bound compounds dissolves in MeOH. The main part of the brominated compounds is strongly attached to the skeletons but can be extracted for example by using Ba(OH)2. Various halogenated tyrosine derivatives were identified by GC-MS and LC-MS in these Ba(OH)2 extracts of the skeletons.

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