Högkänslighet (HSP) är ett för vår tid relativt nytt begrepp som flera människor kommit att identifiera sig med. Intresseområdet för den här studien har varit högkänsliga mödrar och med hjälp av grundad teori som metodansats ämnade vi upptäcka högkänsliga mödrars huvudangelägenhet. Ämnet är aktuellt och knyter an till samhällets ökade behov av självkännedom och självförverkligande. Vår grundade teori belyser ett tidigare outforskat område inom vetenskapen vilket bidrar till en ökad förståelse och kunskap kring det högkänsliga moderskapet och vad det innebär för mödrarna själva. Tio intervjuer genomfördes med mödrar som identifierade sig själva som högkänsliga. Under studien formades en forskningsfråga som löd: hur gör högkänsliga mödrar för att orka vara närvarande i sina barns liv? Forskningsfrågan belyser mödrarnas huvudangelägenhet Att inte alltid orka. Studien resulterade i en grundad teori som beskriver hur mödrarna hanterar Att inte alltid orka genom kärnkategorin Anpassning och underkategorierna Avläsningsförmåga, Samhällelig kunskapslucka, Ökad självkännedom, Egentid och Ett annorlunda moderskap. Den grundade teori som genererats i den här studien har placerats inom ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av narrativ teori för att ge en djupare förståelse inför de berättelser som mödrarna har delgett oss.

In the thesis "Gender Literary Analysis of the novel Revolutionary Road by Richard Yates" a qualitative interpretative analysis with aspects of discourse analysis is used to interpret the plot and characters from a gender perspective. These interpretations are based on the "resistant reading" method introduced by Judith Fetterley. The literary analysis concepts introduced by Pam Morris and Elaine Showalter are also used as a point of reference. The aim for the application of Gender as a methodological category is to reveal and find new potential meanings and interpretations of the whole story and its characters with respect to their gender identity. The key areas that are focused on are motherhood, emancipation.

This thesis describes relatively new method of assisted reproduction. Uterus transplantation is viewed from feminist perspective, and its potential benefits and risks in wider ethical and social contexts on theoretical level are being considered. It reveals how womanhood and motherhood are constructed in different discourses in context of uterine transplantation through critical reading and thinking. By using of critical discourse analysis I focus on texts produced on this subject in the popular and professional discourse and reveal what kind of gender stereotypes and constructs they are using to support their arguments. These areas of our everyday lives have great power in society and influence the way we perceive and construct reality and thus participate in its creation. Key words: Uterus transplantation, infertility, motherhood, reproductive technology, gender roles

Name of the thesis Surrogate motherhood de lege ferenda Abstract The thesis deals with the issues surrounding surrogate motherhood. With the first chapter outlining the terms connected with the topic and describing the possible ways parents can find a surrogate mother. The second chapter explores the methods of artificial insemination. The third chapter analyses current legal regulation of surrogate motherhood in the Czech Republic. Including the evaluation of mater sempter certa est principle and section § 804 of Civil Code, the only section, which explicitly mentions surrogate motherhood. The chapter further explores surrogacy contracts and the decision number I. US 3226/16 of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, with an analysis of supporting and opposing arguments with regards to the decision. Chapter four looks into the foreign laws surrounding surrogacy. It reviews not only the variety of state regulation, where surrogacy is legal and accepted, such that of the United States, Ukraine and India, but also regulation that prohibits surrogacy, such as Germany. The topic of surrogacy tourism and the legal uncertainty which this causes is also examined. For instance, the citizenship issues that may arise for a newborn child. Chapter five recounts the opinion of the European Court of Human Rights...

Surrogacy is a contemporary and highly controversial social issue. It is closely linked to assisted reproduction, bioethics and the status rights of the individual. It is generally considered an alternative, extreme way to treat infertility, but it raises a number of moral, ethical and legal issues. Solutions are approached by individual states on individual bases, in the context of cultural, historical and religious values and traditions professed by their societies. This work deals with the comparison of individual national views on surrogacy, which are reflected in the legislation. It compares the German, French and Spanish regulations, as a representative sample of restrictive approaches and the British and Ukrainian regulations, which in turn reflect the supportive attitude toward surrogate motherhood. The dynamic development experienced by the legislation on surrogacy in Portugal is highly interesting. The ruling of the Portuguese Constitutional Court provides valuable insight into the current thinking of the democratic rule of law on surrogacy and its adjustment to meet the standard of human rights protection. The work also describes the dangers posed by cross-border surrogacy using relevant case law, especially with regard to the protection of the best interests of the surrogate child. It...

Anger in the context of motherhood is still an insufficiently discussed and underresearched topic. The theoretical part of this thesis summarizes knowledge from the domains of anger, and in particular its sudden ego-dystonic attacks, stress, and psychosocial needs, or more precisely motivational goals and schemata, which lead to their satisfaction or prevent their frustration, and in the context of motherhood seeks potential causes of anger and highlights its consequences. The empirical part of this thesis is based on quantitative research design, namely an online administered cross-sectional study, for which four inventories - Anger Attacks Questionnaire (AAQ), Rage Attacks Questionnaire (RAQ-R), Inventory of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (FAMOS), and Incongruence Questionnaire (INK) - were localized into the Czech setting. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was the last instrument used in this study. The research sample consisted of 257 adult women with an only child of up to 36 months of age and the study looked into the differences in subjective experience of mothers with anger attacks (N = 138) and without anger attacks (N = 119) with regard to the last three months. In the domain of psychosocial needs, the greatest intraindividual deficits for mothers with anger attacks emerged in the following...

Nature still plays a prominent role in shaping social expectations about the tasks of parents, especially mothers. The transition from the previous model of mothering and the contemporary one in Italy is definitely characterized by a revival of what is perceived as the ancient way of childrearing. At the same time, nature is also used to establish ideas about women and motherhood that are socially constructed. The gender inequality that characterizes maternity is somehow justified as part of an inevitable process where it is only or mainly the mother who has to stay home and provide care for children. The belief is well-established in Italian society and many women embrace it without any questioning. This research seeks to understand the appeal that the concept of the natural mother exercises today on many women. Empirically, the focus is on the Italian context. Departing from questions coming from the personal experience of motherhood, the author carried out an investigation of a Facebook group that provides support and information about a natural approach to motherhood. Ecofeminist and intersectional theory have been used in order to address the thorny relationship between women and nature. With the aid of discourse analysis and online ethnography methods, the author tried to disclose contemporary use of nature in the cultural representation of maternity. The study reveals the role that breastfeeding plays in present-day Italy in modeling a natural approach to motherhood. More precisely, breastfeeding is the core for understanding the idea of the natural mother. The significance of the research is that it highlights how breastfeeding raises the contradiction of the natural motherhood approach: on the one hand, it claims a stronger voice for women’s needs and expectations of their pregnancy and maternity experiences; on the other, it supports a conservative rhetoric about gender roles.

The aim of our study was to investigate how women in management positions experience the relationship between parenthood and their careers. We also wanted to study how these women experienced expectations from society on parenting in relation to their careers. The study's empirical data is based on semi-structured interviews with eight women in management positions. We analyzed the data from a gender perspective with the help of authors Connell's and Pearse's (2015) concepts of gender domain, gender regime, gender order and gender roles. We also used Elvin-Nowak's and Thomsson's (2001) discourses maintain separate spheres and availability and immunization. Magnusson's (2006) concepts of limitations and delimitations as well as West´s and Zimmerman's (1987) concept doing gender were also applied to the data analysis. The results from our study showed that female managers could be divided into two groups. One group where parenthood was valued higher than professional life and where the female managers had longer parental leave and more days of child care than their partners. The second group valued professional life higher than parenthood and the female managers in this group had shorter parental leave and fewer days of child care than their partners. However, all study participants, no matter the group, felt that parenting and professional life interacted with each other and that one sphere affected the other. Thus, the study participants could not at the same time be as involved in parenting as in their professional life or vice versa. Participants who chose to take greater responsibility for child care did not experience any views from society whilst participants who took less responsibility for child care did. The views were based on the expectations from society on motherhood in relation to a management position.

Single motherhood is a growing phenomenon in South Africa, as it is in the world at large. The concept and structure of a family have changed over the last few decades and no single definition will suffice to describe or define it anymore. Various factors impact on the psychological wellbeing of the single mother. The psychological wellbeing or mental health of the single mother can influence her parenting abilities. The aim of this study is to explore the lived experience of a single mother with three dependent children, to gain a deeper understanding of her experiences as a single mother and the meaning she attaches to it. The point of view of this research is from a constructivist-interpretivist paradigm and from an ecological systems theory approach. This qualitative research study uses a single case study method with unstructured interviews to explore the participant’s experiences. Interpretative phenomenological analysis is used to analyse data, to identify main and sub-themes from the collected data, and to compare these themes with identified themes on single motherhood from existing research. The participant’s lived experience reveals that financial hardship is not the main contributing factor to stress experienced by this single mother. The accumulative effect of diverse stressors and the lack of social support due to prejudice and stigma seem to have a greater effect. This study generates questions around the stigma of single motherhood in South Africa. The reading of this text could raise the reader’s awareness of the challenges faced by single mothers and of prejudice against them. Single mothers are not less capable as individuals of handling the challenges of motherhood and parenting, but they are often exposed to more demands and stressors, compared to partnered mothers. Changing our perspectives on single motherhood can reduce prejudice, offer more social support and improve access to other needed resources. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Psychology / unrestricted

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