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In his intellectual biography of the Jewish philosopher Martin Buber, A Life of Faith and Dissent written in 2019, Paul Mendes-Flohr offers us an intimate view of Buber’s life and thought without neglecting the story of the women in his life and their contributions to shaping his thought. In this short reflection essay, I wish to present a crosscutting perspective on the important biography written by Paul Mendes-Flohr, by highlighting Buber’s relation to women, feminism, and femininity, a perspective that emerges in almost every chapter of the biography. This angle, I hope, will illuminate not only the personal–psychological dimension of Buber’s inner life but also the deep currents of his intellectual life and thought.

[pt] O Objetivo desse trabalho é analisar, através de um estudo teórico e de uma pesquisa de campo, os possíveis atravessamentos da cultura contemporânea, com ênfase nas questões da eficiência e do consumo, na construção das primeiras relações mãe-bebê e suas repercussões nas práticas de maternagem. Buscou-se para isso apoio na Psicanálise, na História e na Sociologia. Diversos aspectos estão envolvidos nas expectativas atuais diante da maternidade relacionados com sentimentos de insegurança e incerteza presentes no mundo em que vivemos, onde a vida é marcada pela incerteza, instabilidade e fluidez dos valores. O sujeito contemporâneo por conta disso acredita precisar de especialistas para respaldá-lo nos mais diversos aspectos. As inseguranças presentes na situação da maternidade, em especial no caso do primeiro filho, são aqui colocadas em relevo, problematizando a busca de apoios disponibilizados por um mercado que hoje propõe respostas em forma de cursos, manuais e diversos outros produtos a serem consumidos. / [en] This work aims to analyze, through a theoretical study and field research, the possible influences of contemporary culture, with an emphases on issues of efficiency and consumption, in the process of building the relationship between mother and baby and their repercussions of maternal practices. For that, a support on Psychoanalysis, History and Sociology was explored. A variety of aspects are involved in nowadays expectations on maternity. Feelings of insecurity and uncertainty are present in the contemporary world, where life is dictated by uncertainty, instability and fluidity of values. Due to that, contemporary subjects often believe they need specialists to back them up in many different areas. The insecurities present in maternity, especially when it comes to firstborns, are here highlighted, questioning the search of support made available by a market that today proposes answers in form of courses, textbooks and many other products to be consumed.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to provide a rich description of the experiences of mothering athletes training for and competing in the Olympic Games. Specifically, the study explored the post-partum return to training and competition, the integration of mothering and training responsibilities, the emotional and social experience of being a mother-athlete, and the Olympic experience. A purposive sample of eight athletes was utilized. All participants had competed in either the 2004 Summer or 2006 Winter Olympic Games and was mother to at least one child under the age of six at the time of their Olympic participation. Participants represented six different sports and two North American countries. In-depth interviews were conducted with the participants from September 2007 to April 2008. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed, yielding eight major themes and 26 sub-themes. The themes that emerged included: (1) becoming a mother-athlete, (2) the initial return to training, (3) the effects of motherhood on training and competing, (4) the effects of the elite sport career on motherhood and the family, (5) social support, (6) organizational support, (7) the Olympic experience, and (8) advice and recommendations. In general, participants reported that their children and families enhanced their lives, both in and out of sport. They felt that motherhood gave their lives more balance and gave them a healthier perspective on their sport participation. For most, this resulted in increased enjoyment of sport, less pressure to perform, and in turn, enhanced performance. Participants faced struggles as well. They reported lack of time and energy as barriers to training (especially in the first year of motherhood), and found traveling with children to be logistically and financially difficult. The athletes in this study reported high levels of support, both physical and emotional, from their husbands/partners and immediate families. Within the athletic community, the participants found support from coaches, yet reported varying levels of support from athletic peers and sport organizations. Overall, the athletes reported positive Olympic experiences, with two discussing disappointing experiences. Recommendations for researchers and sport professionals based on the interviews are also discussed. / Kinesiology

[pt] O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar as experiências do puerpério e da maternidade exercida na primeira infância. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram entrevistadas dez mulheres das camadas médias da população carioca, atuantes profissionalmente, com idades entre 29 e 37 anos, casadas, legalmente ou não, heterossexuais primíparas e com o filho(a) entre 8 meses e dois anos de idade. Os resultados foram analisados segundo o método de análise de conteúdo na sua vertente categorial. Das narrativas das entrevistadas, emergiram as seguintes categorias de análise: sofrimentos do puerpério; rede de apoio; a história não foi bem assim....; além de mãe: quantos papéis são possíveis; maternidade e conjugalidade; e quantidade de tempo versus qualidade de tempo. Os resultados serão apresentados em dois artigos. O primeiro pretende investigar a vivência do puerpério pela mulher atualmente. O segundo tem como objetivo discutir como as mulheres vivenciam a maternidade face à conjugalidade e ao exercício da profissão. Os dados apontaram o puerpério como um período idealizado pelas mulheres, mas vivido com sofrimento e instabilidade emocional. Indicaram, ainda, que as mães valorizam estarem presentes nos cuidados dos filhos, e que vivem uma grande tensão na tentativa de conciliar o tempo entre trabalho e família. Foi constatada também a importância da rede de apoio para a mãe e o bebê, e de uma divisão mais igualitária entre mães e pais nos cuidados com o filho e, principalmente, no gerenciamento da casa. / [en] This study aims to investigate how women experience their postpartum and motherhood exercised in early childhood. To this end, a qualitative research was conducted by interviewing ten women from Rio de Janeiro who belong to the middle class, are professionally active, aged between 29 and 37 years, married (formally or otherwise), primiparous heterosexuals, and have a child aged between 8 months and 2 years. The results were analyzed according to the content analysis method and its categorical aspect. From the narratives of the interviewees, the following categories of analysis emerged: postpartum distress; support network; and It was not quite like that…; in addition to being a mother: how many roles are possible; motherhood and conjugality; and amount of time versus quality of time. The results will be presented in two articles. The first intends to investigate the experience of postpartum women today. The second aims to discuss how women experience motherhood in relation to conjugality and the exercise of their occupation. The data pointed the postpartum as a period idealized for women, but lived with distress and emotional instability. It also indicates that mothers value being present in the care of their children and that they experience great tension as they try to share their time between work and family. It was also noted the importance of mother and baby support network, and a more equal division between mothers and fathers in child care and especially in household management.

Yes / Over the last few decades the number of women becoming pregnant later on in life has markedly increased. Medical experts have raised concerns about the increase in the number of women having babies later, owing to evidence that suggests that advancing maternal age is associated with both a decline in fertility and an increase in health risks to both mother and baby. In recognition of these risks, experts have warned that women should aim to have their children between the ages of twenty and thirty-five. As a consequence, women giving birth past the age of thirty-five have typically been positioned as “older mothers.” In this paper we used a social constructionist thematic analysis in order to analyse how “older mothers” are represented in newspaper articles in the British press. We examined how the topics of “choice” and “risk” are handled in discussions of delayed motherhood, and found that the media position women as wholly responsible for choosing the timing of pregnancy and, as a consequence, as accountable for the associated risks. Moreover, we noted that newspapers also constructed a “right” time for women to become pregnant. As such, we discuss the implications for the ability of women to make real choices surrounding the timing of pregnancy.

Yes / Our aim is to provide an understanding of the experience of women with IBD who have made the transition to motherhood. Twenty-two mothers with IBD were recruited from around the UK. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. The central concept – Blurred Lines – offers a novel frame for understanding the transition to motherhood with IBD through identifying parallels between having IBD and becoming, and being, a mother. Parallels clustered into three main themes: Need for Readiness, Lifestyle Changes, and Monitoring Personal and Physical Development. Hence, women with IBD are in some ways well prepared for the challenges of motherhood even though, as a group, they tend to restrict their reproductive choices. We recommend health professionals initiate conversations about reproduction early and provide a multidisciplinary approach to pregnancy and IBD in which women have confidence that their on-going treatment will be integrated successfully with their maternity care. / Crohn’s & Colitis UK [grant number SP2013/2].

Trots att socialt arbete strävar efter att främja ett mer jämställt föräldraskap, fortsätter förväntningar och normer relaterat till genus och kön spela en betydande roll. Studien undersöker, med hjälp av en socialkonstruktionistisk ansats och teorin om genussystemet, socialarbetares könsspecifika förväntningar på moderskap och faderskap särskilt i en missbruks- och beroendeproblematik. De könsbestämda förväntningarna kan påverka stödåtgärder för föräldrar, om de fortsätter att reproduceras inom socialt arbete. Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod, där tio informanter medverkar genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det insamlade materialet analyserades med tematisk analys. Det framkom av resultatet underliggande traditionella förväntningar på moderskap och faderskap i samband med missbruks- och beroendeproblematik, samtidigt som socialarbetarna var medvetna om förväntningarna och normerna kopplat till genus. Huvudsakligen framhävs det en bild av socialarbetarna att moderskapet är relaterat till ansvar och omsorg samt kommer med högre krav. Faderskapet undgår ofta krav och kritik även när de har en liknande missbruks- och beroendeproblematik. Det framkommer att det är mer normaliserat för männen att ha den typen av problematik. Moderskapet konstrueras som det primära och fadern förbises i föräldrarollen, vilket leder till en passiv roll där han tillhör missbruks- och beroendeproblematik samtidigt som mamman inte accepteras med liknande problematik. Vår studie synliggör hur traditionella könsspecifika förväntningar reproduceras inom socialt arbete och påverkar arbetet i möte med föräldrar med missbruks- och beroendeproblematik.

In the present neoliberal era, low-income Black single mothers receiving public assistance must grapple with heightened state surveillance, the devaluation of their mothering, trying to raise Black children in a racist society, and navigating the neoliberal economic system. This dissertation examines how, in light of all this, such women perceive themselves as mothers and what they identify as the greatest influences on their ability to carry out their mothering activities. It specifically investigates how they perceive their race as influencing their motherhood and how they perceive employment in relation to motherhood. Based on in-depth interviews with 21 low-income single Black mothers in Virginia, findings illustrate that the mothers in this study recognize and resist controlling images of low-income Black single motherhood, such as the "welfare queen" and the "baby mama," and that a key aspect of their mothering activities is socializing their children around race and class. Findings also demonstrate that motherhood is a central identity for the women in this study and that they prioritize their motherhood identities over their work identities. In addition, in a departure from previous research on Black motherhood/mothering, findings show that the women in this study do not mother within dense networks of kin and community support. / Doctor of Philosophy / Low-income Black single mothers receiving public assistance must grapple with heightened state surveillance, the devaluation of their mothering, trying to raise Black children in a racist society, and declining social welfare support. This dissertation examines how, in light of all this, such women perceive themselves as mothers and what they identify as the greatest influences on their ability to carry out their mothering activities. It specifically investigates how they perceive their race as influencing their motherhood and how they perceive employment in relation to motherhood. Based on in depth interviews with 21 low-income Black single mothers in Virginia, findings illustrate that the mothers in this study recognize and resist stereotypes of low-income Black single motherhood, such as the “welfare queen” and the “baby mama,” and that a key aspect of their mothering activities is socializing their children around race and class. Findings also demonstrate that motherhood is a central identity for the women in this study and that they prioritize their motherhood identities over their work identities. In addition, in a departure from previous research on Black motherhood/mothering, findings show that the women in this study do not mother within dense networks of kin and community support.