L'enfant de la natalité (Arendt) est libre, le monde s'ouvre à lui dès sa naissance : il peut commencer une nouvelle histoire, et donner sa chance à l'humanité.Mais le petit humain, prématuré dans sa forme même, est séparé brutalement de ses enveloppes, de son double placentaire, de l'utérus maternel. Il est jeté au mon-de (Heidegger) dans l'angoisse de sa finitude et s'il ne rencontrait dans l'instant même de sa naissance ses médiateurs humains, en premier lieu sa mère, il ne pourrait affronter le négatif, l'Autre, et ne survivrait pas.Pour que s'ouvre l'espace de la naissance, pour que la mère puisse accueillir son enfant à travers les épreuves de séparation, pour qu'elle puisse laisser venir la langue maternelle, et que puisse s'incarner l'esprit dans ce nouveau-venu, elle doit pouvoir rencontrer elle aussi les médiateurs de la naissance. Certains s'évanouissent après avoir permis ce passage d'un état à un autre, d'autres persistent sous la forme d'un double —protecteur ou menaçant—. Ils accompagnent chaque naissance et le commencement de toute vie humaine. Les mythes et les rites les reconnaissent dans toutes les cultures.Cependant la médecine technicienne contemporaine qui s'est emparée de la naissance redoute la séparation, le travail du négatif, et pratique le déni, celui de la grossesse, de l'autre femme, des médiateurs de la naissance. Elle s'appuie sur l'expertise technique et mathématique, sur l'imagerie et la statistique pour créer un double imaginaire de l'enfant, celui du projet de la science, immortel et par-fait, masqué par le projet parental.La sage-femme traverse ces espaces, elle connaît les médiateurs. Fille de la médecine mais aussi guérisseuse ou sorcière elle pratique la maïeutique, l'art d'accoucher les corps et leurs âmes. Son art est difficile, sa sagesse est indicible, elle passe d'un monde à l'autre au risque de disparaître, broyée par l'arraisonnement de la Technique triomphante, aspirée par la démesure du désir de l'homme qui voudrait se créer lui-même ou par la tentation des arrière-mondes qui la condamne à rester en marge dans l'ombre archaïque des mystères. / The child of natality (Arendt) is free; the world opens up for him from his birth. He is the beginning of a new story, and he can give humankind a chance.But this little human being, whose very existence is premature, is brutally separated from his ‘placenta double' and from his mother's womb. He is thrown into the world (Heidegger), into the angst of his finiteness. If he does not meet his human mediators upon his birth, and his mother in the first place, he will not survive and will not be prepared to face negativity and the Other.The mother needs to meet the birth mediators to make room for the birth space, and to welcome her child through their separation. She needs to meet the mediators to let the mother tongue come to the child, and to let a soul enter this newcomer. Some mediators will vanish after having played a part in crossing one world to the next; others will remain as – protecting or threatening – doubles. They are present for each birth, and are there to see the beginning of new human lives. Myths and rites identify them in all cultures.But contemporary medicine, based on new technologies and techniques, has taken control of the birth process. It fears the separation and is in denial – of the pre-gnancy and of the other woman as well as of the birth mediators. Contemporary medicine is based on technical and mathematical expertise. It uses medical imaging and statistics to create an imaginary double of the child-to-be-born: this child becomes a scientific project, immortal and perfect, hidden behind the parenting project.Midwives cross these worlds, and they are in contact with the mediators. A mid-wife is not only the daughter of medicine but also a healer or a witch, practising maieutic and the art of delivering bodies and souls. Her art is a complex one, her wisdom is unspeakable and when she crosses those worlds, she is always threate-ned of disappearing, choked by the enframing (Gestell) of the forever-winning Technique. Midwives are carried away by the excessive desire of men to create themselves or by the temptation of the ‘backworlds' to leave them behind, in the obscurity of archaic mysteries.

In my work, I deal with motherhood from the perspective of mothers with severe visual impairment. I focused especially on parenthood planning, on the period of pregnancy, childbirth and stay in the maternity ward and on the care for the child from birth to the age of three. I was interested to find out, whether visually impaired mothers encounter prejudices on part of the well-sighted people, whether they were worried that they could give birth to a handicapped child, what are the difficulties that severely visually impaired mothers come across most often in the individual period of development of the child, if and how education of children is different from the perspective of visually impaired parents from the perspective of well-sighted parents and also whether the child growing up in a family with at least one visually impaired parent is deprived of something or whether, on the contrary, this family situation has any advantages for such child. The objective of my diploma thesis is to map out various aspects of life of visually impaired mothers with small children in the greatest detail, directly from the point of view of those women. I attempted to achieve this objective by means of a qualitative method research, in particular in the form of a structured interview with six visually impaired mothers.

Žemlová, M.: Reality and dream. [Diploma thesis] Prague 2016 - Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Education, Art Education Department, p. 91, (annexes: two pieces of own art work) The subject of this thesis is an individual concept of the main theme - reality and dream. The author sees this theme through her own intensive experience, connecting it with the pedagogical practice and fine art. The thesis is divided into three parts, where the first, theoretical, discusses imaging of themes connected with a woman and motherhood, offering a parallel of the traditional male view and female concept of the present. The didactic part brings a search for the ideal way - dream - in an environment hostile to art education at private vocational school. The practical part presents the author's own art work reflecting her personal experience with motherhood. Key words: Reality, dream, art, mother, motherhood, parenthood, feminism, pedagogical practice

Durant le XIXème siècle l'aliénisme construit un diagnostic de la folie puerpérale. Folie de la grossesse, des suites des couches et de l'allaitement, la folie puerpérale est d'abord confondue avec les délires des infections du post partum (la fièvre puerpérale) et progressivement rattachée au comportement de la mère (bizarreries, mélancolie, violence). La folie de la mère est ainsi évoquée différemment dans les discours du XIXème siècle pour comprendre et codifier le corps et le comportement de la femme. Encore aujourd'hui les sciences médicales n'ont pas trouvé un consensus : l'origine de la folie maternelle, organique ou psychique, est encore questionnée et sa définition (baby blues, dépression post natale et psychose puerpérale) changeante selon les interprétations et les pays. À ce jour, l'historiographie, en particulier l'histoire des femmes et du genre, a abordé le sujet des transgressions de la maternité selon différents points de vue mais peu d'approches comparent les discours et les pratiques dans la longue durée. Cette thèse analyse les différentes conceptions qui se sont alternées et superposées au sujet de la mère, de son corps et de son esprit entre le XVIIème et le XXème siècle en France et en Italie. Une comparaison entre les discours autour de la pathologie de la maternité et les pratiques permet de souligner les continuités et les discontinuités de la construction du diagnostic de la folie maternelle et des ses ambivalences. / From the modern age we will retrace the key representations of women madness in puerperium, to emphasize the organic dimension. Even during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, doctors insist on the morbid layers and make the woman a weak and sick being, exposed to all kinds of diseases including insanity. It is during the eighteenth century that the behaviors, emotions and feelings of the mother become subject to the scientific outlook, which shakes part of the organic dimension of insanity to include a gradual mental dimension. But it is only in the nineteenth century with the birth of new medical disciplines that the speech is clear and focuses around a diagnosis: that of puerperal insanity. The interpretation remains essentially linked to the biological dimension of motherhood (the puerperium madness: from pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding), even if we start to incorporate a reflection on the implications of the mother madness on the development of children and on infanticide . These disorders were originally conceived only as disorders of women during the puerperal state, then conceived as disorders of pregnancy and it is only very recently that one could imagine the problems related to parenthood. It is only during the twentieth century and with an ambiguous interpretation (organic and mental) that can be traced back distinctions between maternal depression and postpartum psychoses. A long period was required to separate parenthood from the biological fact of birth: a necessary step to integrate also all the people in charge of the first links with the child, that is to say fathers, adoptive parents, relatives and so on.

This thesis is focused on the child's status in ancient Egyptian society, mainly deals with the context of the family. It examines the child education and development. The aim was to provide a different view of the child's status in ancient Egyptian society. For this reason, the knowledge of psychology and social work, which examine interpersonal relationships on a different level than the historical sciences was employed. The conclusion is that the status of children in ancient Egypt has been good, because the Egyptian company reported strong social conscience, which both protect the child in the family, and beyond.

81 Abstract This thesis argues that motherhood as depicted in Toni Morrison's novels Song of Solomon, Beloved and A Mercy is a site of female empowerment. Its emancipating potential is set against the context of slavery and patriarchy found in the narratives and shows how mothers are able to resist oppressive structures and secure their children's well-being. Slavery practices severed family ties and caused its dismemberment by separating parents from their children. In the novels under study the recovery of those ties happens in an imaginative re-writing of history. Mother figures, such as Beloved's Sethe, come to terms with the re-embodiment of a painful familial past and deal with its traumatizing effects to be able to renounce it and move on. Others like Song of Solomon's Pilate cling to their past and act as mediators between the community's history and its descendants. A re-writing of history is urgent for African American writers and peoples who share slavery pasts, and who thus need to deal with their lasting legacies in the present. Motherhood is thus identified in several recurring patterns. Toni Morrison describes physical aspects of mothering from the point of view of the mother and uses the female body as a life-giving source that cancels the objectification of female slave bodies....

TITLE: Novels of Božena Viková - Kunětická AUTHOR: Bc. Tereza Brzáková DEPARTMENT: Department of Czech Literature SUPERVISOR: prof. PhDr. Dagmar Mocná, CSc. ABSTRACT: This thesis is focused on the interpretation of novels writen by writer Božena Viková Kunětická. An important role in the interpretation of works plays context in which currency are the works built. Interpreting the works of contemporary issues is supported women's issues and the status of women in public and domestic spaces. The first part is the atmosphere of the period in terms of the women's movement. The second part is dedicated to the interpretation of four novels Božena Viková Kunětická. The main theme of novelistic creation is a woman in several different roles and perspectives on marriage, motherhood or adolescence. Interpretation of the novel creation of Božena Viková Kunětická closes its comparison with the writer Ružena Svobodová, which was devoted to his work in a similar topic. KEYWORDS: the status of women, the role of women, self-realization, adolescence, marriage, motherhood

Le système constitué de la zone sous ventriculaire (ZSV) et du bulbe olfactif (BO) est l’une des deux régions cérébrales capables à l’âge adulte de produire de nouveaux neurones. La mise en évidence de cette neurogénèse adulte bulbaire a suscité un grand nombre d’interrogations quant à son rôle fonctionnel. Cependant les études réalisées dans ce domaine sont rares et contradictoires. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier l’impact de différentes expériences olfactives sur la neurogénèse afin de mieux comprendre son rôle fonctionnel. Nous avons choisi pour cela deux approches : d’une part l’étude de l’implication des néoneurones bulbaires lors de deux tâches d’apprentissage olfactif mettant en œuvre des odeurs neutres ; et d’autre part l’étude du rôle de ces néoneurones dans une situation de vie où l’olfaction joue un rôle primordial et où des variations de neurogénèse ont été rapportées: la maternité. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en évidence grâce à une stratégie d’anatomie fonctionnelle que les néoneurones de 5 semaines étaient recrutés lors d’un apprentissage de discrimination olfactive, mais pas lors de la restitution de cette information. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mis en évidence que la maternité améliorait les performances olfactives, et que cette amélioration était abolie par un stress gestationnel. Cependant, nous n’avons pas pu mettre en relation ces modifications de performances olfactives liées à la maternité et au stress avec des variations de neurogénèse. Nos travaux supportent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les néoneurones bulbaires sont impliqués dans la discrimination olfactive et mettent en évidence pour la première fois un impact de la maternité, qu’elle soit normale ou pathologique, sur les performances olfactives des mères. / In the mammalian brain, the subventricular zone (ZSV) and olfactory bulb (BO) system is a region where new neurons are continuously added throughout adulthood. While the functional consequences of continuous hippocampal neurogenesis have been extensively studied, the role of olfactory adult-born neurons remains more elusive. In particular, the involvement of these newborn neurons in odor discrimination and long-term odor memory is still a matter of debate. To address this question, we used two approaches. In the first one, we studied the recruitment of granular olfactory newborn neurons in two different tasks of olfactory learning with neutral odors. In the second one we studied the role of olfactory newborn neurons in a life situation where olfaction is crucial and where an increase in olfactory neurogenesis was reported, i.e. motherhood. In the first study, we found that odor discrimination learning recruited newborn neurons preferentially over preexisting ones, while odor memory restitution did not specifically activate newborn cells. Results of our second study indicate that motherhood improves olfactory memory and that this enhancement is abolished by a gestational stress. However, in our experimental conditions, we could not relate variations in neurogenesis with the modifications of olfactory performances linked to motherhood or stress. In conclusion our work brings new data in support of a functional role for newborn neurons in olfactory discrimination and shows for the first time an impact of motherhood, whether normal or pathological, on the olfactory performances of mothers.

Au Japon, si les rapports sexuels avant le mariage sont largement acceptés par la société, la part des enfants nés hors mariage reste très faible (2,3 % en 2016). Ceci reflète la prégnance de la norme sociale qui veut que l’enfant naisse au sein d’un couple officiellement marié. Il existe pourtant des femmes qui outrepassent cette norme. Ce travail de doctorat vise, d’une part, à dévoiler qui sont ces femmes qui s’engagent dans la maternité hors mariage dans une société où ce choix est difficilement accepté et, d’autre part, à éclairer des questions autour de la modernité, de la famille et de l’individu au travers de l’analyse de ce phénomène. Dans ce but, nous mettrons d’abord en évidence le processus historique par lequel le mariage devient la norme absolue pour fonder une famille. Nous analyserons ensuite de quelles manières la maternité hors mariage devient un stigmate, en étudiant les politiques publiques, ainsi que les réactions dans l’entourage familial, à l’école et dans le lieu de travail. Enfin, à partir d’une série d’entretiens menés en 2012 et 2013, nous mettrons en lumière les logiques sous-jacentes ayant présidé à la démarche de ces mères japonaises non mariées. Au contraire de certaines recherches qui voient dans cette population une catégorie homogène, c’est avant tout sa pluralité qui ressorte de la présente thèse. Enfin, cette thèse démontre qu’il existe bel et bien des « individus » au Japon, comme le montrent les parcours variés de ces mères qui ont outrepassé la norme familiale dominante en adoptant des stratégies différentes. / In Japan, although pre-marital sex is widely accepted by society, birth out of marriage remains very low (2.3% of all birth in 2016), which marks a strong social norm: children must be born from an officially married couple. Some limited scholarship on this topic only points out this social pressure or the economic and legal disadvantages which Japanese women face once they become unmarried mothers, in order to highlight the rarity of the phenomenon. My research, on the other hand, aims to discover who these women are who engage in extramarital motherhood in a society where this choice is rarely accepted. First of all, it exposes the historical processes of how marriage becomes the absolute norm for starting a family. Secondly, by investigating the public policy as well as the reaction in family, school and work place against extramarital motherhood, it examines how unwedded motherhood becomes a stigma. An analysis of interviews with Japanese unmarried mothers conducted in 2012 and 2013 finally reveals not only their various profiles but also their different approaches and strategies to challenge this social norm. Through a study of marginal people, this research examines the relationship between modernity, families and the individual in Japanese society. Contrary to some scholarship which considers Japanese unmarried mothers as a homogeneous category, what emerges from my study is its plurality. This research demonstrates that there are indeed individuals in Japan and some of them are women who chose to become mothers without being married.

A chegada do primeiro filho traduz um cenário de intensas mudanças na rotina das mulheres, o qual é pautado por diferentes percepções a respeito da sexualidade e da maternidade. As formas como as novas mães percebem tais mudanças e, identificam suas necessidades em relação ao exercício da sexualidade exercem influência sobre o cotidiano e a saúde das mulheres. Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender como as mulheres que se tornaram mães pela primeira vez percebem as mudanças e identificam as suas necessidades em relação ao exercício da sexualidade durante o primeiro ano do período pós-parto. Especificamente buscou analisar as perspectivas das participantes sobre a maternidade e a sexualidade; compreender a vivência da sexualidade em função dos significados atribuídos a maternidade; identificar o conhecimento e a importância atribuída aos diferentes métodos contraceptivos e; identificar a importância das orientações profissionais nas questões ligadas à saúde sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres. Em virtude dos fenômenos estudados desenvolvemos uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo com 12 mulheres primíparas e usuárias de Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto, interior do estado de São Paulo. O instrumento utilizado para a realização da coleta de dados foi a entrevista semiestruturada e, através da Análise de Conteúdo o material oriundo da transcrição integral das entrevistas foi fragmentado dando origem a categorias, as quais foram reagrupadas por temáticas relevantes ao objeto estudado. Da análise de conteúdo obtivemos categorias que dizem respeito a concepção de sexualidade, ao sexo e maternidade, a concepção de maternidade, a gravidez, ao parceiro e pai e, ao planejamento familiar. Portanto, a compreensão que as mulheres têm acerca do seu novo papel social imprime novos direcionamentos às experiências diárias no ambiente doméstico, nas relações sociais e no relacionamento com o parceiro. Muitas questões permeadas pelo desequilíbrio nas relações de gênero estão envolvidas nesta dinâmica como a qualidade do acesso ao planejamento familiar, a forma como se apropriam das informações recebidas e a qualidade do atendimento pré e pós-natal. A forma como a mulher exerce a sexualidade e a maternidade é indissociável da construção social da identidade feminina, construção esta que determina as práticas relativas a atenção à saúde das mulheres e que pode interferir nas escolhas e no cuidado com a saúde e na procura da assistência. / The coming of a firstborn son represents a scene of intense changes in routine of women which is lined for different perceptions related to sexuality and motherhood. The ways new mothers notice these changes and identify their needs related to sexuality influences their daily lives and the women health. This study had the goal understand how women became mothers for the first time realize the changes and identify their needs in relation to their sexuality during the first year postpartum period. Specifically sought analyze the participants perspective about motherhood and sexuality; understand the experiences of sexuality according to the meanings assigned to motherhood; identify the knowledge and the importance given to different contraceptive methods; identify the importance of professional orientation linked to maters of sexual and reproductive health of the women researched. In view of the phenomena studied we developed a qualitative research with 12 primiparous women and users of public health system in Ribeirão Preto, countryside of São Paulo state. The instrument used to perform the data collection was semi-structured interview and through the content analysis of the material from the whole interviews transcription, it was fragmented originating categories, which were regrouped by relevant themes to the object of study. Content analysis categories obtained concerning the conception of sexuality, sex and motherhood, conception of motherhood, pregnancy, partner and father, and, family planning. Therefore, the understanding women has about their new social role requires new directions to daily experiences in the home environment, in social relations and in the relationship with their partner. Many questions are permeated by the imbalance of gender relation involved in this dynamic with quality familiar planning access, the way they appropriate information received and the quality of pre and postnatal treatment. At long last, the way which the women practice the sexuality and the motherhood is inseparable from the social construction of female identity, construction that determines the practices related to the attention to womens health that could interfere in the choices and care with health and in the search for assistance.