TITLE: Motherhood of Under Age Girls AUTHOR: Pavla Skasková DEPARTMENT: Department of Psychology SUPERVISOR: PhDr. PaedDr. Anna Kucharská, Ph.D. The dissertation is focused on phenomenon of motherhood in adolescence. In the Czech Republic nearly one thousand children are given birth every year by mothers who according to current law are not full-aged. A very similar number of teenage girls decide for abortion. The study searches for answers to broad varieties of particular research questions. Qualitatively directed research outcomes reflect motives involved in young women's final decisions to become an under-age mother, the determinants of the decision making process in the context of sexual reproductive health. They watch as the participants prepare for the role of mother, what helped them solve the situation and what is it difficult to evaluate their experience and maternity and parental competence. The work focuses on the reflected experience of the new role in the self, and the identity of teenage mothers. A semi-structured interview was chosen as the fundamental method to gather the data; however, additional essays of all respondents are available as well. There is analyzed the data of 28 participants, under-age mothers, who are allocated with their children in an institutional care or in...

Key words: Mongolian female migrants in the Czech Republic, gender, migration, transnational motherhood, remmitences, social network, work Abstract In my diploma thesis I primarily focus on a situation of Mongolian women in the course of their labour migration into the Czech Republic. I addressed 20 women, who are (or have been until recently) transnational mothers living together and working in a factory in North Bohemia, Czech Republic, for my research purposes. Regardless the fact whether these women are married or divorced, single mothers or widows, it also connects them that they all may be considered breadwinners of their families. I was as well interested in what their decision was to leave Mongolia for the Czech Republic in order to get a job - I focused on both personal situation and general conditions in current Mongolia. My research deals with three main topics. Transnational motherhood is the first topic I deal with, in what I pay attention to what is the women's attitude to cope with their new role as well as what emphasis they place on it. Social networks issues and their usage in migration is firmly connected to this topic so that I also look into the way my participants use of these social networks together with the way these networks work. My last topic is a key motive of Mongolian women's...

Thesis "Motherhood during university studies" deals with the the topic of motherhood among undergraduate women, whose attitude towards having children whilst studying differs from that of their schoolmates. The author asks questions about how these women interpret the fact that they have children during their university studies and how they harmonize their studies with childcare. She did a qualitative research among undergraduate women who had a baby during their studies. In the theoretical part, the author deals with current trends in demographic behaviour, with structural and institutional conditions connected with parenthood and cultural trends of parenthood in Czech Republic. Because of the research, the author concludes that within undergraduate women there is a group of students that plan to have a baby during their studies because they are against the majority age norms of having babies at the age of thirty. They can harmonize studies with childcare because of the support of their families. If these women are motivated to finish their studies, they can develop many strategies to accomplish it.

In the diploma thesis Gender Literary Analysis of the novel Němci by Jakuba Katalpa focusing on the motherhood and the parenthood is a gender literary analysis of the novel Němci by the Czech writer Jakuba Katalpa. The thesis focuses on the motherhood, fatherhood, respectively parenthood and how are these phenomenon established within the concrete society: as essentialist, that means biologically, versus the constructivist, therefore socially constructed paradigm. In my thesis I use qualitative interpretative analysis with aspects of discourse analysis and feminist literary theory. Using gender as a analytical cathegory as a methodological category, I try to find and uncover new interpretations and meanings of the book Němci and try to find alternative interpretations of plot and characters. Methodological-theoretical part on the basis of literature introduces the basic terms in use (gender, patriarchy, literary canon, feminism, feminist literary theory), with the help of several writers and authors (Terry Eagleton, Pam Morris, Elaine Showalter). The next part of the thesis pays attention to the concepts of motherhood (Zuzana Kiczková, Sara Ruddick, Elisabeth Badinter, Hana Hašková) and fatherhood (R. W. Connell, Ann Oakley, Elisabeth Badinter). I use the method of so- called resistant reading...

Even though Sweden is perceived to be on the gender equality frontline parenthood is still, according to previous research, influenced by parent ideals which are based on traditional ideas about gender. This is visualized through the fact that women usually spend more time on childcare and household work than men, whereas men mainly provide for the family. Parenthood can therefore be understood as a part of the process of doing gender. We do gender through interaction with others and it is also through interaction that traditional ideas about gender can be maintained and reproduced. In today's society we interact through social media and digital platforms to a large extent, which implies that social science research should study this context more. Based on this argument, this study is designed as a qualitative thematic content analysis which examines how parenthood ideals are visualized through members’ interaction on Familjeliv.se. The aim is to study if traditional ideas about gender are maintained, reproduced and challenged through this interaction. The posts on Familjeliv.se were analyzed using West and Zimmerman’s concept doing gender and Connell’s gender theory. The results show that traditional ideas about gender are both maintained, reproduced and challenged through the discussions on the forum. The users mainly express more equal parent ideals but seem to have difficulty putting this into practice. The conclusion is that the users on Familjeliv.se are doing gender in both normative and different ways. / Trots att Sverige anses vara i framkant gällande jämställdhet präglas föräldraskap, enligt tidigare forskning, till stor del av föräldraideal som baserar sig på traditionella föreställningar om kön. Detta synliggörs genom att kvinnor ägnar mer tid än män åt barnomsorg och hushållsarbete medan män ägnar mer tid åt förvärvsarbete än kvinnor. Föräldraskapet kan således ses som en del i görandet av kön. Görandet av kön sker genom interaktion med andra och det är även på detta sätt som traditionella föreställningar om kön kan upprätthållas och reproduceras. I dagens samhälle interagerar vi människor i stor utsträckning på sociala medier och digitala plattformar, vilket innebär en ny typ av kontext som samhällsforskning bör studera. Baserat på detta resonemang utformades en kvalitativ tematisk innehållsanalys som undersöker hur användare på forumet Familjeliv.se interagerar kring föräldraideal. Syftet är att studera om och i så fall hur traditionella föreställningar om kön upprätthålls, reproduceras och utmanas genom denna interaktion. Diskussionsinläggen på forumet analyserades med utgångspunkt i West och Zimmermans teori om doing gender och Connells genusteori. Resultaten visar att traditionella föreställningar om kön både upprätthålls och reproduceras samt utmanas i diskussionerna på Familjeliv.se. Användarna framställer framför allt mer jämställda föräldraideal men verkar ha svårt att realisera detta i praktiken. Slutsatsen blev således att användarna gör kön på både normativa sätt och annorlunda sätt.

The aim of this qualitative study is to with the help of discourse theory according to Michel Foucault and queer theory, to define and understand how the sub discourse of regretted motherhood is communicated on online platforms in Sweden. More specifically, how the responses to women who express their regretted motherhood on online platforms take form and what communicative strategies are used. The second part of the study focuses on what characteristics define this specific taboo. The third part focuses on how normative parenthood is maintained. The material in question consists of fifteen media texts, also known as comments, from two different platforms. The first platform is Facebook where the five most liked comments were chosen from a post containing an interview with a woman who discussed why she regretted her motherhood. The second five comments were chosen from the platform Familjeliv from an anonymous post from a woman explaining how come she regretted her motherhood. The last five were also from Familjeliv that refers to a post regarding a mother who wanted to give her 3 year old up for adoption. The result from the analysis showed there is a deep incomprehension regarding what regret means and how it should be met. Subjective experiences were used as universal facts with the intention to shame the woman who regrets her motherhood. The lack of empathy resulting in shameful comments throughout the material, resulted in a wide taboo within the sub discourse dicated by normative parenthood.

On Making Sense of Today is a collection of essays trying to make sense of not only today, but of yesterday - and yesterday's actions, and today's consequences of those actions. It seeks to find understanding of loss, discontent, and disconnection, but ultimately searches for and finds hope, empathy, and connection in the human experience. The collection ranges in subject matter from the trivial - how to recover from a forgotten essay idea - to weightier matters - whether any death should be advocated for and celebrated - and many issues and questions in-between. This collection is also a study of uncertainty and vulnerability, especially how examining uncertainty with vulnerability can cultivate a deeper observation of the human condition. Some of the uncertainties considered in this collection are how to respond to a duplicitous compliment, how a parent can reconcile misunderstanding a child's love language, and how to process the complicated emotions of a child disconnecting from a parent. While the uncertainty of each question is unresolved, each essay does examine these uncertainties with vulnerability, and that vulnerability creates a connection to any reader who has struggled with a similar uncertainty and in that process, both author and reader feel a little less lonely in their struggles to make sense of things that cannot always make sense.

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This thesis utilizes an historical sociology approach to examine women’s organizations in Canada between 1930 and 1955. I consider their responses to changes in women’s lives among three key areas: birth control, sex education and motherhood in the context of macro level events in Canadian society. This research utilizes a moral regulation framework to consider the ways in which the discourses, images and programmes of women’s organizations such as the National Council of Women and the Women’s Institutes created a space for norm-based adaptations to women’s intimate lives during the mid-twentieth century in Canada.

This paper explores the income effect which motherhood has on women, using (American) Census data. The hypothesis states that the income effect is negative. Previous studies have shown that indeed children lower the income of women and that it is decreased with every additional child. We test our hypothesis using data from the Census Bureau from the year 2018, consisting of over 800 000 answers, and running multiple regressions to measure the effect which the number of children have on a woman’s income. As predicted, the results indicate that our hypothesis is true with a 26% decline in income when a woman has one or more children. Marriage has a negative effect on income while completing higher levels of education raises it.