Neutralsulfitkokning av björk möjliggör ett högt utbyte av hemicellulosa, vilket bidrar positivt till flutingens egenskaper och minskar vedkostnaden. Neutralsulfitkoket ska avbrytas när delignifieringen nått tillräckligt långt för att veden ska kunna defibreras skonsamt med en rimlig energiinsats, men innan nedbrytningen av hemicellulosa hunnit accelerera. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka utbytets och malningens inverkan på NSSC-massans egenskaper. En laboratoriestudie genomfördes där massan kokades till olika utbyten och maldes vid olika insatser. Resultatet av den studien användes sedan för att ställa om kokaren och raffinörerna på lämpligt sätt vid fabriksförsöken. Massaprover togs ut efter det andra kvarnsteget och skickades för analys. De mest väsentliga egenskaperna för fluting testades genom CCT (Corrugated Crush Test), CMT (Concora Medium Test) och SCT (Short Span Compression test) men övriga konventionella egenskaper testades likväl. En avgörande egenskap för fluting är också dess krypstyvhet som undersöktes på laboratorie genom isokrona kryptester. För att få en djupare förståelse för NSSC-massans egenskaper samt kokningens och malningens inverkan på dessa utfördes även fiberkaraktärisering. Resultatet visar att styrkan på NSSC-massan kan påverkas genom att variera både utbytet och effekten i raffinörerna. För att åstadkomma en signifikant styrkeökning krävs ett lågt utbyte tillsammans med en hög effekt i raffinörerna. Kraftiga ändringar av dessa parametrar leder dessvärre till att papperets egenskaper förändras i den grad att körbarheten på maskin kan påverkas. Studien visar även att fluting som uppfyller dagens riktvärden kan framställas kostnadseffektivt genom ett högt utbyte i kokaren och en hög insats i raffinörerna. Samtidigt erhålls då en ljusare massa, vilket kan vara betydande i vissa fall. Krypmätningarna visar samtidigt att malningen i positiv bemärkelse påverkar krypstyvheten medan utbytets inverkan är mer svårtolkat. Ett allt för högt utbyte verkar dock vara negativt ur krypstyvhetssynpunkt. / Neutral sulphite cooking of birch enables a high yield of hemicelluloses. This contributes positively to the properties of the flute, reduces the amount of wood needed and hence the cost. The neutral sulphite cook is to be terminated when the delignification has gone sufficiently far so that the wood can be refined mercifully with a reasonable energy input, but before the delignification has gone so far that the degradation of hemicelluloses has started to accelerate. The objective with this thesis was to examine how yield and refining affects the properties of the NSSC pulp. A laboratory study was performed where the pulp was cooked to different yields and then beaten with different energy inputs. The results from this study were then used to determine how to set the boiler and the refiners appropriately in the paper mill trials. Pulp samples were collected after the second refiner and were then sent for analysis. The most important properties for flute were tested through CCT (Corrugated Crush Test), CMT (Concora Medium Test) and SCT (Short Span Compression test). More conventional properties were tested as well. Another important property for flute, the creep resistance, was tested in the laboratory through isochronous creep tests. To get a deeper understanding of the properties of NSSC-pulp, along with the effects of cooking and refining, fiber characterization was also performed.The results indicate that it is possible to affect the strength properties on the NSSC pulp by varying both the yield and the energy input in the refiners. To accomplish a large increase in strength, a relatively low yield is needed, along with increased refining. Large changes of those parameters may unfortunately lead to changes in paper properties in such a way that the runability on the paper machine is affected. The results also indicate that it is possible to manufacture flute in a more cost efficient way by lowering the H-factor in the boiler while increasing the degree of refining, still keeping the strength properties above the critical values.A pulp with a higher brightness is also acquired when running the mill this way, which can be important in some aspects. The creep studies indicate that increased refining has a positive effect on the creep resistance. It is harder to make conclusions about the impact of yield, but it seems as though all too high yields affects the creep resistance negatively.

Venus does not have a strong intrinsic magnetic field as the Earth, and its magnetosphere is induced by the interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere. The near-Venus space environment is characterized by the presence of a bow shock and of an induced magnetic boundary linked to the interplanetary magnetic field orientation. The interaction of the solar wind with the planetary atmosphere and exosphere is more direct than on Earth. This interaction energises ionospheric ions, leading to a loss of atmospheric compounds in space. Ions and energetic neutral atoms of solar wind or of planetary origin can precipitate onto the upper atmosphere of Venus, which is an important process of mass, momentum and energy transfer, and can lead to an increase of the loss of planetary constituents due to the atmospheric sputtering. The energetic neutral atoms are used as a diagnostic method, that gives a continuous and global imaging of the planetary magnetosphere. They are generated by multiple processes, as charge exchange, scattering and sputtering from the upper atmosphere of Venus. In this work, we study the precipitation of oxygen and hydrogen ions and energetic neutrals in the upper atmosphere of Venus. We use data produced with a global hybrid plasma model that simulated the interaction between Venus and the solar wind, and simulate the charge exchange process between the energetic ions and exospheric neutral particles to produce the energetic neutral atoms. Due to the low North-South asymmetry in the precipitation of oxygen planetary ions and energetic neutral atoms, we conclude that the effect of the finite gyroradius of oxygen ions is limited. Compared to the case of Mars, the fraction of the solar wind that precipitates as hydrogen energetic neutral atoms onto Venus is lower, consistently with the less extended exosphere of Venus. / Venus har inte ett starkt internt magnetfält som jorden, och dess magnetosfär induceras av solvindens växelverkan med jonosfären. Rymdmiljön nära Venus kännetecknas av närvaron av en bogchock och av en inducerad magnetisk gräns kopplad till den interplanetära magnetfältsorienteringen, genom en mer direkt växelverkan mellan solvinden och planetens exosfären och atmosfär än på jorden. Denna växelverkan aktiverar jonosfäriska joner, vilket leder till en förlust av atmosfär till rymden. Joner och energiska neutrala atomer i solvind eller av planetärt ursprung kankollidera med den övre atmosfären på Venus. Detta är en viktig typ av överföring av massa, rörelsemängd och energi och kan leda till en ökning av förlusten av planetära beståndsdelar på grund av sputtering. De energiska neutrala atomerna används som en diagnostisk metod, vilket ger en kontinuerlig och global avbildning av Venus magnetosfär. De är genererade av flera processer, som laddningsutbyte, spridning och sputtering från Venus övre atmosfär. I det här arbetet studerar vi precipitering av syre- och vätejoner och energiska neutraler i den övre atmosfären på Venus. Vi använder data som produceras med en global hybridplasmamodell som simulerar växelverkan mellan Venus och solvinden, och laddningsutbytesprocessen mellan de energiska jonerna och exosfäriska neutralpartiklar för att producera energiska neutrala atomer. På grund av den låga nord-sydliga asymmetrin i precipiteringen av planetära syrejoner och energiska neutrala atomer, drar vi slutsatsen att effekten av syrejonernas ändliga gyroradius är begränsad. Vi jämför precipitering väte och energiska neutralpartiklar på Venus med fallet på Mars. / A differenza della Terra, Venere non possiede un campo magnetico intrinseco. L’interazione del vento solare con la ionosfera del pianeta forma quella che è chiamata magnetosfera indotta. Questa struttura presenta un bow shock e un induced magnetic boundary (confine magnetico indotto) ed è fortemente legata all’orientamento del campo magnetico interplanetario. L’interazione tra il vento solare e l’atmosfera di Venere è più diretta in confronto a quanto accade per la Terra. Questa interazione è capace di energizzare ioni della ionosfera oltre alla loro velocità di fuga, portando a una perdita nello spazio di materiale di origine planetaria. Ioni o atomi neutri del vento solare o di origine planetaria possono precipitare nell’atmosfera del pianeta, trasferendo in questo modo energia, quantità di moto e massa dallo spazio a Venere. La precipitazione di ioni e atomi neutri può causare lo sputtering di materiale planetario e causare in questo modo un aumento della perdita di materia dall’atmosfera del pianeta. Gli atomi neutri energetici sono utilizzati come metodo di indagine per la magnetosfera, di cui possono fornire una rappresentazione globale e continua. Gli atomi neutri energetici sono generati da sputtering, backscattering e da processi di trasferimento di carica. In questa tesi è studiata la precipitazione nell’atmosfera di Venere di ioni e di atomi neutri, sia di idrogeno che di ossigeno. Sono utilizzati dati prodotti con un modello ibrido che simula l’interazione tra Venere e il vento solare. Gli atomi neutri energetici sono prodotti modellando il meccanismo di scambio di carica tra gli ioni e l’esosfera neutra di Venere. Si conclude che l’assimmetria calcolata nella precipitazione degli ioni di ossigeno è più bassa di quanto ci si sarebbe aspettato. La precipitazione di atomi neutri di idrogeno nell’atmosfera di Venere è confrontata con il caso di Marte.

This paper aims to present and examine the discourses of religious education in Sweden. Previous studies argue that there is a secularist discourse in Sweden however, one can question whether the secularist discourse is neutral of all religious traditions. The curriculum emphasizes objective and inclusive education based on science and proven experience and a non-confessional education. On the other hand, the paper highlight examples that are contrary to these ideas, which shows that christianity serves the dominant position in the curriculum. By using the method: contextual idea analysis, I have studied the ideas in the Swedish curriculum that determines the conditions and guidelines for teaching in religious education. The conclusion is that the christian tradition and western humanism serves a prominent part in the curriculum and risks making christianity the norm for religious life. The paper shows that the secularist discourse in Sweden has a christian bias which can affect the creation of a neutral religious education that enables respect, objective understanding and tolerance for other religions.

Cette thèse a pour but l'analyse d'un système photovoltaïque connecté au réseau électrique en prenant en compte le contrôle, l'étude de la stabilité et la fiabilité. Un onduleur de type 2-Niveau a été comparé avec un onduleur multi-niveaux appelé Neutral Point Clamped. Les avantages et désavantage de chaque topologie ont été analysé en considérant l'efficacité énergétique, l'optimisation de l'injection de l'énergie sur le réseau électrique et la fiabilité du système. Pour le contrôle du courant de sortie de l'onduleur, ont été proposées deux solutions : un contrôle basé sur la théorie de la platitude et un contrôle par passivité. Ces deux différents contrôles sont comparés par rapport à la robustesse, la complexité et le nombre de capteurs utilisés. Il a été montré que les deux contrôles sont capables de gérer la problématique de la résonance du filtre LCL. Pour augmenter l'efficacité de l'algorithme MPPT dans une configuration Distributed-MPPT avec la connexion en série des deux sorties des convertisseurs boost, une nouvelle technique a été proposé pour l'équilibrage des tension d'entrée d'un onduleur NPC. En utilisant un outil appelé TPtool, un étude de la stabilité large signal par "Higher-Order-Singular-Value-Decomposition" a été présenté et comparé avec une méthode basée sur les modèles Takagi-Sugeno pour des systèmes non-linéaires. Finalement, l'onduleur 2-Niveaux est comparé avec deux multi-niveaux différents (NPP et NPC) en termes de disponibilité, en prenant en compte les niveaux de redondance des convertisseurs. Pour analyser la disponibilité, a été considérée la théorie des chaines de Markov et pour l'implémentation, le logiciel GRIF a été utilisé / The aim of this PhD thesis is to analyze a PV-grid connected system in terms of control, stability and reliability. A comparison between a classical 2-Level inverter and a multilevel NPC is presented. The advantages and weakness of both the converters are analyzed with respect to the power efficiency, optimization of the energy injection to the grid and reliability of the system. In order to control the inverter output current, two different solutions are proposed: flatness-based control and passivity-based control. These controls are compared in terms of robustness, complexity and number of sensors used. It is shown that both the controls may manage the resonance problems due to a LCL filter. For increasing the efficiency of the MPPT in a configuration Distributed-MPPT with connections in series of the boost converters outputs, a novel technique for the dc voltages balancing of a NPC inverter is proposed. A large stability analysis using "Higher-Order-Singular-Value-Decomposition" is presented and compared with Takagi-Sugeno approach for nonlinear systems. Finally, 2-Level inverter is compared with two multilevel inverters (NPC and NPP) in terms of availability, considering the redundancy levels of the converters. To analyze the systems availability, the Markov chains theory is considered and it is implemented on GRIF

Due to the multiplicity of computer-aided engineering applications present in industry today, interoperability between programs has become increasingly important. A survey conducted among top engineering companies found that 82% of respondents reported using 3 or more CAD formats during the design process. A 1999 study by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated that inadequate interoperability between the OEM and its suppliers cost the US automotive industry over $1 billion per year, with the majority spent fixing data after translations. The Neutral Parametric Canonical Form (NPCF) prototype standard developed by the NSF Center for e-Design, BYU Site offers a solution to the translation problem by storing feature data in a CAD-neutral format to offer higher-fidelity parametric transfer between CAD systems. This research has focused on expanding the definitions of the NPCF to enforce data integrity and to support associativity between features to preserved design intent through the neutralization process. The NPCF data structure schema was defined to support associativity while maintaining data integrity. Neutral definitions of new features was added including multiple types of coordinate systems, planes and axes. Previously defined neutral features were expanded to support new functionality and the software architecture was redefined to support new CAD systems. Complex models have successfully been created and exchanged by multiple people in real-time to validated the approach of preserving associativity and support for a new CAD system, PTC Creo, was added.

全球金融風暴近年來發生頻率愈來愈快，主要的原因就是許多企業不管是在發行或投資衍生性金融商品的比重都大幅地增加，卻沒有規避它們潛在的市場風險。因此，避險策略的好壞是風險管理上很重要的一個議題。本研究的目的主要是希望在一個Delta Neutral的投資組合下，加入Delta-Gamma Neutral策略能夠使間斷調整避險的效果變得比較好。故本研究透過加入相同標的物和到期日，但不同履約價的選擇權作為避險部位，使用蒙地卡羅模擬法，模擬投資組合在持有一段時間後，未來價值可能的情境，計算風險值來衡量其避險效果。實證結果發現，當原始投資組合部位為價平選擇權所組成，避險部位若能使用相同標的物，到期日也相同，但履約價不同的價平選擇權，不論在到期日長短，皆有很好的避險效果。 / The global financial storm has happened more rapidly. The most important reason is that many enterprises published or invested in the derivatives ratio which has greatly increased without evading the potential market risk. Therefore, the advantages and the disadvantages of hedging strategy is a crucial issue in risk management. This research’s primary goal is to consider Delta-Gamma Neutral strategy in the invested combination of Delta Neutral that render the effect of discretely rebalance hedge became much better. The research entered the same underlying and expiration date, and let the different strike price’s option as hedging position. Using Monte Carol Simulation to obtain the condition of the portfolio’s value after holding a period of time, and compute the value-at-risk to measure hedging effect. The outcome showed that the hedging effect will be nice no matter the date of expiration by using at-the-money options with the same underlying and expiration date but different strike price when the original portfolio was composed of at-the-money options.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / This paper presents a new approach for the effective generation of translator scripts that can be used to automate the translation of data display configurations from one vendor format to another. Our approach uses the IDEF5 ontology description method to capture the ontology of each vendor format and provides simple rules for performing mappings. In addition, the method includes the specification of mappings between a language-specific ontology and its corresponding syntax specification, that is, either an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) Schema or Document Type Description (DTD). Finally, we provide an algorithm for automatically generating eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) scripts that transform XML documents from one language to another. The method is implemented in a graphical tool called the Data Display Translator Generator (DDTG) that supports both inter-language (ontology-to-ontology) and intra-language (syntax-to-ontology) mappings and generates the XSLT scripts. The tool renders the XML Schema or DTD as trees, provides intuitive, user-friendly interfaces for performing the mappings, and provides a report of completed mappings. It also generates data type conversion code when both the source and target syntaxes are XML Schema-based. Our approach has the advantage of performing language mappings at an abstract, ontology level, and facilitates the mapping of tool ontologies to a common domain ontology (in our case, Data Display Markup Language or DDML), thereby eliminating the O(n^2) mapping problem that involves a number of data formats in the same domain.