Cardiovascular disease secondary to atherosclerosis is the most common cause of human morbidity and mortality. An early and fundamental event in the development of atherosclerosis is abnormal vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function. This can be measured by flow mediated dilatation and glyceryl trinitrate mediated dilatation in children at risk of atherosclerosis. Folic acid improves endothelial function (flow mediated dilatation) in adults with coronary artery disease. No studies have previously investigated the effects of folic acid on vascular function in at risk children with diabetes or obesity. In a cross sectional study an evaluation of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function and their determinants was performed in 159 children with type 1 diabetes, 58 children with obesity, and 53 healthy children. Children with type 1 diabetes and children with mild to moderate obesity had comparable and severe vascular dysfunction but different determinants. Vascular function in healthy and obese children related to both body mass index and weight (adjusted for age and sex), and blood glucose. Children with obesity had lower folate levels and higher homocysteine levels than children with type 1 diabetes, an abnormal lipid profile and raised inflammatory markers. A randomised double blind placebo controlled cross over trial of 8 weeks of folic acid supplementation was performed in 38 children with type 1 diabetes. In these children, folic acid improved endothelial function with a sustained increase in folate levels but independent of homocysteine levels. Folic acid did not improve smooth muscle function. A randomised double blind placebo controlled parallel trial of 8 weeks folic acid supplementation was performed including 53 obese children. Folic acid did not improve vascular function in obese children in spite of sustained increase in folate levels, and a decrease in homocysteine levels. It was concluded that children with type 1 diabetes and obesity have comparable and severe endothelial and smooth muscle function. Determinants of vascular function in children, including weight and glucose, represent a continuum effect. Folic acid supplementation improved endothelial function in children with type 1 diabetes but not in children with obesity, whose metabolic changes causing endothelial dysfunction differ from children with diabetes. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1317003 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, 2008

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2001. / "May 2001." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-195). Also available on the Internet.

Les smooth (ou universal) projective hash functions ont été introduites par Cramer et Shoup, à Eurocrypt'02, comme un outil pour construire des schémas de chiffrement efficaces et sûrs contre les attaques à chiffrés choisis. Depuis, elles ont trouvé de nombreuses applications, notamment pour la construction de schémas d'authentification par mot de passe, d'oblivious transfer, de signatures en blanc, et de preuves à divulgation nulle de connaissance. Elles peuvent êtres vues comme des preuves implicites d'appartenance à certains langages. Un problème important est de caractériser pour quels langages de telles fonctions existent.Dans cette thèse, nous avançons dans la résolution de ce problème en proposant la notion de diverse modules. Un diverse module est une représentation d'un langage, comme un sous-module d'un module plus grand, un module étant un espace vectoriel sur un anneau. À n'importe quel diverse module est associée une smooth projective hash function pour le même langage. Par ailleurs, presque toutes les smooth projective hash functions actuelles sont construites de cette manière.Mais les diverse modules sont aussi intéressants en eux-mêmes. Grâce à leur structure algébrique, nous montrons qu'ils peuvent facilement être combinés pour permettre de nouvelles applications, comme les preuves implicites à divulgation nulle de connaissance (une alternative légère aux preuves non-interactives à divulgation nulle de connaissance), ainsi que des preuves non-interactives à divulgation nulle de connaissance et one-time simulation-sound très efficaces pour les langages linéaires sur les groupes cycliques. / Smooth (or universal) projective hash functions were first introduced by Cramer and Shoup, at Eurocrypt'02, as a tool to construct efficient encryption schemes, indistinguishable under chosen-ciphertext attacks. Since then, they have found many other applications, including password-authenticated key exchange, oblivious transfer, blind signatures, and zero-knowledge arguments. They can be seen as implicit proofs of membership for certain languages. An important question is to characterize which languages they can handle.In this thesis, we make a step forward towards this goal, by introducing diverse modules. A diverse module is a representation of a language, as a submodule of a larger module, where a module is essentially a vector space over a ring. Any diverse module directly yields a smooth projective hash function for the corresponding language, and almost all the known smooth projective hash functions are constructed this way.Diverse modules are also valuable in their own right. Thanks to their algebraic structural properties, we show that they can be easily combined to provide new applications related to zero-knowledge notions, such as implicit zero-knowledge arguments (a lightweight alternative to non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments), and very efficient one-time simulation-sound (quasi-adaptive) non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments for linear languages over cyclic groups.

Les institutions financières sont, dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, confrontées à divers risques, entre autres le risque de crédit, le risque de marché et le risque opérationnel. L’instabilité de ces facteurs fragilise ces institutions et les rend vulnérables aux risques financiers qu’elles doivent, pour leur survie, être à même d’identifier, analyser, quantifier et gérer convenablement. Parmi ces risques, celui lié au crédit est le plus redouté par les banques compte tenu de sa capacité à générer une crise systémique. La probabilité de passage d’un individu d’un état non risqué à un état risqué est ainsi au cœur de nombreuses questions économiques. Dans les institutions de crédit, cette problématique se traduit par la probabilité qu’un emprunteur passe d’un état de "bon risque" à un état de "mauvais risque". Pour cette quantification, les institutions de crédit recourent de plus en plus à des modèles de credit-scoring. Cette thèse porte sur les techniques actuelles de credit-scoring adaptées aux besoins d’une institution de crédit, le CFCAL-banque, spécialisé dans les prêts garantis par hypothèques. Nous présentons en particulier deux modèles non paramétriques (SVM et GAM) dont nous comparons les performances en termes de classification avec celles du modèle logit traditionnellement utilisé dans les banques. Nos résultats montrent que les SVM sont plus performants si l’on s’intéresse uniquement à la capacité de prévision globale. Ils exhibent toutefois des sensibilités inférieures à celles des modèles logit et GAM. En d’autres termes, ils prévoient moins bien les emprunteurs défaillants. Dans l’état actuel de nos recherches, nous préconisons les modèles GAM qui ont certes une capacité de prévision globale moindre que les SVM, mais qui donnent des sensibilités, des spécificités et des performances de prévision plus équilibrées. En mettant en lumière des modèles ciblés de scoring de crédit, en les appliquant sur des données réelles de crédits hypothécaires, et en les confrontant au travers de leurs performances de classification, cette thèse apporte une contribution empirique à la recherche relative aux modèles de credit-scoring. / Financial institutions face in their functions a variety of risks such as credit, market and operational risk. These risks are not only related to the nature of the activities they perform, but also depend on predictable external factors. The instability of these factors makes them vulnerable to financial risks that they must appropriately identify, analyze, quantify and manage. Among these risks, credit risk is the most prominent due to its ability to generate a systemic crisis. The probability for an individual to switch from a risked to a riskless state is thus a central point to many economic issues. In credit institution, this problem is reflected in the probability for a borrower to switch from a state of “good risk” to a state of “bad risk”. For this quantification, banks increasingly rely on credit-scoring models. This thesis focuses on the current credit-scoring techniques tailored to the needs of a credit institution: the CFCAL-banque specialized in mortgage credits. We particularly present two nonparametric models (SVM and GAM) and compare their performance in terms of classification to those of logit model traditionally used in banks. Our results show that SVM are more effective if we only focus on the global prediction performance of the models. However, SVM models give lower sensitivities than logit and GAM models. In other words the predictions of SVM models on defaulted borrowers are not satisfactory as those of logit or GAM models. In the present state of our research, even GAM models have lower global prediction capabilities, we recommend these models that give more balanced sensitivities, specificities and performance prediction. This thesis is not completely exhaustive about the scoring techniques for credit risk management. By trying to highlight targeted credit scoring models, adapt and apply them on real mortgage data, and compare their performance through classification, this thesis provides an empirical and methodological contribution to research on scoring models for credit risk management.

En tribologie, la modélisation numérique est aujourd'hui un outil indispensable pour étudier un contact afin de pallier les limites expérimentales. Pour comprendre de mieux en mieux les phénomènes mis en jeu, les modèles ne se situent plus à une seule échelle, mais en font intervenir plusieurs, rendant plus que jamais le concept de triplet tribologique incontournable. Travaillant avec cette philosophie et en se basant sur l'approche Non Smooth Contact Dynamics, dont nous rappelons les grandes lignes, nous proposons de franchir deux cas: proposer des modèles offrant des résultats quantitatifs et mettre en place les premières pièces d'une homogénéisation au niveau du contact (VER). Dans le premier cas, l'étude du couplage éléments finis/éléments discrets au sein d'une même simulation a pour but de proposer des modèles plus "réalistes". Même si l’interface utilisée est déjà présente au coeur du contact et ne va pas évoluer, elle permet de mettre en évidence l’utilisation d’outil de mesure permettant de lier le mouvement des particules aux instabilités dynamiques et permet d’avoir des résultats qualitatifs mais aussi quantitatifs puisque la comparaison avec les taux de contraintes expérimentaux sont en très bonne adéquation. Dans le second cas, le VER sous sollicitations tribologiques est étudié afin d'étendre les techniques d'homogénéisation aux problèmes de contact afin de s'affranchir de la description des interfaces aux grandes échelles en trouvant un moyen d'homogénéiser le comportement hétérogène de l'interface et de le faire dialoguer avec le comportement continu des corps en contact en faisant remonter, dans un sens, des grandeurs moyennées à l'échelle microscopique à l'échelle macroscopique des premiers corps et dans l'autre sens, se servir des données locales à l'échelle macroscopique comme conditions limites à l'échelle microscopique. / In tribology, the numerical modeling has become an indispensable tool for studying a contact to overcome the experimental limitations. To have a better understanding of the phenomena involved, the models are no longer located at a single scale, but involve several ones, more than ever, making the concept of tribological triplet as a unavoidable concept. Working with this philosophy and approach based on the Non Smooth Contact Dynamics framework, which we remind some outlines, we propose to cross two steps~: model that can offer quantitative results and that implement the first ingredient to perform a homogenization at a contact level. In the first case, the study of coupling finite elements/discrete elements within the same simulation aims to propose models that are more "realistic". Even if the interface is already present in the contact and not going to evolves, it can highlight the use of measurement tool of spot particles via dynamic instabilities and allows to have not only qualitative results but also quantitative ones since the comparison with the experimental strain rates are in very good agreement. In the second case, the study of VER in tribological charges is performed to extend the homogenization techniques to contact problems in order to overcome the interface description on large scales by finding a way to homogenize the heterogeneous behavior of the interface and make a dialogue with the continue behavior of bodies in contact by send up, in a sense, average values of the microscopic scale to the macroscopic scale and in the other sense, use local data of the macroscopic scale as boundary conditions at the microscopic scale.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Intestinal smooth muscle development involves complex transcriptional regulation leading to cell differentiation of the circular, longitudinal and muscularis mucosae layers. Differentiated intestinal smooth muscle cells express high levels of smooth muscle-specific contractile and regulatory proteins, including telokin. Telokin is regulatory protein that is highly expressed in visceral smooth muscle. Analysis of cis-elements required for transcriptional regulation of the telokin promoter by using hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt)-targeted reporter transgenes revealed that a 10 base pair large CC(AT)₆GG ciselement, called CArG box is required for promoter activity in all tissues. We also determined that an additional 100 base pair region is necessary for transgene activity in intestinal smooth muscle cells. To examine how transcriptional regulation of intestinal smooth muscle may be altered under pathological conditions we examined the effects of diabetes on colonic smooth muscle. Approximately 76% of diabetic patients develop gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as constipation due to intestinal dysmotility. Mice were treated with low-dose streptozotocin to induce a type 1 diabetes-like hyperglycemia. CT scans revealed decreased overall GI tract motility after 7 weeks of hyperglycemia. Acute (1 week) and chronic (7 weeks) diabetic mice also had decreased potassium chloride (KCl)-induced colon smooth muscle contractility. We hypothesized that decreased smooth muscle contractility at least in part, was due to alteration of contractile protein gene expression. However, diabetic mice showed no changes in mRNA or protein levels of smooth muscle contractile proteins. We determined that the decreased colonic contractility was associated with an attenuated intracellular calcium increase, as measured by ratio-metric imaging of Fura-2 fluorescence in isolated colonic smooth muscle strips. This attenuated calcium increase resulted in decreased myosin light chain phosphorylation, thus explaining the decreased contractility of the colon. Chronic diabetes was also associated with increased basal calcium levels. Western blotting and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed significant changes in calcium handling proteins in chronic diabetes that were not seen in the acute state.These changes most likely reflect compensatory mechanisms activated by the initial impaired calcium response. Overall my results suggest that type 1 diabetes in mice leads to decreased colon motility in part due to altered calcium handling without altering contractile protein expression.

[pt] Em uma mina a céu aberto, a estabilidade dos taludes rochosos é um dos maiores desafios na engenharia das rochas devido aos processos geodinâmicos que formaram o depósito de minério, fazendo de cada depósito complexo e único. Algumas das complexidades encontradas comumente são: a geologia nos arredores do depósito, a alta variabilidade das propriedades, os complexos defeitos estruturais, o grau de alteração das rochas, a informação geomecânica limitada, etc. Antes de avaliar a estabilidade de taludes devemos caracterizar o maciço rochoso. Para caracterizá-lo se têm construído os modelos geológico, estrutural e do maciço rochoso para formar o modelo geotécnico como recomenda o projeto Large Open Pit (LOP), um projeto de pesquisa internacional relacionado à estabilidade de taludes de rocha nas minas a céu aberto. Uma vez construídos os domínios geotécnicos, a estabilidade de taludes rochosos pode ser avaliada para cada domínio pelos métodos de equilíbrio limite ou numéricos como o método dos elementos finitos ou o método dos elementos discretos. O uso do método depende de diversos fatores, como a influência dos elementos estruturais, a importância da análise, a informação disponível, etc. Os métodos de equilíbrio limite como os tradicionais de Bishop e Janbu podem ser usados na avaliação de estabilidade de grandes taludes de rocha que são susceptíveis a falhas rotacionais do maciço rochoso. Já o método de elementos finitos se tem desenvolvido rapidamente e tem ganhado popularidade para a análise de estabilidade de taludes no caso em que o mecanismo de falha não esteja controlado por estruturas discretas geológicas. Os métodos de elementos finitos estão baseados em modelos constitutivos de tensão – deformação para rochas intactas e têm dificuldades em simular famílias com um número grande de descontinuidades dentro do maciço rochoso. O método dos elementos discretos permite simular um número grande de descontinuidades assim como também permite a simulação de grandes deformações. A presente dissertação usa o modelo SRM (Synthetic Rock Mass) para avaliar a estabilidade de taludes de uma mina a céu aberto no Peru. O SRM é uma nova técnica para simular o comportamento mecânico de maciços rochosos fraturados e permite simular a propagação de fraturas e os efeitos da anisotropia. Está técnica usa o modelo BPM (Bonded Particle Model) para representar a rocha intacta e o SJM (Smooth - Joint Contact Model) para representar as estruturas do maciço rochoso dentro do programa PFC. Para a modelagem estrutural se utilizou o método DFN (Discrete Fracture Network). Para a determinação dos modelos geológicos e estrutural se utilizou o programa Petrel e para a análise de estabilidade de taludes usando o modelo SRM se utilizou o programa PFC 4.0 na versão 2D. / [en] In an open pit mine, stability of rock slope is one of the most challenges in rock mechanics due to geodynamic processes that formed the ore deposit, making each deposit complex and unique. Some of the complexities commonly encountered are: the geology in the vicinity of the deposit, the high variability of properties, the complex structural defects, the rock alteration degree, limited geomechanical data, etc. Before evaluating the slope stability we should characterize the rock mass. To characterize it we have built the geological model, structural model and rock mass model to form the geotechnical model as it recommends the Large Open Pit project (LOP), an international research project related to stability of rock slope in open pit mines. Once constructed geotechnical domains, the stability of rock mass slope can be evaluated for each domain by using some known methods like limit equilibrium, the finite elements and discrete element methods. The use of the method depends of different factors like influence of structural elements (defects), importance of analysis, available information, etc. Limit equilibrium traditional methods like Bishop and Janbu can be used to evaluate the stability of large rock slopes that are susceptible to rotational failure of rock mass. Since the finite element method has developed rapidly and has gained popularity for the slope stability analysis in the case where failure mechanism is not controlled by discrete geological structure. Finite element method is based on constitutive models of stress-strain for intact rocks and has difficulties in simulating sets with a large number of discontinuities within the rock mass. The discrete element method allows to simulate a large number of discontinuities and also allows the simulation of large deformations. This dissertation uses the SRM (Synthetic Rock Mass) model to evaluate the stability of slopes in an open pit mine in Peru. The SRM model is a new technique that allows the simulation of the mechanical behavior of fractured rock mass taking into account propagation of fractures and anisotropic effects. This technique uses two well established techniques like BPM (Bonded Particle Model) for representation of intact rock and the SJM (Smooth-Joint Contact Model) to represent the structural fabric within the PFC program. For structural modeling it was used DFN method (Discrete-Fracture Network). To determine the geological and structural model it was used the Petrel program (Version 2010.1) and for slope stability analysis with the SRM model it was used the version 2D of the PFC 4.0 program.

Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Beteiligung der nichtmuskulären schweren Myosinketten an der Kontraktion der glatten Muskeln unter physiologischen Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Als Versuchsmodell wurde die Harnblase von neugeborenen Wildtyp und transgenen Mäusen verwendet, bei denen das Gen für die glattmuskelspezifischen schweren Myosinketten durch "Gene Targeting" funktionell eliminiert wurde (Knock-Out). Das Fehlen der Expression der glattmuskelspezifischen schweren Myosinketten wurde durch Elektrophorese und Immunfärbung bestätigt. Im Gegensatz dazu blieb die Expression der nichtmuskulären schweren Myosinketten unverändert. Die mechanische Analyse des glatten Muskels wurde mit intakten Muskelpräparaten aus der Harnblase durchgeführt. Das Muskelpräparat wurde in KCl-Lösung oder mit Phorbolester stimuliert. Die Aktivierung mittels depolarisierender KCl-Lösung führte bei neugeborenen Wildtyp Mäusen zuerst zu einer transienten Kontraktion (Phase 1) mit hoher Kraftentwicklung und maximaler Verkürzungsgeschwindigkeit, und danach zu einer tonischen Kontraktion (Phase 2) mit niedrigerer Kraftentwicklung und maximaler Verkürzungsgeschwindigkeit. Blasenpräparate neugeborener Knock-Out Mäuse dagegen zeigten keine Phase 1, sondern nur eine tonische Kontraktion, die mit Wildtyp Mäusen vergleichbar war. Daher scheint nichtmuskuläres Myosin an der tonischen Kontraktion des glatten Muskels beteiligt zu sein. Durch Stimulierung mit Phorbolester waren ähnliche tonische Muskelkontraktionen der Blasenpräparate sowohl bei Wildtyp als auch bei Knock-Out Mäusen zu beobachten. Vermutlich wird also das nichtmuskuläre Myosin durch Stimulierung mit Phorbolester aktiviert. Intrazelluläre Filamente wurden durch Immunfluoreszenz mit einem spezifischen Antikörper gegen nichtmuskuläre schwere Myosinketten in kultivierten primären glatten Muskelzellen untersucht. Dabei zeigten die Muskelzellen sowohl von Wildtyp als auch von Knock-Out Mäusen intrazelluläre dicke Myosinfilamente, was für die Beteiligung des nichtmuskulären Myosins an der glatten Muskelkontraktion spricht. Entsprechend wurden intrazelluläre Filamente mit einem Antikörper gegen glattmuskelspezifische schwere Myosinketten in kultivierten primären glatten Muskelzellen untersucht. Wie erwartet, konnten nur in glatten Muskelzellen von Wildtyp Mäusen intrazelluläre Filamente nachgewiesen werden, nicht aber in denen von Knock-Out Mäusen. In dieser Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, dass nichtmuskuläres Myosin zumindest an der tonischen Kontraktion glatter Muskelzellen beteiligt sein kann. / The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of non-muscle myosin heavy chain in smooth muscle contraction under physiological conditions. As an experimental model urinary bladder from neonatal wild-type mice as well as from neonatal mice with disrupted smooth muscle myosin heavy chain expression was used. This animal model was established through gene targeting technology, resulting in complete elimination of the expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chains. The lack of expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chains was confirmed by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. On the other hand, non-muscle myosin heavy chain expression remained normal, as verified by Western blot analysis. The mechanical analysis of smooth muscle was performed with intact urinary bladder preparations, stimulated using prolonged KCl depolarization or with phorbol ester. Prolonged activation by KCl depolarization of intact bladder preparations from wild-type neonatal mice produced an initial transient state (phase 1) of high force generation and maximal shortening velocity, followed by a sustained state (phase 2) with lower force generation and maximal shortening velocity. In contrast, bladder preparations from homozygous knockout neonatal mice did not exhibit phase 1, but phase 2 could be observed, i.e. a similar isometric force and maximal shortening velocity, compared to wild-type phase 2. Thus, non-muscle myosin appears to be recruited in the sustained phase of smooth muscle contraction during prolonged KCl depolarization in the animal model used. Upon stimulation with phorbol ester a similar sustained contraction was observed in both wild-type and knockout smooth muscle preparations. Therefore, non-muscle myosin may also be recruited during phorbol ester stimulation in both wild-type and knockout muscle preparations. The participation of non-muscle myosin in smooth muscle contraction was further supported by the finding of longitudinally arranged intracellular filaments in cultivated smooth muscle cells from both wild-type and knockout mice by immunofluorescence microscopy, using a specific antibody raised against non-muscle myosin heavy chain. In a similar way, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain structures were investigated in cultivated smooth muscle cells. As expected, longitudinally arranged intracellular filamentous structures of smooth muscle myosin were observed in wild-type smooth muscle cells, but not in smooth muscle cells from knockout mice. In conclusion, in neonatal smooth muscle the initial phase of contraction elicited by KCl depolarization is generated by smooth muscle myosin heavy chain recruitment. Upon prolonged KCl depolarization non-muscle myosin is recruited in the sustained phase of contraction, as well as upon stimulation with phorbol ester. Thus, it was possible, for the first time, to verify the involvement of the non-muscle myosin in smooth muscle contraction in vivo. The results of the present study contribute to the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction.

Gegenstand dieser Dissertation ist die Rolle fiskalischen Stresses auf die Größe des Staatsausgabenmultiplikators. Hierbei werden zuerst die Folgen von empirisch identifizierten Staatsausgabenschocks in Italien untersucht. Dies geschieht sowohl in einem Zustand mit hohen Risikospreads auf Staatsanleihen, als auch in einem Zustand mit niedrigen Risikospreads. Das Resultat ist, dass kumulative Multiplikatoren kleiner sind, wenn das Ausfallrisiko von Staatsanleihen hoch ist. Zweitens erklärt die Dissertation dieses empirische Resultat im Rahmen eines DSGE Models. Im Model verdrängt ein Anstieg der Staatsausgaben private Investitionen. Der Verdrängungseffekt wird durch fragile Banken und die Rolle aggregierten Risikos ausreichend verstärkt, so dass fiskalischer Stress zu sehr kleinen oder sogar negativen Multiplikatoren führen kann. Zuletzt untersuche ich die Rolle fiskalischen Stresses auf den Staatsausgabenmultiplikator unter der Nebenbedingung, dass die nominale Zinsuntergrenze bei null bindet. In diesem Szenario kann sich der Effekt fiskalischen Stresses ins Gegenteil verkehren und der Staatsausgabenmultiplikator groß werden. / This thesis examines the role of fiscal stress on the size of the government spending multiplier. First, it explores the dynamic consequences of empirically identified government spending shocks in Italy in a regime with high sovereign bond yield spreads and a regime with low spreads. It finds that cumulative multipliers are lower when sovereign risk spreads are high. Secondly, the thesis explains the empirical result of small government spending multipliers in times of high levels of fiscal stress in the context of a DSGE Model. In this model, an increase in government spending crowds out private investment. A fragile banking sector and aggregate risk amplify the crowding out of investment sufficiently to imply small multipliers in the presence of fiscal stress. Finally, I analyze the role of fiscal stress on the multiplier, when the economy is at the zero lower bound for nominal interest rates and find that in this scenario, the effect of fiscal stress is reversed and the government spending multiplier is large.

The purpose of this manuscript is to establish a unified theory of porohyperelasticity with transport and growth and to demonstrate the capability of this theory using a finite element model developed in MATLAB. We combine the theories of volumetric growth and mixed porohyperelasticity with transport and swelling (MPHETS) to derive a new method that models growth of biological soft tissues. The conservation equations and constitutive equations are developed for both solid-only growth and solid/fluid growth. An axisymmetric finite element framework is introduced for the new theory of growing MPHETS (GMPHETS). To illustrate the capabilities of this model, several example finite element test problems are considered using model geometry and material parameters based on experimental data from a porcine coronary artery. Multiple growth laws are considered, including time-driven, concentrationdriven, and stress-driven growth. Time-driven growth is compared against an exact analytical solution to validate the model. For concentration-dependent growth, changing the diffusivity (representing a change in drug) fundamentally changes growth behavior. We further demonstrate that for stress-dependent, solid-only growth of an artery, growth of an MPHETS model results in a more uniform hoop stress than growth in a hyperelastic model for the same amount of growth time using the same growth law. This may have implications in the context of developing residual stresses in soft tissues under intraluminal pressure. To our knowledge, this manuscript provides the first full description of an MPHETS model with growth. The developed computational framework can be used in concert with novel in-vitro and in-vivo experimental approaches to identify the governing growth laws for various soft tissues.